* GB784988 (A) Description: GB784988 (A) ? 1957-10-23 Improvements relating to pressure-operated gas relay valves Description of GB784988 (A) PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: LESLIE HAYDN PINKESS Date of filing Complete Specification Jan 3, 1955. 784988 Application Date Oct3, 1953 No 27181153. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance: -Class 135, P(IE: 7: 16 E 3: 21: 24 E 2: 24 KX). International Classification: -GO 5 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements relating to Pressure-Operated Gas Relay Valves We, EVERED AND COMPANY LIMITED, of Surrey Works, Smethwick, in the County of Stafford, a Company incorporated under the laws of Great Britain, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to pressure-operated gas relay valves, i e
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* GB784988 (A)
Description: GB784988 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements relating to pressure-operated gas relay valves
Description of GB784988 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: LESLIE HAYDN PINKESS Date of filing Complete Specification Jan 3, 1955. 784988 Application Date Oct3, 1953 No 27181153. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance: -Class 135, P(IE: 7: 16 E 3: 21: 24 E 2: 24 KX). International Classification: -GO 5 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements relating to Pressure-Operated Gas Relay Valves We, EVERED AND COMPANY LIMITED, of Surrey Works, Smethwick, in the County of Stafford, a Company incorporated under the laws of Great Britain, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to pressure-operated gas relay valves, i e valves that cut off the flow of gas to an appliance when caused to cooperate by another control device opreating on a weep line connected to the valve More particularly this invention is concerned with the use of the aforesaid relay valves in the systems provided for the heating of appliances such as furnaces and ovens requiring large amounts of heat and a close control of temperature in their operation. In a known type of relay valve employed for the purposes aforesaid the said valve comprises a main body or housing furnished with an inlet and an outlet port or passage adapted for connection in the gas supply pipe line, the said ports opening into a central chamber of the housing which is ordinarily provided interiorly with a wall structure designed to afford a partition between the gas inlet and outlet sides of the housing and to furnish a seating with which the valve carried by a flexible diaphram co-acts for controlling the main flow of gas through the pipe line.
The flexible diaphragm which carries the valve extends over the central chamber its marginal edge being clamped to a seating which surrounds the open upper end of the chamber, by a cover plate or member designed to provide a cavity above the upper or outer face of the diaphragm for permitting the requisite movements of the central portion or unclamped part of the diaphragm and parts associated therewith as is well understood. The said body or housing is provided with a bore or channel through which a restricted flow of gas can pass from the gas inlet section of the central chamber in the body by way of lPrice 3 s 6 d l a passage provided between the said body and the cover plate, into the cavity aforesaid in the cover plate above the upper face of the flexible diaphragm, from which cavity the gas can flow through an outlet connection associated with the cover plate to a weep line incorporating a thermostat or other external control means. In systems incorporating a relay valve of the known type and for the purpose aforesaid, the pressure which obtains in the controlled weep flow line operates to control two positions of the valve, namely an open position before the temperature in the furnace has risen to the requisite value, and a closed position, or a less fully open position which will maintain stable flames on the burners as predetermined by the position of a valve stop. When the pressure of the weep flow is controlled by a thermostat the thermostat is, for its most efficient operation, commonly located in or adjacent the upper part of the furnace or other appliance to be heated and the gas supply pipe wherein the relay valve is provided for controlling the gas flow to the burners runs generally near floor level, since the burners are most frequently disposed at the bottom or lower end of the appliance. If, as sometimes occurs in gas heated appliances having gas flow control means such as aforesaid associated therewith, there should be a lag between the heating of some parts of the furnace or its load and the detection by the thermal control means of the rise in temperature which would ensue thereon, then an excessive and undesirable rise in temperature of these parts might result before the thermostat operates to close the valve and reduce the gas flow to the rate requisite for maintaining the desired supply of gas to the burners. The present invention has for its object to provide a relay valve for use in systems such as aforesaid, whereby the disadvantage which attends, or may attend, the use of the ordinary construction of relay valve is greatly mininiised, 12 784,988 The invention consists of a pressure operated gas relay valve of the type specified, characterised by the incorporation of a weight which is supported by the valve controlling diaphragm and is adapted to be lifted therefrom during the
closure of the valve by an adjustable stop on the body or casing of the valve so that the closure of the valve is temporarily arrested during the transposition of the weight from the diaphragm to the stop whereby a steady rate of flow of gas can be supplied to an appliance for the purpose set forth. A convenient embodiment of relay valve in accordance with the present invention to be employed in systems for controlling the flow of gas to gas fired furnaces and like appliances is represented in the accompanying drawing with reference to which the invention will now be further described, the single figure shown in the drawing representing the valve in section on the longitudinal middle vertical plane of the device. In this embodiment of the invention the main body or housing of the valve is denoted generally by the reference numeral 2, the said body being provided at its respective sides with a gas inlet port and a gas outlet port marked respectively 2 a and 21 which are internally screw threaded as shown, or otherwise adapted for effecting the connection of the device in the gas supply pipe line (not shown) with which it is associated, the said ports opening at their inner ends into the central chamber of the housing which is furnished interiorly with a wall-like structure, denoted by the reference 2 ', which provides a partition between the gas inlet and gas outlet sides of the body or housing. The horizontal part of the said wall-like structure 2 T has an aperture therein the marginal part of which affords the seating 2 a with which the valve, marked 3 carried by the flexible diaphragm 4, co-acts for controlling the main flow of gas through the pipe line, as is well understood. The flexible diaphragm 4 extends over the central chamber of the device and its marginal part is clamped as usual to an annular seating constituted by the flat horizontal face 20 formed on the part of the housing surrounding the open upper end of the central chamber, the clamping being effected in known manner by a cover plate or member, denoted generally by the reference 5, which is designed to afford a cavity 5 a above the upper face of the flexible diaphragm for permitting the requisite movements of the unclamped central portion of the diaphragm 4 and parts assembled thereon, the said cavity also receiving the restricted or "weep" flow of gas which passes thereinto from the inlet side of the housing 2 by way of a passage or bore 2 ' in the body of the housing, bores in a weep flow adjusting plug, marked 6, and thence through a bore 5 b in the cover member 5. The cover member 5 has an outlet, denoted by the reference 5 " for effecting the connection therewith of a weep line incorporating a thermostat or other means for controlling the flow of the "weep" from
the cavity in the cover 70 The housing 2 is furnished with a screw pin-like member 7 by the appropriate adjustment of which relative to the flexible diaphragm carrying the valve, the said valve may, if desired be prevented from assuming a com 75 pletely closed position, as is well understood. With the exception of the cover or member the parts of the device already referred to and denoted by the references aforesaid are, or may be, of the known or conventional con 80 struction shown in the figure. The cover member 5 however is so modified in shape that the cavity 5 a provided therein to receive the weep flow, which cavity extends over the upper face of the diaphragm 4, is so 85 formed as to permit the assembly therein of the means provided in accordance with the invention for acting in co-operation with the diaphragm and the thermostatic or other external control means whereby the weep flow is 90 controlled, to afford the third stage in the control of the gas flow to the burners. The means provided in the relay valve or device for the said purpose comprises a weight denoted by the reference 8, the said weight 95 being cylindrical and tubular in formation and its upper end being furnished with a disc 81 having a central aperture 8 b which permits it to be slidably suspended in the cavity 5 a on a screw pin or bolt 9 depending into the said 100 cavity 5 a in the cover 5 in axial alignment with the spindle 3 a of the valve 3 carried by the diaphragm 4. The said screw pin or bolt 9 on the head 9 ' of which the weight 8 may rest in certain 105 positions of the parts is adjustable in the tapped hole wherein it is mounted in the cover member and by appropriate adjustments thereof the lower face of the weight 8 may be arranged to lie in a plane at varying heights above the 110 plane in which the rigid central plate 43 of the diaphragm lies when the valve 3 rests on its seating 21 or in the position to which it may be initially set relative to the said seating by suitable adjustment of the prop pin 7 115 The screw 9 is so set that in the progressive closure of the valve by the external thermostat or other control means, at a certain temperature lower than the maximum required, the weight rests on the head 9 a of the screw 120 with the plate 4 ' in contact with the lower surface of the weight 8, and the valve 3 partially closed The rate of rise of temperature in the furnace is thereby reduced, and the contact between the plate and the weight is main 125 tained until the desired temperature is reached Then, with the further closure of the thermostat, the diaphragm 4 is lowered and the valve 3 closed to give the minimum or, if so pre-set by the pin 7, the zero gas flow 130 784,988 By the provision in the system of a pressureoperated relay
valve in accorance with this invention the rate of flow to the burner or burners is so reduced during the last stages of the heating operation that the adverse effects of thermal lag in the control system, if such should arise, is greatly minimised.
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* GB784989 (A)
Description: GB784989 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Electronic shifting register and storage circuit therefor
Description of GB784989 (A)
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PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 2, 1954. 784,989 No 6072/54. @JI #l / Application made in United States of America on March 5,
1953. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), G(IB:1 F:2 E:2 J:4 A) International Classification:-C 06 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Electronic Shifting Register and Storage Circuit therefor We, INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION; a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, of 590, Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to shifting registers and more particularly to shifting registers utilizing a new or improved type of storage circuit. A shifting or stepping register is one which can receive a set of digits in time sequence (serially) or simultaneously (in parallel), hold the digits indefinitely, and move the digits along in response to a signal Preferably, this movement should be possible in either direction, i e, to the left or right from each stage to the adjacent stages In general, in the description which follows, such a shifting register, which has particular utility in electronic computers of digital information, will be described with reference to its use in a system using the binary system of notation, i.e, any informational quantity treated may have either of two values, commonly referred to as " O " ("zero") and " 1 " ("one"). It is an object of this invention to provide an improved storage circuit for an electronic shifting register. According to the invention, we provide an electronic data storage circuit for an electronic shifting register, comprising a bi-stable vacuum tube or transistor trigger circuit, two diodes connected in series between an output of said trigger circuit and an output for the storage circuit, a capacitor connected to the junction of said diodes, and a pulse source connected in series with said capacitor to provide a bias which with said diodes controls the movement of data-representing energy to and from said capacitor. lPrice 3/6 l A load impedance may be connected to the output of the circuit and have a feedback connection to the input of the trigger circuit. According to a further feature of the in 50 vention, we also provide an electronic shifting register comprising a series of stages, each including such a storage circuit, and a pulse source for simultaneously varying the energy level of the capacitors of each storage 55 circuit to shift the information stored in each stage to
the next stage of the series. Apparatus according to the invention may include various other features, as will be seen from the following description of preferred 60 embodiments thereof illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig 1 is a circuit diagram useful in explaining the principle of operation of the storage device; 65 Fig 2 is a modified form of the circuit of Fig 1, Figs 3 and 5 illustrate, in circuit diagram form, further modifications of the storage circuit of this invention; 70 Figs 4 and 6 show waveforms useful in the explanation of the operation of the circuits of Figs 3 and 5, respectively; Fig 7 illustrates, in combined circuit and block diagram form, a shifting register in 75 accordance with this invention; Fig 8 shows waveforms useful in the explanation of the operation of the shifting register shown in Fig 7; Fig 9 shows in circuit diagram form a 80 vacuum-tube trigger circuit which may be utilized in the block diagram portions of the circuit of Fig 7; Fig 10 is a combined circuit and block diagram of the shifting register of Fig 785 as modified for use with positive input pulses; Fig 11 shows a transistor trigger circuit which may be utilized in the block diagram portions of Fig 10; 90 Price 25 784,989 Fig 12 shows a combined trigger circuit and capacitor storage device in accordance with this invention connected to provide regenerative charging of the storage device; Fig 13 shows waveforms useful in the explanation of the operation of the regenerative charging storage circuit of Fig 12. Fig 14 shows a three-stage shifting register which is a 'further modification of the shifting register of Fig 7 and which does not require a clearing operation or bus, Fig 15 shows, again in combined circuit and block diagram form, another three-stage shifting register in accordance with this invention; Fig 16 shows in detail a suitable "AND" circuit of the type shown in block diagram form in Fig 15; Fig 17 shows waveforms useful in the explanation of the operation of the shifting register of Fig 15; and Fig 18 shows part of a storage circuit in accordance with this invention employing an inductance shunted by a diode as the load impedance. Referring now to Fig 1, switch 20 represents a trigger circuit whose state may be controlled by any desired input signal source (not shown) When in its upper position, i e, connected to the grounded or zeropotential terminal 22, it may be considered as representing a "one" in binary notation. When in its lower position, i e, connected to terminal 24 to which is applied a negative potential " V", it may be considered as representing a "zero" in binary notation. The common or blade connection of switch is connected to the anode or plate of diode 26, the cathode of this diode is connected to the plate of diode 28, and the cathode of this latter diode is connected to
output terminal 30 Load impedance 32 is connected between output terminals 30 and 34, the latter of which is also grounded The upper terminal of condenser 36 is connected to the junction of diodes 26 and 28, and its lower terminal is connected to the blade or common terminal of a second switch 38 In its upper or "I" position, switch 38 thus connects the lower terminal of condenser 36 to ground or zero potential terminal 22 In its lower or "II" position, switch 38 connects the lower terminal of condenser 36 to the V potential terminal 24. For illustrative purposes element 38 has been shown diagrammatically as a switch in Figs 1 and 2 However, in a practical embodiment this element will be in the form of a pulse source as shown in Figs 3 and 5. Also, while load resistor 32 is included in Fig 1 and certain of the other figures, it may be omitted if desired when a load impedance is connected between terminals 30 and 34. Referring now to the operation of the circuit of Fig 1, assume initially that both switches 20 and 38 are in their upper positions as shown No current then flows in the circuit However, if switch 38 is now moved to position II, a circuit will be completed from terminal 22 through switch '0, 70 diode 26, condenser 36 and switch 38 to V terminal 24, thus charging condenser 36. Switch 20 may now be moved to a neutral position or to its lower position with no effect upon the charge on condenser 36 due 75 to the presence of diode 26 in the circuit. The length of time that the charge remains on condenser 36 will be determined by the leakage of this condenser and also any other stray leakage in the circuit, such as the leak 80 age of diodes 26 and 28 However, as a practical matter, this is a relatively long time e.g, a charge may be stored on a 0 01 mfd. standard mica condenser for many hours. It should be noted at this point that no 85 current yet flows through resistor 32 or diode 28, regardless of the position of switch 20, inasmuch as terminals 22 and 24 are at and below, respectively, the potential of terminal 34, and condenser 36, even though charged, 90 is not yet connected in circuit with diode 28 and resistor 32 Diode 28 is included in the circuit to prevent condenser 36 from charging through output or load resistor 32 when the lower terminal of the condenser is 95 negative with respect to output terminals and 34. When it is desired to deliver the charge stored on condenser 36 to a load connected to output terminals 30 and 34, switch 38 100 is returned to position I The voltage of condenser 36 is of the proper polarity to cause conduction through diode 28, poled as shown, and is now impressed across the forward resistance of diode 28 in series with
105 load impedance 32 and the impedance of any load connected thereacross This voltage will then decay exponentially as condenser 36 discharges. Diode 26 serves two functions It isolates 110 the upper terminal of condenser 36 from the input and thus prevents the discharge of this condenser, when charged, if the input voltage level thereafter falls as well as allowing the upper terminal to be raised above the voltage 115 level of the input when it is desired to discharge the condenser through the load It also prevents the condenser, when discharged, from being charged if the voltage level of the input falls below the voltage level of 120 the lower terminal of the condenser. Thus, had switch 20 been in its lower position, i e, representing the binary digit "zero", condenser 36 would have never received a charge because diode 26 then blocks 125 conduction when switch 38 is in its upper position I and, in the lower position II of switch 38 no potential difference is established across the condenser. As pointed out previously, if desired the 130 784,989 d.c level of the signal may be shifted, as illustrated in the circuit of Fig 2 In Fig 1 the magnitude of the output was substantially the peak-to-peak value of the input voltage V, this output being positive above the reference ground or zero potential of terminal 34 However, if load impedance 32 is connected in series with a potential source between output terminals 30 and 34, as shown in Fig 2, and the upper terminal of switch 38 is connected to the junction of resistor 32 and source 40, the output signal of magnitude V will be superimposed on the potential provided by potential source 40. With the polarities shown in Fig 2, the output pulse will be added to the potential of battery 40. Thus it is seen that when one is dealing with positive-going signals the output signal will be at a more positive level than the input signal If it is desired to store and deliver less than the full input signal swing, then the base line of the output can be biased above the most positive level of the input signal (but by less than the input signal voltage swing), e g, by inserting a small battery in series with resistor 32 between terminals 30 and 34, poled as shown in Fig 2 Another way is to reduce the voltage swing of the lower terminal of condenser 36 to less than the voltage swing of the input signal. If it is desired to store and deliver the full input signal swing, then the base line of the output signal cannot be below the most positive level of the input signal and the voltage swing of the lower terminal of condenser 36 must be equal to the voltage swing of the input signal plus any biasing potential of the output However, the load may be biased -40 as positively as desired providing the driving signal has the appropriate voltage swing, as shown in Fig 2 For the
poling of the diodes shown in Figs 1 and 2 and positivegoing inputs, the most positive voltage level of the input should never exceed the reference potential level of the output to avoid any voltage change thereat during the time the condenser 36 is being charged In other words in Fig 1 the upper voltage level of the input should not exceed zero volts, and in Fig 2 it should not exceed the positive potential of source 40. For diodes poled reversely from the showing of Figs 1 and 2 and negative-going inputs, the most negative voltage level of the input should never fall below the reference voltage level jof the output for the same reason. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art the d c levels of the upper and lower values of the voltage swing at the lower terminal of condenser 36 do not affect the operation of the circuit so long as the magnitude of the voltage swing is appropriate. The only effect would be to provide a residual charge upon the condenser In other words, if the lower terminal of condenser 36 were driven between 100 and ( 100 +V) volts (instead of zero and V as shown in Fig 1) a residual potential of 100 volts 70 would remain on this condenser when it was discharged through the load. The explanation given thus far and the circuits shown in Figs 1 and 2 have applied to the case where positive signals or input 75 signals are utilized By reversing the polarity of diodes 26 and 28 and that of the driving signal, negative-going inputs may be utilized to provide negative-going outputs In this case, the output signal always has to be at a 80 lower voltage level than the input signal. It will be recalled that the output signal from the circuits of Figs 1 and 2 is exponential in nature due to the discharge of condenser 36 In some instances it may be that 85 the effective output impedance, i e, the impedance-of the drive load and the paralleled impedance of output impedance 32, if used, may be so high or variable in nature that the resultant decay of the output signal does 90 not have a desirable waveform In this case, the circuit shown in Fig 3 may be utilized. Here a third diode 42 is connected in series with a pulse source 44, and this series network connected in parallel with the series 95 network comprising condenser 36 and pulse source 46, which replaces the diagrammatic switch 38 of Figs 1 and 2 and provides the driving signal or pulse In Fig 3, diode 42 is shown as being of the semi-conductor (e g, 100 selenium, silicon or germanium) type, and diodes 26 ' and 28 ' of the same type have been shown as replacing diodes 26 and 28 of Figs 1 and 2 The poling of these diodes is again shown for a positive-going input 105 The waveforms shown in lines A-D of Fig 4 are useful in explaining the operation of the circuit of Fig 3, and the points in the circuit of Fig 3 at which these waveforms
appear have been indicated by encircled 110 letters corresponding to the respectively lettered lines of Fig 4. Assume initially that switch 20 of Fig 3 is in its upper or grounded position, which it will be recalled represents a binary "one" 115 digit input Pulse source 46 (Fig 3) produces a series of regularly-recurring negative pulses of magnitude V, its reference output voltage level hing at ground potential as shown in line B of Fig 4 With switch 20 in its upper 120 position, as shown in Fig 3, condenser 36 will charge to produce a potential V across its terminals whenever pulse source 46 produces a negative output Thus, as shown initially in line A of Fig 4, the voltage across 125 condenser 36 is at its maximum value V. When the output of pulse source 46 thereafter returns to its zero reference potential, condenser 36 will, as shown in line A, start to discharge exponentially through diode 28 '130 784,989 and the paralleled impedances of resistor 3 and the load connected between output ter minals 30 and 34 of Figr 3 It will be noted however, that this decay is quite slow since it has been assumed that the paralleled impedance of resistor 32 and the load impedance is quite high. The output of pulse source 44 is synchronized with the output of source 46 of Fig 3 and comprises another series of regularlyrecurring negative pulses each occurring at a time "t" after a corresponding pulse output from source 46 Note from line C of Fig 4 that while the magnitude of the output pulses from source 44 is also equal to "V", the reference output voltage level of this generator is at "+V" As long as the output of source 44 is at this positive reference voltage level, diode 42 cannot conduct However, when its negative pulse output occurs and drops the potential of the cathode or base of diode 42 to ground, the latter conducts and discharges condenser 36 rapidly, thus terminating the resultant output pulse as shown in line D of Fig 4. If desired, a limiting resistor 49 may be inserted in series with diode 42 and pulse source 44, as shown in Fig 5 Further, the timing of the output of pulse source 44 may be varied from that shown in Fig 4, as illustrated by the waveforms of Fig 6, so as to tend to discharge condenser 36 during the time when it would normally be charged due to the combined action of the trigger circuit (now represented as a further pulse source 48) and pulse source 46 When the input is now at its higher voltage level simultaneously with a negative pulse output from pulse source 44, the input must be able to supply current to pulse source 46 as well as the charging current for condenser 36 However, if the input is at its lower voltage level when a pulse output from pulse source 44 occurs, the latter serves to eliminate any charge which might possibly remain on condenser 36 from the previous cycle.
The waveforms for this operation of the circuit of Fig 5 are shown in lines A-E of Fig 6 The points at which these waveforms appear in the circuit diagram of Fig 5 are again indicated by corresponding and encircled letters The voltage appearing across condenser 36 is shown in line A of Fig 6, and the input from pulse source 48 (Fig 5) is shown in line B and varies between voltage levels of zero and -V Assume that initially the output of input pulse source 48 is at its upper voltage level, i e, at zero, and that the output of pulse generator 46 is then 6 f at its reference voltage level, i e, also zero. Condenser 36 will then remain uncharged until the first negative output pulse from pulse generator 46 (line Q of Fig 6) reduces the potential of the lower terminal of condenser 36 to V, at which time condenser 36 will charge to a potential "V" As in Fig 3, the operation of pulse source 44 is again synchronized with the operation of pulse source 46, and at time "t," after the beginning of the first output pulse from the latter, the out 70 put from pulse source 44 drops from its reference level of V down to a voltage level of -V, as shown in line D of Fig 6. This causes a current to flow through both diodes 26 ' and 42 and may somewhat reduce 75 the charge upon condenser 36 (Fig 5) as shown in line A of Fig 6 The extent of this reduction depends upon relative values of the sum of the internal impedance of source 46 and the forward resistance of diode 80 26 ' as compared to the sum of the forward resistance of diode 42 and the resistance of impedance 49. However, this negative pulse output from source 44 (line D of Fig 6) terminates before 85 the end of the output pulse from source 46 (line C of Fig 6) and condenser 36 then recharges to its full value as indicated in line A When the negative pulse output from source 46 thereafter terminates as shown in 90 line C of Fig 6, the lower terminal of condenser 36 is effectively fixed at ground potential and its upper terminal, connected to the junction of diodes 26 ' and 28 ', is at a potential of +V with respect to ground Con-95 denser 36 then begins discharging exponentially through diode 28 ' and the combined impedance of load resistor 32 and the impedance of any external load connected to output terminals 30 and 34 (Fig 5) The 100 resultant output pulse is shown in line E of Fig 6 and the gradual discharge of condenser 36 in line A. This output pulse and the discharge of condenser 36 continue until the next negative 105 output pulse from source 46 (line C of Fig. 6) again drops the potential of the lower terminal of condenser 36 to a value of -V with respect to ground, at which time conduction through diode 28 ' (Fig 5) ceases 110 Note, however, that as shown in line A of Fig 6, a residual charge remains on condenser 36 Shortly
thereafter, at time t after the first negative pulse output from source 44, a second pulse output is produced there 115 from as shown in line D this pulse again occurring during the time when a negative pulse output is being produced from source 46 (Fig 5) Since it has been assumed that in the meantime the input from source 48 120 (the trigger circuit) has been shifted to its lower value, i e V as shown in line B of Fig 6, this negative pulse output from pulse source 44 quickly discharges condenser 36 as shown in line A 125 Note that as shown in line B, the input voltage level may now again rise to its upper of its two values at any time after the pulse output from source 46 thereafter terminates without having any effect upon the charge 130 784,989 condition of condenser 36 However, thereafter condenser 36 will, of course, charge to a value V when the next negative pulse from source 46 begins as shown in lines A and C, respectively, of Fig 6. The times at which the input from pulse source 48 switches between its voltage levels has been arbitrarily indicated as shown in line B However, the waveforms shown in line A and C-E of Fig 6 would remain substantially the same if the waveform of line B initially switched from its upper to its lower level at any time between the termination of the first output pulse from source 44 (line D of Fig 6) and the beginning of the second input pulse from pulse source 46 (line C of Fig 6) Similarly, these waveforms would remain the same if the waveform of line B thereafter switched from its lower level to its upper level at any time between the termination of the second output pulse from source 46 and the beginning of the third output pulse therefrom (line C of Fig 6). Pulse sources 44 and 46, however, preferably each produce a series of regularlyrecurring output pulses and, as pointed out previously, are preferably synchronized, as by means of a synchronizing line, so that each pulse output from source 44 occurs during a pulse output from source 46 Also each output pulse from source 46 must be of slightly longer duration than the corresponding pulse output from source 44 in order that condenser 36 may be charged if the input is at the upper one of its two voltage levels. The upper or reference voltage level of the output of pulse source 44 is at +V as shown in line D of Fig 6 in order not to discharge condenser 36 while an output pulse is being produced at terminal 30 With the lower terminal of source 44 grounded, as shown, the magnitude ofi the negative voltage swing of its output must then be 2 V in order to reduce the potential of its upper terminal to V when it is desired to discharge the condenser 36 and the lower terminal of the latter is also at a potential of V However, alternatively the lower terminal of source 44 may be connected to the lower terminal of condenser 36 Then the magnitude of its negative voltage swing need only be equal to V
and its output pulse will be superimposed on the output voltage level of source 46, relative to ground potential. In Fig 7 is shown in combined circuit and block diagram form five stages of a multi-stage shifting register in accordance with this invention Each stage includes a bi-stable trigger circuit indicated by the block 50 and for which a suitable circuit utilizing vacuum tubes is shown in circuit diagram form in Fig 9 Such a circuit commonly has two inputs and two outputs and the terminals of these are indicated in Fig. 7 by the small circles within each block 50. One input, labeled "S", is utilized to "set" or trigger the circuit to its desired indicating condition and the other input, labeled "R", 70 is utilized to reset the trigger circuit to its non-indicating condition While two outputs labeled " 0," and " 02 "' are shown within each block 50 of Fig 7, only output 02 is utilized in this particular embodiment Each 75 input terminal R is connected to reset or clear bus 52 and an individual input line 54 is connected to each input terminal S through a respective diode 56 poled as shown to pass only negative pulses Each input 80 terminal S is also connected to a common reference voltage bus 58 through a respective resistor 60. The output from each terminal 02 is applied to one terminal of each of three res 85 pective condensers labeled CL, Co and CR through diodes 62, 64 and 66, respectively, again poled as shown to pass only negative pulses The other terminal of each condenser Co is connected to common read-out bus 90 68, the other terminal of each condenser CR is connected to common shift right bus 70, and the other terminal of each condenser CL is connected to common shift left bus 72. These buses, as well as reset or clear bus 52 95 are normally maintained at the reference potential The junction of each condenser CL and diode 62 of each stage is connected to input terminal S of the preceding stage through a respective diode 74, also poled to 100 pass only negative pulses Sinilarly, the junction of each condenser CP, and its diode 66 of each stage is connected to input terminal S of the successive stage through a respective diode 76, also poled to pass only 105 negative pulses The junction of each condenser Co and its diode 64 is connected to a respective output line 78, which may be connected to any desired load, e g, another similar register, providing the required series 110 diode in its input line A similar register does, of course, provide this diode (see diode 56 in each input line 54 of Fig 7). Referring now to the third stage of Fig. 7, which has been labeled stage "N", and the 115 fourth stage, which has been labeled "N + 1 ', the operation of these circuits can be best explained by reference to the waveforms of Fig 8 The time scale used
in the explanation of the relative timing of the operation 120 of these stages is shown at the top of Fig. 8 For illustrative purposes only, a reference voltage level of zero has been assumed. Assume initially that each of the stages of Fig 7 is in its reset condition, i e, as 125 shown in lines B and O of Fig 8, output 01 of each of the trigger circuits of stages N and N 1, respectively, is at the lower of its two values, i e, "O" As shown in lines C and P of this figure, output 02 of each of stages 130 784,989 N and N+ 1, respectively, is then at the upper level of its two values, i e, "+V". Assume now that at time 1 on the time scale a negative input pulse is applied via the respective input line 54 (Fig 7) to input terminal S of stage N, as shown in line A of Fig 8 This causes the potential at output terminal O of stage N to rise to +V and the potential at output terminal 02 of this stage to drop to zero, and the trigger circuit of this stage will remain in that condition until a reset or clear pulse is applied to it, as shown in line D of Fig 8 at time 3 Such a reset pulse is not applied, however, until after desired use has been made of the information stored in the register. Assume next that it is desired at time 2 to transfer the binary digit " 1 " stored in stage N of Fig 7 to the next stage to the right, i e, to stage N+ 1 To accomplish this, common shift right bus 70 is raised in potential to I-V as shown in line I of Fig 8 Since the other terminal of condenser CR of stage N is connected to terminal 02 of that stage (which is now at 0 reference potential), condenser CR is charged to a value V, as shown in line H of Fig 8 The waveform shown in line H of Fig 8 is the potential of the lower terminal of the condenser CR with respect to its upper terminal. The source supplying the clear or reset pulses is synchronized with those providing shift right and shift left pulses so that a reset pulse is produced at a time interval "t" after a shift pulse is applied to either of these shift buses 70 or 72 (Fig 7) While not shown, these sources may be pulse generators gated in known manner to produce output pulses only at desired times As pointed out previously and shown in line D of Fig 8, this reset pulse occurs at time 3 and resets trigger circuit 50 of stage N so that output 01 is again at zero potential and output 02 is again at a potential of + V (lines B and C, respectively). When the shift right pulse terminates at time 4, the potential of both the upper and lower terminals of condenser CR of stage N (Fig 7) are dropped by a value V Since a charge equal in magnitude to "V" has been accumulated upon this condenser as explained above, a negative output pulse (line J of Fig 8) is produced upon the line leadingfrom condenser CR of stage N to diode 76 of stage N+ 1 (Fig 7) as condenser
CR of stage N discharges across resistor 60 of stage N+ 1 and the input impedance of input terminal S of the latter stage This negative pulse, being applied to input terminal S of stage N + 1, will trigger the latter to its other condition of operation, with its output terminal 0, at a potential,V and its output terminal 02 at the reference or source potential, as shown in lines O and P, respectively, of G 5 Fig 8 Stages N and N + 1 will then remain in these respective conditions of operation until an input or reset pulse, respectively, is applied thereto. Assume next that it is desired to shift the information stored in stage N + 1 of Fig 7 70 back to stage N, i e, that information is to be shifted to the left To accomplish this, common shift left bus 72 is now raised in potential to +V at time 5, as shown in line F of Fig 8 This will raise the potential of 75 the upper terminal of condenser CL of stage N+ 1 (Fig 7) to V Since the lower terminal of this condenser is connected to output O, of stage N + 1 through associated diode 62, condenser CL of stage N+ 1 will 80 be charged negatively to a voltage V as shown in line Q of Fig 8 At time "t" thereafter (which is time 6 on the time scale) a reset or clear pulse (line D of Fig 8) is applied to all trigger circuits 50, and this will 85 return trigger circuit 50 of stage N + 1 to its other condition of operation as shown in lines O and P of Fig 8. At time 7 the shift left pulse terminates, as shown in line F, and condenser CL of 90 stage N + 1 (Fig 7) then discharges across its load impedance, as shown in line Q of Fig. 8 This produces an output pulse on the line extending to the left and leading to input terminal S of stage N of Fig 7 through asso 95 ciated diode 74, as shown in line R of Fig 8. This pulse then switches stage N back to its other condition of operation, as shown in lines B and C of Fig 8 Stages N and N+ 1 of Fig 7 will now remain in these respective 100 conditions of operation until a reset or input pulse, respectively, is applied thereto. Assume next that it is desired, at time 8, to read out the status of each of the stages of the shifting register of Fig 7 This is 105 accomplished by raising the potential of read-out bus 68 to +V as shown in line L of Fig 8 In the manner previously described in connection with condensers CR and CL, this causes condenser Co of any stage 110 in which a binary digit "one" has been stored to charge For the example assumed in connection with the waveforms of Fig 8, it will be recalled that a binary digit "one" is at present stored only in stage N (see line C) 115 Therefore only condenser Co of stage N is charged to a potential V, as shown in line K. When the read-out pulse terminates, at time 9, this condenser Co discharges through the external diode and load impedance (not 120
shown connected to output line 78 of stage N of Fig 7) and produces a negative output pulse, whose waveform is shown in line M of Fig 8 Note that this read-out operation has no effect upon the status of the trigger 125 circuit 50 of stage N and hence may be repeated as often as desired. Assume next that at time 10, the shifting register of Fig 7 is to be cleared and operations started afresh This is accomplished 130 784,989 by applying a reset pulse from common clear bus 52 (Fig 72 to each of the stages. Since stage N + 1 previously did not have a binary digit "one" stored therein, there is no change in its operation at this time, as shown in lines 5 and P of Fig 8 However, -since stage N of Fig 7 did have a binary digit "one" stored therein, its condition of operation is now reversed as shown in lines B and C of Fig 8. Assume now that information is to be entered in parallel to stages N and N + 1 of Fig 7, i e, that a binary digit "one" is to be entered into each of these stages simultaneously from the respective inputs 54. These input pulses for stages N and N + 1 are shown in lines A and N, respectively, of Fig 8 and switch the condition of operation of the trigger circuits 50 of these two stages as shown in lines B and: C, and O and P, respectively of Fig 8. If it is assumed next that the information stored in each of these registers is thereafter to be shifted to the left at time 12, this will be accomplished simultaneously for the two stages by again raising the potential of common shift left bus 72 to +V, as shown in, line F of Fig 8 This causes condensers CL of both stages N and N + 1 to charge to a potential V as shown in lines E and Q, respectively, of Fig 8 Again, at time "t" thereafter (time 13 on the time scale) a reset pulse will be produced on common clear bus 52 to return each of the trigger circuits 50 of stages N and N + 1 to their other condition of operation At time 14 thereafter, the shift left pulse terminates, as shown in line F, producing an output pulse on the line leading from condenser CL of stage N+ 1 to input terminal S of stage N of Fig 7 simultaneously with an output pulse on the line leading from condenser CL of stage N to input terminal S of stage N 1 These pulses are -shown in lines G and R, respectively, of Fig 8 and occur simultaneously with the discharging of the respective condensers Cr as shown in lines E and Q The output pulse shown in line R will then return trigger 5 C of stage N to its other condition of operation (see lines B and C) and, while the waveforms for this operation are not shown in Fig 8 the output pulse on line G will switch triggei circuit 50 of stage N 1 of Fig 7 to its other condition of operation, i e, indicating the storage of binary digit "one".
Note that, as shown in lines S-V of Fig 8 no pulses have been produced on condensel CR of stage N+ 1, the output line leadinj therefrom to stage N+ 2, condenser Co o stage N + 1, or output line 78 thereof for the conditions of operation assumed in th above explanation. As pointed out previously, Fig 9 is th circuit of a suitable bi-stable trigger circui of the vacuum-tube type which may b utilized in each of blocks 50 of the shifting register of Fig, 7 It comprises two triodes and: 82 which may, for example, comp. rise the two, halves of a type 6 J 6, or type 5844 dual triode The cathode' of each of these 70 tubes is grounded and its, aniode or plate is connected to, a + 150, volt source through a respective plate load, resistor 84 or 86 The anode of tube 80 is connected to output terminal G, through a current limiting resistor 75 and the anode of tube 82 is connected to output terminal 01 through a current limiting resistor 87 The grid of tube 82 is crossconnected to the anode of tube 80 through a series network comprising parasitic suppres 80 sor resistor 88, and condenser 90 and resistor 92 connected in parallel Similarly, the grid of tube 80 is cross-connected to the anode of tube 82 through a similar network compris-ing parasitic suppressor resistor 94, and con 85 denser 96 and resistor 98 connected in parallel Resistor 100 is connected between the junction of resistors 88 and 92 and a 100 volt source to bias the grid of tube 82. Similarly, resistor 102 is connected between 90 the junction of resistors 94 and 98 and the same 100 volt source to bias the grid of tube 80 Reset terminal R is connected through condenser 104 to the junction of resistors 94, 98, and 102 and input or "set" 95 terminal S is connected to the junction of resistors 88, 92, and 100 through condenser 106 Suitable values of the circuit parameters for use with the shifting register of Fig 7 have been indicated on the drawing of 100 Fig 9, the values of resistance being given in ohms (the symbol K indicating thousands) and the values of capacitance being given in t micro-micro or pico farads (pf). The operation of this circuit has been des 105 cribed above but will be review here briefly. t If the trigger circuit is not already in its reset condition, a negative input pulse applied to reset terminal R will cause tube 80 to switch so that conduction therethrough is at its 110 minimum value, thus increasing the potential at its anode and output terminal 02 from approximately + 50 volts to + 138 volts. This increase in potential is coupled to the s grid of tube 82, primarily through conden 115 ser 90 and small resistor 88, and causes tube r 82 to switch to its maximum conducting status The anode of tube 82 and output e terminal 01 connected thereto then fall in potential from approximately + 138 volts to 120 + 50 volts.
r In a similar manner a negative input pulse g applied thereafter to "set" terminal S will f switch the trigger circuit to its other status, e i e, with tube 80 conducting heavily and tube 125 e 82 in its minimum state of conduction Output terminal 01 will then be at approximately e + 138 volts and output terminal 02 at it approximately + 50 volts. e With the above values of circuit para 130 784,989 meters and voltages, a suitable value of reference voltage for the shifting register circuit of Fig 7 would be + 80 volts, and the readout, shift left, and shift right buses 68, 70 and 72, respectively, thereof, would normally be at the same potential value Shift or readout signals of approximately 50 volts magnitude would then preferably be used to increase each of these buses to approximately + 130 volts at the desired times to charge the condensers CR, CL, and Co. If desired, multiple inputs and/or multiple outputs may be provided to and from each stage of the register Further, shifting by more than one position or stage, either to the right or left, is of course also possible merely by connecting the shift right or shift left output lines from a particular stage to the set terminal of the desired stage to the right or left, respectively If both single and multiple-stage shift is desired, additional storage condensers would, of course, have to be provided, together with the necessary additional multiple-stage shift bus(es). While the operation of the shifting register shown in Fig 7 has been explained in terms of the application of negative input pulses to produce negative output pulses, a shifting register in accordance with this invention is of course not restricted to the use of pulses of negative polarity If the use of pulses of positive polarity is desired, each of the diodes should be reversed, as shown in Fig. -10, -and the trigger circuits then modified to respond to positive input pulses to produce positive output pulses The polarity of the control pulses on the buses must, of course, then also be reversed, i e, negative. It will also be apparent to those skilled in the art that bi-stable circuits of types other than those including vacuum-tubes may be utilized if desired, and in Fig 11 is shown a bi-stable transistor trigger circuit responsive to positive input pulses and producing positive output pulses, which thus may be utilized in the shifting register shown in Fig. In this case, "set" terminal 110 of Fig. 11 would correspond to input or "set" terminal S of each respective stage of Fig 10, "reset" terminal 112 of Fig 11 would correspond to reset terminal R of the same stage of Fig 10, and output terminal 114 of Fig.
11 would correspond to output terminal 02 of that stage of Fig 10 Since the operation of the shifting register of Fig 10 is similar to that of the shifting register of Fig 7, previously described, except that the input pulses to shift the stages of the register would be positive, the shift or read-out pulses negative and the reference potential level at the higher of the two output voltage levels of the trigger circuit, it is not believed necessary to repeat a detailed explanation of such operation. Referring again to Fig 1-1, transistor 116 is of the point contact type utilizing a body of in type semi-conducting material, je g, germanium, and having a current amplification factor '"' greater than one The emitter electrode of transistor 116 is directly con 70 ' nected to "set" terminal 110, is connected to ground through resistor 118, and is clamped to an emitter bias potential of 05 volts through diode 120 poled as shown in the drawing Resistor 118 keeps the emitter 75 circuit potential from rising appreciably when the base electrode is pulsed positively with respect to ground The inclusion of diode 120 in the circuit increases the regeneration and offers other advantages, as set 80 forth in the article entitled "Regenerative Amplifier for Digital Computer Applications" by J H Felkler appearing at page 1584 et seq of the November, 1952 issue of "Proceedings of the I R E " However, 85 the use of this diode 120 and resistor 118 is not necessary as pointed out hereinafter. The collector electrode of transistor 116 is biased from a 15 volt source through load resistor 122, and its base electrode is 90 ' biased from the junction of resistors 124 and 126, which are connected in series in the order named between a + 15 volt source and ground, diode 128 being interposed between -resistor -126 and ground and poled so that 95 current normally flows from the + 15 volt source to ground through these resistors. The resistors 124 and 126 serve to stabilize the transistor characteristics, as fully set forth in U S Patent No 2,622,211 granted 100 ' on December 16, 1952 to R L Trent Reset terminal 112 is connected to the base electrode of transistor 116 through another diode which is poled to pass only positive pulses 106 The transistor circuit of Fig 11 is a regenerative amplifier or bi-stable trigger circuit providing two different voltage levels at its output When the circuit is in its low conduction state of operation, the potential 110 at the collector electrode and output terminal 114 is approximately 12 5 volts. When the circuit is in its high conduction state of operation, the collector electrode and output 114 are at a potential of approxi 115 mately 2 5 volts The circuit is switched to its low conduction status by applying a positive pulse to the base of transistor 116 through
reset terminal 112 and diode 130, and may thereafter be switched to its high 120 conduction status by the application of a positive pulse to the emitter electrode through input or "set" terminal 110 Preferably the reference voltage level of reset terminal 112 is approximately -7 5 volts and 125 the positive reset pulse is of approximately volts magnitude, and the "set" or input pulse (of at least a few tenths of a volt magnitude) supplies approximately 2 ma to the emitter electrode of transistor 116 130 784,989 Values of circuit parameters suitable for use in the shifting register of Fig 10 are indicated on the drawing of Fig 11. It should be noted that, with a proper value of source impedance feeding the circuit at terminal 110, if a transistor 11,6 having a current amplification factor greater than one and suitable characteristics is chosen, elements 118, 120, 124, 126, 128 and 130 may be omitted, as well as the -0; 5 and + 15 volt sources, and reset terminal 112 then connected directly to, the base electrode. A transistor trigger circuit may also be included in a storage circuit in accordance with this invention and a feedback line to charge the condenser of the storage regeneratively and thus store information indefinitely, as well as acting as a delay unit Such a circuit is shown in Fig 12 The transistor 20-trigger circuit utilized is similar to that shown in Fig 11 except that a current-limiting resistor 132 is connected in series with the input lead to the emitter electrode of transistor 116 and resistor 118 of Fig -11 is omitted Also, the biasing and base impedance arrangement has been modified in that resistor 124 and the + 15 volt source of Fig 11 are omitted and diode 128 has been reversed and is now shunted by a resistance 134. Suitable values of circuit-parameters-are given on the drawing of Fig 12, these values differing slightly from those shown in Fig. 11 Diode 128 now acts as a low impedance when transistor 116 is in its high conduction status but offers a high impedance to reset terminal 112 during the resetting operation so that the source providing the reset pulses is not loaded excessively Shunting resistor 134 is utilized to discharge any stray capacitance to ground when the reset'voltage returns to its reference potential after the trigger circuit has been reset The condenser storage circuit utilized is similar to that shown in Figs: 3 and 5 and corresponding elements have been correspondingly numbered ' Input terminals 136 and 138 are provided to the reg-eneratively charging circuit, and 50.for illustrative purposes switch 140 is shown connecting emitter resistor 132 either to -input terminal 136 or to feedback line 142 connected to output terminal 30 Alternatively, switch 140 may be omitted, feedback line 142 then being directly connected to resistor 132 and input terminal 136 connected to this resistor through a suitable isolating
element, e g; another diode. Assume initially that switch 140 is in its upper position, that a positive input pulse is applied to input terminal 136, that input switch 140 is momentarily connected to input terminal -136 and then returned to feedback line 142, and that the operation of the series network including diode 42, resistor 49, and source 44 is disregarded. o Referring now to Fig 13, the application of the positive input pulse (shown in line A) to the emitter of transistor 116 (Fig 12) switches the trigger circuit to its high con 70 duction status, thus raising the potential of the collector electrode toward or to zero, as shown in line C, to charge condenser 36 inasmuch as the output reference potential of source 46 is much more negative at this time 75 (line D) Thereafter when the lower terminal -of condenser 36 is raised in potential by the -positive pulse odtput from source 46, as shown in line D, the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 36 is further raised 80 with respect to output terminal 34 of Fig. 12, as shown in line E of Fig; 13 Condenser 36 then discharges across load resistor 32 and the impedance of any 'load connected across terminals 30 and 34 and produces a 85 positive output pulse at terminal 30; as shown in line F of Fig 13, delayed by a finite time "t" after the positive input pulse (line A) which triggered the circuit initially. In the waveform shown in lines E and F it 90 ' has been assumed that the impedance of resistor 32 (and any load impedance con-nected across output terminals 30 and 34) is low enough to discharge condenser 36 completely prior to the termination of -the output 95 pulse from source 46 In cases where the impedance of the discharge path for condenser 36 through load resistor 32, feedback line 142, and any other load connected across terminals 30 and 34 100 is sufficiently high that condenser 36 does not have enough time to discharge fully during the -positive excursion of source 46, source 44 with its associated isolating diode 42 and current-limiting resistor 49 may be 105 necessary to' eliminate any residual charge. The timing of the operation of source 44 may be either of those described previously in connection with the circuit of Figs 3 and 5, as pointed out hereinafter 110 Reset pulses, shown in line B of Fig 13, are supplied to reset terminal 112 of Fig. 12 from another pulse source which is not shown -Note that one of these reset-pulses, which are applied to the base of transistor 115 116, occurred prior to the beginning of the positive output pulse from pulse source 46 (line D) which discharged charged condenser 36 Thus, the transistor trigger circuit of -Fig 12 is returned to its low conduction-120 status prior to the time the first output pulse shown in line F of Fig; -13 is produiced at -output terminal 30 of Fig -12
Since switch is now in its upper position, i e, connected to feedback line 142, this delayed positive 125 output pulse will be applied to the emitter electrode of transistor 116 to start another cycle by switching the transistor again-to its high conduction state and again charging condenser 36, as shown in line E, when the 130 784,989 output of pulse source 46 returns to its reference voltage level, as shown in line D. Note that the occurrence of the first reset pulse shown in line B of Fig 13 had no effect on the conduction state of transistor 116 of :Fig 12, as indicated in line C of Fig 13, inasmuch as this transistor was already in its reset or low conduction state Similarly, -the only effect that the initial output pulse from pulse source 46 of Fig 12 shown in line D of Fig 13 had was to raise and then lower the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 36 J(shown in line E), simultaneously with the beginning and end of this output pulse Condenser 36 did not charge due to the presence of diode 26 ' in the cir-cuit, as explained previously. Pulse source 46 is preferably synchronized with the source (not shown) providing the reset:pulses This synchronization may conveniently be achieved by means of a synchronizing line The operation of pulse source 46 is'also synchrdnized with the opeiration of pulse source 44, again by means of a synchronizing line, if the latter source is utilized in the event that condenser 36 would not otherwise be discharged quickly enough, as described previously, and the timing of the output pulses from pulse source 44 then may be either that discussed above in connection with Fig 3 or that discussed above in connection with Fig 5 If the timing of pulse source 44 is that discussed in connection with the circuit of Fig 3, the output of pulse generator 44 of Fig 12 will be such that each of its output pulses begins shortly after a corresponding output pulse from pulse source 46 termininaies and thus rapidly c 6 mpletes the discharge of condenser 36. As in Figs 1, 3 and 5, load imipedance 32 may be omitted, if desired, when a load is connected to output terminals 30 and 34 of Fig 12 or if the input impedance of the trigger circuit is of the proper magnitude when the feedback loop 142 is connected to the trigger circuit input. There has thus been described a dynamic storage cell or regenerative capacitor storage circuit which works upon a voltage level principle As such, the actual shape of the waveforms with respect to time is not important}insofar as operation is concerned providing that these waveforms reach their levels in the proper sequence In other words, there is nothing in the operation that depends upon the rate of change of the waveforms. It will be recalled that in the shifting register circuits shown in
Figs 7 and 10, it was necessary to clear the register whenever information was shifted either to the right or to the left, although clearing was not necessary for a read-out operation If it is desired to eliminate the time required for this clearing, additional circuitry can be provided. One way of doing this is by making the register double-ended, i e, providing duplicate storage condenser circuitry connected to output terminal 0, (which it will be recalled was not utilized in the circuit of Fig 7) Such an arrangement is shown in Fig 14, which 70 shows three-stages of a shifting register of this type to demonstrate the principle involved Note particularly that no clear bus is provided or required The bi-stable vacuum-tube trigger circuit shown in Fig 875 may be utilized for each of the trigger circuits 50 shown in block diagram form in Fig 14. The operation of this circuit is similar to that of the shifting register of Fig 7 des-80 crilbed previously in detail and similar components have been correspondingly numbered or lettered Duplicate added components have been indicated by corresponding but primed reference numerals or letters 85 It will be recalled that in the shifting register of Fig 7, to carry out a shifting operation, the appropriate storage condensers CR, CL, or Co are first charged up to store the information contained in the various stages of 90 the register Any condenser connected to output 02 of a trigger circuit 50 in the "one" or high conducting status receives a charge, but a condenser connected to a trigger circuit 50 in the "zero" or low conducting status 95 does not receive a charge After the condensers are properly charged, all the trigger circuits 50 are then cleared or reset to their "zero" status by a "clear" pulse on bus 52. This is necessary in this particular arrange 100 ment because the outputs of the storage circuits are all connected to the "set" input side of theirr espective trigger circuits 50 In other words, the only function that a storage circuit can perform in this case is to switch 105 the trigger circuit 50 of the next stage to the "one" position from the "zero" position. It is incapable of resetting or switching a trigger circuit 50 from the "one" to the "zero" position; hence the need for the 110 r "clear" pulse and bus 52. In the embodiment shown in Fig 14, however, a pair of condenser storage circuits is provided for each information-transfer path. Now either "ones" or "zeros" can be trans 115 mitted by the condenser storage coupling circuits. For example, consider a shift left operation in the shifting register shown in Fig 14. The shift left bus 72 will have a positive 120 pulse applied to it to
perform this operation. Consider, first, what happens to the appro'priate condensers associated with trigger circuit 50 of the middle stage during this operation, namely, condensers CL and CL' If this 125 trigger circuit 50 is in its "one" position, the voltage at its left-hand output terminal 02 will be low As a result, when the shift left bus 72 goes positive, this condenser CL will receive a charge The right-hand output ter 130 l O feeding the stored information into the adder circuit Then, when the instant arrives at which it is desired to perform the actual shifting operation, the shifting bus returns to its original or reference potential, the con 70 densers discharge, and the shift is completed with no loss in time because the condensers had been charged ahead of the time when the actual shifting operation had to occur. Fig 15 shows in combined block and cir 75 cuit diagram form another embodiment of a shifting register in accordance with this invention It comprises three similar stages labeled, going from left to right, "N 1 ", "N", and "N + 1 " Each of these stages in 80 cludes three "AND" gate or coincidence circuits 150 having their outputs connected together and to the input of a bi-stable trigger circuit 152 An input terminal 154 is also provided for and connected to the input of 85 each trigger circuit in order that an external pulse may be applied to store a digit in that stage The output of each trigger circuit 152 is connected to a first output terminal labeled "Output 1 " and also to the input of a capa 90 citor storage circuit 156 The output of each storage circuit 156 is connected to a second output terminal labeled "Output 2 ", to the upper "AND" circuit 150 of the previous stage, to the middle "AND" circuit 150 of 95 the successive stage, and to the lower "AND" circuit 150 of its own stage A reset bus 158, normally at 7 5 volts, is connected to each of the trigger circuits 152 in order to switch all of the trigger circuits simulta 100 neously to their reset condition when desired. A condenser read-out bus 160, normally at 12 5 volts, is connected to the lower terminal of condenser 162 of each storage circuit 156 A shift left bus 166 is connected 105 to the second input of the upper "AND" circuit 150 of each stage, a shift right bus 164 is connected to the second input of the middle "AND" circuit 150 of each stage, and a store bus 168 is connected to the 110 second input of the lower "AND" circuit of each stage These buses are normally maintained at O 5 volts Whenever a positive gate pulse, preferably of several volts magnitude, is applied to any one of these 115 buses, the respective gate or "AND" circuits to which that bus is connected are conditioned to produce an output if the other input of that "AND" circuit is simultaneously provided with a positive pulse 120 The transistor trigger circuit
shown in Fig. 11 may be utilized as the bi-stable trigger circuit required, in each of the stages in the shifting register of Fig 15 Referring, forexample, to stage N, the output from the 125 three "AND" circuits 150 would then be connected to set terminal 110 of Fig 11, reset bus 158 would be connected to reset terminal 112 of Fig 11, and output terminal 114 of Fig 11 would be connected to the 130 minal 0, of this trigger circuit 50 will be positive for this condition, and therefore its associated condenser CL' will not receive any charge (providing the shift left bus 72 does not go more positive than the right-hand output terminal 01, a necessary requisite for proper operation of the circuit). When the shift left bus 72 returns from its positive excursion back to its original or reference potential, the charge stored in this condenser CL is delivered in the form of a negative pulse at the "set" input terminal S of the trigger circuit 50 of the left-hand stage. If this trigger circuit was in the "zero " condition, the pulse from the condenser CL of the middle stage will set-it to the "one" position However, if this trigger circuit was already in the "one" position, the pulse from the condenser CL of the middle stage will have no effect. In a similar manner, if originally the trigger circuit 50 of the middle stage was in its "zero' position the shift-left {pulse would charge up the associated condenser CL' and not the associated condenser CL This means that the termination of the shift-left pulse would discharge this condenser CL' into the "reset" input terminal R of trigger circuit of the left-hand stage This pulse would cause this trigger circuit to be reset from the "one" to the "zero," position if it was originally in the "one" state, but would have no effect itf it was originally in the "zero" position. The operation for a shift right or read-out operation is similar and hence need not be repeated. The advantage of the circuit of Fig 14 over that of the circuit of Fig 7 is the saving of time involved (at the expense of the additional equipment) In the Fig 14 shifting register, the minimum time for a shift is the time necessary to charge the storage condensers In the Fig 7 register, however, the minimum time for a shift is the time necessary to charge the storage condensers plus the time needed to reset the trigger circuits back to "zero". Although condenser storage coupling circuits in accordance with this invention inherently introduce a delay (which may, or may not, be desirable), there are sometimes certain logical arrangements whereby delay does not introduce any decrease in the overall speed of an operation For example, a register may be feeding an associated
circuit, such as a logical switching adder circuit, and it is known that at some predetermined future time it is desired to shift the stored information within the register Once the register receives the Information it is going to shift at some future time, the charging of the appropriate condensers to perform the shift may be started by pulsing the appropriate bus, even though the register is still 784,989 784,989 respective "Output 1 " terminal and the input of the respective storage circuit 156 of Fig. 15. A suitable "AND" or coincidence circuit which may be utilized in the shifting register of Fig 15 is shown in Fig 16 This circuit comprises a diode-resistor network Resistor 170, diode 172, and resistor 174 are connected in series in the order named between a + 15 volt source and a 15 volt source The input labeled "Input 1 " of the "AND" circuit is connected to the junction of diode 172 and resistor 174 A second diode 176 and another resistor 178 are connected in parallel with the series combination of diode 172 and resistor 174 as shown, and the second input to the "AND" circuit, labeled "Input 2 ", is connected to the junction of this diode 176 and resistor 178 Diodes 172 and 176 are poled such that current can normally flow in the forward direction therethrough from the positive source to the negative source of potential The junction of diodes 172 and 176 and resistor 170 is connected through a third diode 180 to output terminal 182, which is connected to the input of the respective trigger circuit 152 in Fig 15 (set terminal of Fig 11) Diode 180 is similarly poled so that current may normally flow in the forward direction from the + 15 volt potential source through resistor 170 to the emitter electrode of the respective transistor 116 (Fig 11) This junction of the diodes and resistor 170 is clamped to the value of emitter bias for the transistor (in this case 0 5 volts) through a fourth diode 184 An output, in the form of a positive pulse, is produced at output terminal-182 only in response to simultaneous positive pulses applied to inputs 1 and 2. Values of resistance suitable for use with the circuit parameters shown in the transistor trigger circuit of Fig 11 are indicated on the drawing of Fig 16. 457 Since the output of each capacitor storage circuit 156 of Fig 15 is connected to the inputs of -three "AND" circuits 150 in paral-lel, for the circuit values shown in Fig 16 the effective load impedance which each capacitor storage circuit 156 drives is approximately 2,000 ohms This load impedance is returned to 15 volts and clamped by means of diode 184 so that its potential cannot fall below -0 5 volts, as indicated in Fig 16. If the upper terminal of any condenser 162 is initially at 12 5 volts,
that condenser will charge to match the voltage of the input signal to that storage circuit 156 providing that this input is more positive As pointed out previously, because of the presence of diode 186 in each storage circuit'156, once the condenser -is charged the input may be made more negative than the potential at the junction of diode 186 and condenser 162 without reducing the charge on this condenser. As pointed out above, the transistor trigger circuit of Fig 11 (whose circuit parameters are given on the drawing) maintains its collector electrode at about -2 5 volts in its high conduction state and at about 7 G 12 5 volts in its low conduction state. Switching this circuit to its high conduction state, which may be considered as storing therein a binary digit "one", is accomplished by the application of a positive signal to its 75 emitter electrode This signal may come from any one of the "AND" circuits 150 (Fig 15) connected to that emitter electrode or from the respective input terminal 154 of that stage As also pointed out above, re 80 setting of the transistor trigger circuit to its low conduction state, representative of the binary digit "O", is accomplished by the application of a positive signal to its base electrode 85The charge stored upon condenser 162 of any stage indicates how positive the input signal to that storage circuit 156 previously became When it is desired to utilize this information, a condenser read-out pulse is 90 applied to the lower terminal of the conden. ser 162 from common condenser read-out bus 160 It will be recalled that this pulse is applied to all condensers 162 of Fig 15 simultaneously With the values of circuit 95 parameters shown in Figs 11 and 16, this pulse is preferably of 12 volts magnitude and is positive, starting from a 12 5 volt reference voltage level. Raising the lower terminal of condenser 100. 162 by 12 volts will correspondingly raise the potential of its upper terminal Thus, the upper terminal of any condenser 162 which had not been charged will merely be raised to 0 5 volts with respect to ground 105 On the other hand, the upper terminal of any condenser which had been charged will rise to approximately + 9 5 volts inasmuch as the -upper terminal of any dharged condenser 162 was initially at the voltage level of the 110 preceding transistor collector electrode in its high conduction state, i e, 2 5 volts Since the load is clamped so that it cannot fall below 0 5 volts, only those portions of the voltage at the upper terminal of condenser 115 162 which rise above 0 5 volts will pass through diode 188 and appear at the output of the condenser storage circuit. Note again that the condenser storage circuit thus both stores information and 120changes the d c level of the information from input to output: Also, if the input of the condenser storage circuit is of
high impedance and thus charges the condenser slowly at -a low rate of current flow whereas the 125 output is of low impedance and discharges the condenser rapidly at a high rate of current flow, "current amplification" is provided by the circuit. The waveforms shown in Fig 17 are typic 130 784,989 cal of those for the operation of each stage of the shifting register of Fig 15 Referring, for example, to stage N, the points of the circuit at which the waveforms of Fig 17 appear are indicated by corresponding and encircled letters. The reset pulses for the trigger circuits 152, shown in line A of Fig 17, are of 10 volts magnitude and extend upward from a reference voltage level of 7 5 volts The read-out pulses for the condenser storage circuits 156 (which also "reset" any charged condenser to its discharged condition during the reading out operation) are shown in line B of Fig 17 Each is of 12 volts magnitude rising from a reference voltage level of 12 5 volts and each occurs at a time t, after a corresponding reset pulse of line A. These pulses may conveniently be obtained from pulse sources (not shown) whose operation is synchronized as by means of a synchronizing line. Assume initially that stage N of the shifting register of Fig 15 is in its low conduction stage, i e, that a binary digit "zero'" is stored in this stage The voltage level of the output of its trigger circuit 152 is thus at 12 5 volts as shown in line C of Fig 17. Assume next that a binary digit "one" is stored in this stage at some time between the termination of the first reset pulse shown in line A of Fig 17 and the beginning of the first read-out pulse shown in line B of Fig. 17 This binary digit may be applied exter-35 nally to input terminal 154 of stage N (Fig. 15) The output of trigger circuit 152 of this stage then rises to 2 5 volts, as shown in line -C of Fig 17, and charges condenser 162 of stage N (Fig 15) The potential of the upper terminal of this condenser 162 will rise from 12 5 volts to 2 5 volts as shown in line D of Fig 17 When the first readout pulse shown in line B occurs, the potential of the upper terminal of condenser 162 of stage N (Fig 15) will further rise by the amount of the read-out pulse, i e, from 2 5 volts to, + 9 5 volts Similarly, the output potential of condenser storage circuit 156 of stage N (Fig 15), shown in line E of Fig. 17 and which is normally clamped at 0 5 volts, will simultaneously rise to a value of + 9.5 volts. It is assumed that the 2000 ohm effective output impedance of each of the condenser storage circuits 156 of Fig 15 is sufficiently low to discharge the condenser 162 thereof completely prior to the
termination of the read-out pulse (line B of Fig 17) producing the discharge Thus, the potential at the upper terminal of condenser 162 of stage N of Fig 15 drops to 0 5 volts as the condenser discharges and then remains at this value, -as -shown in line D of Fig 17, until the read-out pulse terminates (line B) At this time the waveform of line D drops to 2 5 volts and the condenser 162 of stage N recharges since the output of the preceding trigger circuit 152 is still at -2 5 volts The waveform of line D then stays at this potential level, due to the presence of diode 186 70 in condenser storage circuit 156 of stage N (Fig 15), even after the preceding trigger circuit is reset and its output again drops to 12 5 volts (line C of Fig 17) When the next read-out pulse occurs (line B), the 75 potential of the upper terminal of the condenser 162 again rises (line D) and discharges the condenser to produce a second output pulse at the output of the condenser storage circuit 156 of stage N (line E) However, 80 since the output of the preceding trigger circuit 152 is now at its lower voltage level, the waveform of line D returns to a potential of 12 5 volts when the second read-out pulse shown in line B terminates and the conden 85 ser 162 is not recharged. Assume next, for example, that it is desired to shift the digit stored in stage N to the next stage to the right, i e, to stage "N+ 1 '" of Fig 15 This is accomplished by 90 conditioning the middle "AND" circuit 150 of stage N + 1 simultaneously with the occurrence of the second output pulse from stage N shown in line E of Fig 17 Note, however, that this conditionally may be 95 initiated either simultaneously with the beginning of this second pulse output shown in line E or at some time prior thereto and after the first pulse output It is only necessary that they overlap 100 It will be recalled that this and the other middle "AND" circuits 150 of the shifting register of Fig 15 are conditioned simultaneously by a shift pulse from the shift right bus 164 In other words, the shift right 105 pulse shown in line F of Fig 17, is applied simultaneously to the middle "AND" circuits 150 of stages -N and N+ 1 (as well as to the -middle "AND" circuit 150 of stage N 1) However, since it will be assumed 110 that there is no input applied to the middle "AND" circuit of stage N from the previous stage N 1, an output will be produced -only from the middle "AND" circuit 150 of stage N+ 1 (Fig 15) This output is shown in line 115 G of Fig 17 and will switch trigger circuit 15-2 of stage N + 1 to its high conduction stage-. The operation of each stage of the shifting register of Fig 15 is similar when it is desired 120 to shift the information stored in: a stage to the left or to recirculate it within-the stage. The -only difference is that when a shift left is -desired, the potential -of shift left bus 166 must be raised simultaneously with
the pro 125 per read-out pulse from condenser read-out bus 160, and when a recirculation of the information is desired, the potential of store bus -168 must be raised simultaneously with the proper read-out pulse on condenser read 130 784,989 out bus 160 If -egularly-repeated reset and read-out pulses as shown in lines A and B, respectively, of Fig 17 are applied to the shifting register of Fig 15, the potential on -5 storelbus 168 is arranged to be at its higher or pulsed level continuously except when a shift or a clearing of the register is desired. This operation causes a continuous recirculation of the information within each stage i O and provides a regenerative charging of the conidenser 162 thereof. The relative timing of the various input and control pulses given in connection with the explanation of the 6 peration of the shifting register of Fig 15 was, of course, purely illustrative and other timings may be utilized if desired within the scope of this invention. The-same is true of the previous explanation given in connection with the other shifting registers. In the event that no shifting or recirculation of the stored information is desired, i e, the shifting register is merely to be cleared, either with or without a reading out of the information stored therein, none of buses 164, 166 or 168 need be energized at the time that condenser read-out bus 160 is energized The outputs at each of the "Output 2 " terminals (see line E of Fig 17) are then available, however, as an indication of whether or not a binary digit "zero" or "one" had been stored in a particular stage. It should also be recalled at this point that "Output 1 " of each stage of Fig 15 is available to indicate the conduction condition of each trigger circuit 152 at any particular time anid this, at least until, the trigger circuit is reset, is also an indication of whether or not a binary digit "zero"' or "one" was stored in a particular stage. The desired raised potentials or pulses appearing on buses 158, 160, 164, 166 and 1168 may be derived from pulse sources (not shown) in known manner If the pulse -45 sources are of the type which produce regularly recurring pulses, their outputs may be gated, also in known manner, if desired to produce one or more control pulses for application to the buses at the proper times. Preferably the operation of these pulse sources is synchronized, as by means of a synchronizing line. If desired, the shifting register of Fig 15 may be connected in ring fashion, i e, by -55 connecting stage N+ 1 to stage N 1 Such operation is sometimes desirable in order to retain digits which would otherwise be shifted bout at one end of the register during the shifting process
by entering them into the other end of the register as they leave. :Such operation is commonly referred to as "end around carry". Further, the shifting register of Fig 15 may be employed as a commutator, either with or without the ring connection referred to above For example, if shift right bus 164 were continuously energized and an input pulse introduced at any arbitrary time into stage N 1 by means of its input terminal 154, this pulse would then produce 70 successive output pulses at the "Output 1 " (and "Output 2 ") terminals of successive stages as the reset ahd read-out pulses were successively applied to all the stages simultaneously A similar operation in the oppo 75 site direction could be achieved by continually energizing shift left bus 166 and applying the initial pulse to input terminal 154 of stage N+ 1. It will also be apparent to those skilled in 80 the art that similar operation of the previously described shifting registers in accordance with this invention may be achieved and utilized as desired. Further, while the foregoing descriptions 85 of the operation of shifting registers in accordance with this invention have been made general for a single input pulse inserted at a random time, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that usually the input(s)90 will be obtained from a source or sources whose operation is synchronized with the operation of the pulse generators supplying the various control buses. Also, in the illustrative circuits described, 95 a resistance has been shown as the load that was used to discharge the condenser. The load circuit may, however, comprise something other than a resistance For example, the load might consist of a pulse 100 forming network of some sort, that in combination with the condenser produces the deiired shiape of pulse on: the output Such a circuit is shown in Fig 18, wherein condenser 36 is again used, but now the load 105 comprises inductance 204 shunted by diode 206 If diode 206 is poled properly, an output pulse having an abrupt voltage rise will be produced across inductance 204. This pulse will then fall off at a rate deter 110 mined by the series resonant frequency of the L-C combination, and diode 206 will absorb the stored energy when the pulse thereafter tries to reverse its polarity. While there have been shown, described 115 and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention as applied to, preferred embodiments, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the 120 devices illustrated and in their operation may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.
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* GB784990 (A)
Description: GB784990 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in or relating to dynamic seals and material for making them
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PATENT SPECIFILCATION 784,990 Date of filing Complete Specification (under Section 3 ( 3) of the Patents Act, 1949)July 13, 1955. I Application Date June 8, 1954 No 16763/54. Application Date Feb 14, 1955. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. No 4340/55. Index at acceptance: -Classes 122 ( 1), B 7 E 2 B; 122 ( 3), Ni B; 122 ( 5), B 13 B 2 (B: E); and 140, A( 2 C: 2 G: 57: 5 GO: 5 G 9: 11 K 1: 12), Eg A, J, P 3 (A: E: F 2: G 4). International Classification: -FO 6 j, L 1 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Dynamic 'Seals and Material for making them We, PRECISION RUBBERS LIMITED, of Bagworth, Leicestershire, a
British Company, and CLAUDE MONTAGUE BLOW, a British Subject, of the above Company's address, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention is for im Drovements in or relating to materials for and method of manufacture of flexible seals and is concerned more particularly with the provision of improved washers, cup-washers and U-section seals for use in dynamic applications in which the sealing member engages another member in a fluid tight manner while permitting relative movement between it and such other member. The invention has for one of its objects to provide flexible seals combining good sealing properties with a low frictional or dynamic resistance. In contrast to the normal method of manufacturing flexible seals by moulding and vulcanising a rubber composition to shape and subsequently trimming or grinding to produce the required sealing surface, in accordance with the present invention, seals are produced by a process comprising the steps of impregnating and/or coating a Iong-fibred tissue or unwoven fabric with a rubber or rubberlike composition as hereinafter defined, combining if necessary, several layers which may be all treated or some treated and some untreated sheets, and vulcanising and shaping either simultaneously or as consecutive operations a suitable blank cut from the sheet material. The punching of the blank may be carried out simultaneously with its shaping to the required washer, cup or U-section form. The definition of the rubber or rubber-lilke composition above referred to is that it shall be vulcanised and comprise natural or synthetic rubber compounded with a resin rubber such as is commonly known in the trade as high-styrene resin, consisting of a copolymer lPrice 3 s 6 d l of butadiene with a high proportion of styrene, and shall contain vulcanising ingredients Such a composition is found to provide the required properties in the coated sheet resulting in a material possessing the requisite flexibility with deadness or substantial lack of resilience comparable to that of a leather sealing washer and having a good sealing surface of low friction and "suction" characteristics. The preferred fibrous materials which are impregnated or coated with the rubber or rubber-like composition are long fibred unsized manilla tissue paper which may contain rayon fibres, and unwoven fabrics consisting of carded or garnetted cotton, and/or rayon fibres bonded into handleable form by rubber or rubberlike materials For suitability fcr the process, the reauirement is a longfibred open structure material.
The invention further provides a treated sheet for use in forming flexible seals comprising a long fibred tissue or unwoven fabric sheet impregnated and/or coated with a rubber or rubber-like composition as above defined the said sheet being in a condition permitting it to be vulcanised or cured under pressure and heat The long fibred tissue or unwoven fabric sheet may be of material such as has been already indicated. In carrying out the invention there may be provided a built up sheet comprising an assembly of impregnated and/or coated sheets as just referred to with or without a similar non-impregnated and non-coated sheet or sheets, the sheets of the assembly being superposed and in condition to enable them to be united by vulcanising or curing In such an assembly untreated component sheets may be so arranged as to secure preponderance of the fibrous material at one surface of the built up sheet. The invention also includes a sealing device and more particularly a dynamic seal cut from a coated sheet or built up sheet as just described. To illustrate the manner in which the invention may be carried into effect there will now be given by way of example a description of a specific procedure used in carrying out the invention followed by two examples of application of that procedure. A sheet of such long-fibred tissue or fabric is first dried and then impregnated and coated with the rubber or rubberlike composition dissolved in a suitable solvent The solution may be applied by immersing the sheet in it or by spreading in the conventional manner for rubber-proofing textile materials After the sheet has been coated uniformly with the said solution it is dried to remove the solvents For some purposes the rubber is applied to both surfaces, for others to one side only Additionally the composition applie 4 to the two sides need not be the same, for example, a straight rubber compound might be applied to one side and one containing the abovementioned resin with or without anti-friction material such as graphite to the other side; the latter being the side in the finished sealing washer which comes in contact with the other sealing surface Furthermore, at this stage, several sheets may be placed together to increase the thickness of the final washer and the separate sheets of such a laminate may be of different composition both as regards the fibrous base and the rubber composition. Indeed, we have found it advantageous to construct the laminate so that the sealing surface contains a higher proportion of fibrous material than the remainder of the washer. This is achieved by combining a layer or layers impregnated and/or coated with a rubber or rubber-like composition as described above
with an outer layer or layers of the fibrous material not so impregnated or only lightly impregnated or impregnated with a composition containing a high proportion of graphite further to reduce the frictional characteristics of the seal The provision of a greater proportion of fibrous material near the surface or surfaces of the finished seal is found to have advantages in avoiding the development of resistance to sliding movement when the seal formed from the finished material and the member against which it engages are left in stationary contact for lengthy periods; a further advantage lies in the greater absorbancy of lubricant and the like by the seals with fibrous surface. The single sheets or laminates so prepared are subjected to a vulcanising or curing process under pressure and heat to produce the sealing material From the coated sheet thus produced sealing washers of various types may be formed by a cutting or punching operation or combined punching and moulding operation when it is desired to produce an article of cupped or dished formation Furthermore, the shaping of such articles may be performed simultaneously with the vulcanising process. Two specific examples of the foregoing procedure will now be given. EXAMPLE 1 An unwoven fabric consisting of cotton and rayon fibres in carded form bonded with rubber latex and weighing 4 ounces/sq yd is coated on both sides with a composition consisting of natural rubber, high styrene-butadiene copolymer, calcium silicate and vulcanising ingredients dissolved in benzene after mixing Successive coats are applied by spreading until the total thickness reaches 0.030 " Suitable blanks are cut and moulded and vulcanised to a cup washer suitable for a bicycle tyre pump. EXAMPLE 2 A long-fibred manilla tissue 0 003 " thick and weighing 0 4 ounces/sq yd is coated on one side with a composition consisting of neoprene, high-styrene-butac L'ene ccpolymer 85 and vulcanising ingredients dissolved in benzene Successive coats are applied by brushing and allowing the solvent to evaporate When the thickness measures 0 008 " 2 plies are placed together with the coated side 90 next to the uncoated side and on the uncoated side of the composite sheet is placed an untreated tissue and on top of that another tissue treated with a graphite dispersion in benzene to give equal weights of graphite and 95 fibres. Washers of outside diameter 0 400 ' and inside diameter 0 120 " are punched out and placed in a mould and shaped and vulcanised to produce a cup washer for a tyre gauge The 100 blank is so positioned in the mould that the graphited surface appears on the outside working
surface of the cup washer and in this way the ratio of fibre to rubber is higher on the outside than the inside 105 Sealing devices formed in accordance with the invention are particularly useful for pneumatic applications in which relative movement is required between them and members against which they are required to engage to 110 form pneumatic seals in the absence of any liquid which might serve as a lubricant In such applications the advantages of the improved seals are particularly apparent as good sealing action is secured without any 115 substantial resistance to the said relative movement, even in the case of movements starting with the parts at rest in which circumstances any tendency for frictional drag is at its greatest As an example of such a seal may 120 be mentioned a small cupped washer on an air pressure gauge, such as a vehicle tyre pressure indicator, improved sensitivity in the operation of such a gauge being secured by the invention It is to be understood however 125 that the invention is also of considerable use in providing dynamic seals for hydraulic applications. 2 784,990 -784,990 A principal advantage of the invention lies in the use of the reinforcement which is more easily impregnated and by reason of the random distribution of the fibres laid down in all directions gives a product with uniform properties and little stretch The use of paper or unwoven fabric reinforcement of this type provides furthermore an improved simplified and cheaper method of production, because the relatively inextensible coated sheet can be produced in this form whereas the unsupported film of rubber is not so easily obtained or handled in the unvulcanised form. The rigidity of the coated material means that by suitable design of mould the seal can be punched, moulded and vulcanised in one operation and needs no trimming afterwards. Applications envisaged are the replacement of leather in tyre gauges, bicycle and other pumps, spray guns and other pneumatic applications as well as hydraulic applications.
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* GB784991 (A)
Description: GB784991 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Process for the application of a surface coating of a self-hardeningcomposition
Description of GB784991 (A)
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PATENT SPECIFICATION 784,991 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification July 14, 1954. No 20574/54. Application made in Germany on July 18, 1953. Application made in Germany on March I I, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-C Iasses 2 ( 6), P 2 (A: DIA), P 2 PI 1 (B 3: C: D: El: F: X), P 2 P( 4 C: 6 X), P 5 (A: D 2 A), P 5 P 1 (B: C: D: El: F: X), P 5 P( 4 C: 6 X), P 7 A, P 7 D( 2 A 1: 2 A 2 A: 3), P 7 PI(B:C:D: El: F: X), P 7 P( 4 C: 6 X), PSA, P 8 D( 1 A: 1 B: 2 B 2: 4), P 8 Pl(B: C: D: El: F: X), P 8 P( 4 C:6 X), P 9 A, P 9 D(l Al: l B 1), P 9 PI(B: C: D: El: F: X), P 9 P( 4 C: 6 X); 95, B 4 X; and 140, A( 2 F: 2 L: 5 G 6: 13:16 A). International Classification: -B 05 C 08 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Process for the Application of a Surface Coating of a SelfHardening Composition We, DEUTSCHE GOLD-UIND SILBER-SCHEIDEANSTALT VORMALS
ROESSLER, of 9, Weissfrauenstrasse, Frankfurt, Main, 1, Germany, a body corporate organised under the laws of Germany, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patnt may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to a process for the application of a surface coating of a spreadable self-hardening composition. There are numerous substances or mixtures of substances which harden from the liquid state or from solution to form solid compounds Heat may for example be used to accelerate the hardening or catalytically acting substances may be added in comparatively small quantities to the substances or mixtures for the same purpose Included among these are, for example, synthetic resins, which are formed by a low-molecular compound being polymerised or condensed by itself, the formation of the poly-compounds likewise being caused or accelerated by heat or by catalysts. Included in this group are mainly organic compounds which have the terminal group -CH=CH,, such as, for example, butacliene and vinyl compounds These substances polymerise either with one another or with other compounds of similar composition; in addition to the polymerisation, it is also possible to cause other reactions, for example, esterifications, to take place at the same time. Numerous attempts have been made to utilise synthetic resin formation for the production of paints and other surface coating agents The difficulty which arises in this case is that the substances or mixtures of substances to be used react before being applied, with formation of synthetic resin, so that it is not possible to prepare and to store such surfpr, I face coating agents a relatively long time before being applied In practice a synthetic resin obtained by condensation or polymerisation is used in this form, perhaps after addition of other substances, as a surface coating agent The known disadvantage of this process lies in the high consumption of solvents, which are usually completely lost when the surface coating is applied Further disadvantages arise from the comparatively long drying time which is necessary in order to evaporate the solvents Finally, it is also not possible in accordance with this process to obtain surface coatings which are entirely porefree. It has now been found that all these difficulties may be overcome if the mixture is made up in two parts which are only mixed at or immediately prior to the time of use, the components of each part being so chosen that hardening does not take place until the two parts are mixed. Accordingly the present invention provides a process for the application to a substrate of a spreadable self-hardening surface
coating composition wherein the substrate is coated with a composition consisting of a monomeric polymerisable compound with a terminal -CH=CH 2 group, at least one wholly or partially polymerised compound obtained by polymerising a monomeric compound with a terminal -CH CHE group, a Redox system consisting of a peroxide compound and at least one tertiary amine, a amino-sulphone or a hydroxy sulphone and wherein the composition is made up in two parts which are mixed at or immediately prior to the time of application, the components of each part being so chosen that hardening does not take place until the two parts are mixed. Examples of suitable compounds which contain the terminal group -CH=CH, are -;,j O f monomeric vinyl compounds, butadiene, acrylic acid esters and styrene. Coatings produced in this way harden in a very short time and represent adhesives, cements and trowelling masses of exceptional strength. Polystyrene may be successfully employed as the wholly or partially polymerised compound The wholly or partially polymerised compound is advantageously mixed with or dissolved in the monomeric compound at the time of use or just prior thereto. Mixtures capable of being used satisfactorily may contain one or more a /-unsaturated polyester resins In general, it is sufficient if these polyester resins are added in quantities of less than 30 %, preferably 5-15 % If the proportion added is higher, the adhesive power of the mixture frequently decreases In place of or in addition to the polyester resins, maleic acid anhydride may also be employed with the same success The addition of these substances favourably influences the polymerisation velocity. The adhesive strength of the mixtures may be further improved by the addition of comparatively small quantities of hydrophilic vinyl compounds, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid amide, methacrylic acid amide or polymers thereof. The addition of acrylic acid further facilitates the complete intermixing of the monomeric and polymeric compounds Moreover, the separation of the mixture into its components, which sometimes occurs when an acrylic acid alkyl ester, for example acrylic acid butyl ester, is present, is prevented by the addition of a hydrophilic substance, such as acrylic acid. The said constituents may be added in different ratios, each according to the purpose of use A mixture which contains 60 to 100 parts of the polymer to 100 parts of the monomer is suitable for bonding metals The proportion of polymer is expediently increased for the producing of cementing masses. In order to improve the elasticity and softness, the mixtures may also
have added thereto so-called internal plasticisers Suitable internal plasticisers include those monomeric compounds which produce soft polymers and are compatible with styrene, such as, for example, decalol vinyl ether and higher esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid Similar effects are produced by addition of the corresponding polymers Furthermore, polyvinyl methyl ether and polyvinyl ethyl ether, for example, are also suitable The mixtures may also contain cross-linking agents, such as divinyl benzene, and other hardening monomers, for example methyl methacrylate or dichlorostyrene. Among the peroxide compounds acting as catalyst, particular reference may be made to benzoyl peroxide, which causes very rapid thorough hardening in combination with tertiary amines, for example, diethanol-p-toluidine The same result is produced if the tertiary amine is completely or partially replaced by q-aminosulphone or an 2-hydroxy 70 sulphone. Further improvements in the hardening may be produced by the addition of comparatively small quantities of inorganic or organic compounds which contain a labile halogen 75 atom, by the addition of monohydric or polyhydric alcohols or of small quantities of heavy metal salts. The mixture to be applied may have added thereto other additives which are known per se 80 for coating media such as pigments, fillers, resins, cellulose compounds, plasticisers and oils. Mixtures of the said type can be used with outstandingly successful results for bonding 85 substances of a wide variety of types They may be used with greatest success for bonding substances which are impermeable to gas, for example, metals or glass They are also exceptionally suitable for sealing off joints and 90 cracks in motor vehicles, aircraft or for cementing glass or safety panes in place The thermoplastic behaviour of the mixture renders it possible for the glass to be easily removed again by heating the cement 95 Furthermore, such mixtures may also be used for the manufacture of synthetic wood or for correcting faults in wood The mass is readily deformable after being mixed and may easily be machined by planes, and saws after 100 hardening. The application of the catalyst is facilitated by using it as a solution or suspension, in certain cases in a plasticiser for the components which react together with hardening In order 105 to impart the required consistency to this solution or suspension, it is advantageous for the said solution or suspension to have added thereto thickening substances such as, for example, finely divided silicon dioxide, which 110 has been produced pyrogenically. It has proved to be advantageous, for example, when bonding articles together, for the components which react together with hardening to constitute one part of the mix 115 ture and the solution or suspension
of the catalyst constitutes the other part of the mixture, the two parts being applied from separate tubes to the substrate at the time of use. The tube openings may be of such dimen 120 sions that a predetermined length of the issuing ribbon of binder and a predetermined length of the issuing catalyst mixture correspond to the optimum mixing ratio of the two constituents 125 EXAMPLE 1 A mixture of 85 parts of monostyrene, 84 parts of polystyrene, 9 parts of maleic acidglycol polyester, 8 parts of acrylic acid, 4 parts of diethanol-ptoluidine and 2 parts of hydro 130 784,991 a) 84 parts by weight of polystyrene are 65 dissolved in 100 parts by volume of a mixture of 77 % of styrene, 9 % of maleic acid-glycol polyester, 8 % of acrylic acid, 4 % of diethanolp-toluidine and 2 % of acetyl acetone and the total mixture is stabilised with 0 1 % by weight 70 of hydroquinone. b) 5 parts by weight of benzoyl peroxide and 84 parts by weight of polystyrene are dissolved in 100 parts by volume of a mixture of 89 % of styrene, 9 % of maleic acid-glycol 75 polyester and 2 % of acetyl acetone and the total mixture is stabilised with 0 2 % by weight of hydroquinones. One of the surfaces to be bonded is coated with the component (a) and the other with 80 component (b) and then the surfaces are pressed one against the other with moderate pressure The initial adhesion is so great that the two parts even in the absence of pressure do not slip off one another The bonding 85 takes place readily at room temperature; a strength sufficient for these purposes is obtained after about half an hour.
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* GB784992 (A)
Description: GB784992 (A) ? 1957-10-23
Improvements in and relating to control mechanism for hydraulic presses
Description of GB784992 (A)
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AT193722 (B) CH340708 (A) DE1177488 (B) FR1129707 (A) NL96263 (C) AT193722 (B) CH340708 (A) DE1177488 (B) FR1129707 (A) NL96263 (C) less Translate this text into Tooltip
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PATEN SPECIFICATION Inventor: JOHN MAURICE TOWLER Date of filing Complete Specification July 22, 1955. Application Date Aug 10, 1954. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. 784,992 No 23159/54. Index at Acceptance:-Class 69 ( 2), G 7. International Classification: -B 30 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to Control Mechanism for Hlydrauiic Presses We, ELECTRAULIC PRESSES LIMITED, a British Company, of Electraulic Works, Rodley, near Leeds, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates in general to control mechanism for hydraulic presses, particularly forging presses of the kind which will permit the press to operate automatically on a workpiece until the workpiece is reduced to a thickness which has been predetermined, and in particular to the form of such mechanism which comprises a tappet which reciprocates with the movable head of the press, a tappet rod which is contacted by the tappet and thereby displaced when the workpiece has been reduced to a predetermined thickness, and a valve
which is operable by the displacement of the tappet rod to cause the movable head to have its motion stopped and/or reversed so that the workpiece is not further reduced in thickness. An object of the present invention is to provide an improved tappet operated control mechanism of the above kind. A further object of this invention is to provide for automatic compensation for the tilting of the moving table of a large press, so that the position of the centre of the table is controlled rather than the position of one extremity of the table as in other known controls. A still further object of this invention is to provide for compensation for the stretch of the press columns and deflection of the tables under varying loads, so that the position of the moving tool is controlled in relation to that of the fixed tool and not in relation to some other part of the press frame which moves relatively to the fixed tools under varying loads as in other known controls Another object of this invention is to provide control mechanism having more than one operative position, each operative position corresponding to a pre-selected thickness of the lPrico 3 s 6 d l resulting forging, and means whereby the press driver can move the control mechanism from one operative position to another prior to a forging stroke A further object of this invention is to provide the press driver with a means for suppressing the action of the stroke control, without altering its adjustment, whenever he may desire to do so. Broadly the invention consists in a control gear of the kind specified for a hydraulic press wherein the valve is operated by means comprising a cross-head which is acted upon at both ends simultaneously by levers which are tilted in unison, through an operative connection, by tappet rods to displace the crosshead bodily when the workpiece has a predetermined thickness to cause the valve to stop and/ or reverse the press ram. In the preferred embodiment two or more tappet rods of different lengths are carried by a turret which is rotated, preferably by a hydraulic motion, to bring a tappet rod of selected length into position for engagement by the reciprocating tappet thereby to enable the press to operate automatically to reduce a workpiece to the thickness corresponding to the selected tappet rod. A control gear according to the present invention is easily adapted to provide automatic compensation both for stretch of the press frame and tilting of the moving table of the press as will hereafter appear. In order that the invention may be clearly understood and carried into effect two embodiments thereof will now be described by way of example, by aid of the drawings accompanying the provisional specification in which: Figure 1 is an elevation of a vertical
downstroling hydraulic press showing part of the tappet gear in a control mechanism according to the invention; Figure 2 is a plan of the press base shown in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a sectional view of the control valve; Figure 4 illustrates a suitable form of 784,992 hydraulic motor for turning the turrets carrying the sets of tappet rods of different lengths; Figure 5 illustrates schematically a modified form of valve operating gear which will provide the aforesaid automatic compensation for stretch and tilt. Referring to the drawings, Fig 1 shows a downstroking hydraulic press having a press head 1, a moving table 2 and a press base 3. A bracket 4 on the moving table carries a tappet 5 which is slidably mounted in the bracket and has a heavy head 6 which is supported by the upper surface of the bracket and locates the vertical position of the tappet. Another bracket 7 attached to the base supports a turret 8 which is mounted on a vertical spindle 9 and provided with suitable turning gear 10 The turret 8 has three tappet rods 11, 12 and 13 mounted vertically and slidably in the turret and so arranged that by means of the turning gear 10 any one of the tappet rods may be moved into location with the spring tappet 14 which in turn contacts the lever 15 which in turn operates the stroke control mechanism Thus it will be seen that by providing tappet rods 11, 12 and 13 of different lengths, the press may be quickly set to forge to three different finished thicknesses by moving the respective tappet rods into location with the spring tappet 14. Figure 2 shows a plan view of the press base from which it will be seen that there are two turrets attached to diagonal corners of the press base and these are associated with suitable tappet rods similar to 5, 11, 12 and 13 shown on Fig 1 The spring tappets below the respective turrets operate the levers 15 and 151 which in turn operate the cross shafts 16 and 161 and these in turn operate the levers 17 and 17 ' which bear upon a crosshead 18 which operates the servo valve which actuates the control valve, not shown, which reverses the movement of the press table 2. The said servo valve 19 Figure 3 is supplied with servo pressure at the inlet 20 and so arranged that when the valve spindle 21 is depressed by the crosshead 18 the servo pressure passes to the outlet 22 Servo pressure from outlet 22 is connected to suitable control valves to reverse the motion of the moving table 2 and these control valves may be of similar construction to those illustrated and described in co-pending Application No. 12125/51 (Serial No 732,775). The turrets 8 and 8 ' are turned by means of rack and pinion turning gear 10 and 10 ' shown on Figure 4 Each rack and pinion is operated by
means of hydraulic pistons and cylinders 23 and 24 and 23 ' and 241 and controlled by a control valve 25. The stretch of the press frame is clearly proportional to the pressure in the hydraulic press cylinder or in other words proportional to the force exerted by the press ram If it is desired tp Compensate for the stretch of the press frame, this may be done by mechanism such as illustrated in Figure 5 in which a lever 26 is interposed between the crossbar 18 and the valve spindle 21 of the valve 19 and the other end of the lever 26 is supported by a piston 70 27 which is subject to the same pressure as that in the hydraulic cylinder of the forging press, being connected thereto by the inlet 28. The free end of the lever 26 is also supported on a blade spring 29 which is fulcrummed on 75 a piston 30 which in turn is supported by hydraulic pressure in a cylinder 31 and controlled by a valve 32 The function of the valve 32 is to release the fulcrum piston 30 so as to make the mechanism inoperative 80 The spring 29 is deflected by the force applied by piston 27 which is subject to the pressure in the forging press cylinder and therefore the force of piston 27 is proportional to the force applied by the press ram Thus 85 by suitably proportioning blade spring 29 the said deflection of the spring 29 will compensate for the stretch of the press frame On the other hand, it will be understood that unequal stretching of the press frame, such as to cause 90 the press table 2 to tilt or move out of parallel with the press base 3, will be compensated by the crosshead 18 which is free to rock in relation to the valve spindle 21.
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