44 - gfsis.org · 44 rogorc viciT, kalendari (laT. Calendarium) aris dReebis organizebis sistema socialuri, religiuri, komerciuli, administraciuli da sxva miznebisaTvis. amisaTvis

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Cemo megobaro, SeiZleba miTxra, rom araferi ici did romael mxedarTmTavarze,

gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvaweze, xuTgzis konsulsa da laTinuri prozis erT-erT

udides warmomadgenelze, gaius iulius keisarze, magram es uneblie tyuili iqneba.

simarTle isaa, rom Sen bevrjer Segxvedria misi saxelic da gsmenia mis saqmeTa Sesa-

xeb. ar gjera? maSin momismine. ivnisis Semdeg rom Tve modis, misi saxeli xom ici? ra

Tqma unda, ici — es ivlisia. me mgoni, ukve xvdebi, risi Tqmac minda. diax, gamoicani:

am Tves saxeli iulius keisris mixedviT daerqva: jer erTi, imitom, rom is kalendari,

romliTac Cven vsargeblobT, am kacis saxels ukavSirdeba (aleqsandrieli astrono-

mis, sosigenes, daxmarebiT swored keisarma Seqmna Tanamedrove kalendari da mas dRe-

sac „iuliusis kalendari“ ewodeba); meorec, imitom, rom igi swored am TveSi – Zveli

welTaRricxvis 100 wlis ivlisSi daibada da mis sapativcemulod im Tves, romelsac

manamde mensis Quinctilis – kvinqtilisis Tve, anu „mexuTe Tve“ ewodeboda, ax.w. 8 wels

romis imperatorma oqtavianus avgustusma iuliusi (Cveneburad „ivlisi“) daarqva;

xolo ivlisi, romelic axla meSvide Tvea, mexuTe imitom iyo, rom im epoqaSi weliwadi

ara ianvarSi, aramed martSi iwyeboda.

es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom raRac gcodnia iulius keisarze, Tumca ivlisis am-

bavi yvelaferi ar aris. ar miTxra axla, rom ar gagigonia sityva „rubikoni“! ra Tqma

unda, gagigonia da ici, rom rubikoni (laTinurad Rubicō, italiurad Rubicone) daax-

iulius keisarilevan berZeniSvili

cnobili adamianebi

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rogorc viciT, kalendari (laT. Calendarium) aris dReebis organizebis sistema socialuri, religiuri, komerciuli, administraciuli da sxva miznebisaTvis. amisaTvis drois Sualedebs eniWeba saxelebi. gavrcele-buli kalendrebisaTvis es periodebia dRe-Rame, kvira, Tve, weliwadi, saukune da isini ganisazRvreba cis sxe-ulTa moZraobebiT (mzis amosvla-Casvla, weliwadis droTa cvla, mTvaris fazebis monacvleoba), rac advilad da sayovelTaod SeimCneva da uSualod moqmedebs adamianis cxovrebaze da saqmianobaze. msoflioSi sadReisod yvelaze gavrcelebulia e.w. grigorianuli (an grigoriuli) kalendari, romelic warmoadgens misi winamorbe-dis, iuliusis kalendaris reformirebis Sedegs.

romauli kalendari – Tavdapirvelad romaelebs hqondaT mTvaris weliwadi, romelic 10 Tvisagan Sedge-boda da iwyeboda martiT. Zv.w.VII-VI ss. etruskebisagan gadmoiRes 12-Tviani weliwadi, romelSic ianvari da Te-bervali dekembris Semdeg modioda. dRevandeli Tveebis saxelwodebebi momdinareobs romauli saxelebidan: Martius – marti (RmerT marsis sapativcemulod), Aprilis – aprili, Maius – maisi (RvTaeba maiusis saxelisagan), Iunius – ivnisi (qalRmerT iunos pativsacemad), Quintilis – mexuTe, SemdgomSi – Iulius (iulius keisris pativsace-mad), Sextilius – meeqvse, SemdgomSi Augustus (imperator avgustusis pativsacemad), September – seqtemberi (e.i. meSvide), October – oqtomberi (e.i. merve), November – noemberi (e.i. mecxre), December – dekemberi (e.i. meaTe). SemdgomSi amas daemata mensis Ianuarius – ianvari (RmerT ianusis pativsacemad, romelic orsaxovnad hyavdaT warmodgenili da iTvleboda yovelgvari dasawyisis RmerTad) da mensis Februarius – Tebervali (ganwmendis Tve, februare – ganwmenda).

mTvaris weliwadi 355 dRisagan Sedgeboda, rasac umatebdnen kidev erT Tves mensis intercalariis. Zv. w. 46 w. iulius keisarma SemoiRo mzis weliwadi egvipteli astronomis sosigenes rCeviT. dawesda oTxwliani cikli (365+365+365+366=1461 dRe).

aprili, ivnisi, seqtemberi da noemberi iyo 30-dRiani; ianvari, marti, maisi, ivlisi, agvisto, oqtomberi da de-kemberi – 31-dRiani. Tebervali 3 wlis manZilze 28-dRiani iyo, xolo meoTxe wels ki – 29-dRiani. wlis dasawyisi keisarma 1 ianvars gadmoitana. es kalendari e.w. `iuliusis kalendari~ (an iuliuri), anu `Zveli stili~ ZalaSi iyo CvenTan 1918 wlamde, Seicvala leninis dekretiT, roca dawesda `axali stili~ – `grigoriuli~ kalendari (romelic papma grigol XIII SemoiRo 1582 w. da romelic gavrcelebuli iyo evropis mTel rig qveynebSi).

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loebiT 80 km sigrZis mdinarea Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiaSi. es mdinare saTaves

iRebs apeninebidan da adriatikis zRvaSi Caedineba samxreT emilia-romanias regio-

nis gavliT qalaqebs – riminisa da Cezenas Soris. eWvi ar mepareba, gagonili geqne-

ba es gamoTqmac – „rubikonis gadakveTa“ an „rubikonis gadalaxva“. popularuli

idiomaa, romelsac iyeneben, rodesac raRacas iseTs gaakeTeb, rom ukan mobrune-

ba aRar SeiZleba. keisris dros am mdinareze gadioda sazRvari italiasa da romis

provincia cizalpiur galias Soris. iulius keisari maSin erT-erTi romaeli mxe-

darTmTavari (prokonsuli) iyo. kanonis mixedviT, prokonsuli jars xelmZRvane-

lobda mxolod italiis sazRvrebs gareT. miuxedavad amisa, Zv.w. 49 w. 10 ianvars

iulis keisari da rubikonis gadalaxva, avtori franCesko granaCi, 1494

cnobili adamianebi

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keisarma garkveuli yoymanis Semdeg gadalaxa rubikoni

da samoqalaqo omis Semdeg senatma igi umaRles mxedarT-

mTavrad, diqtatorad gamoacxada da gansakuTrebu-

li uflebamosilebiT aRWurva. amis Semdeg „rubikonis

gadalaxva“ aRniSnavs didi miznis saxeliT yvelafris

sasworze dadebas. istorikosi svetoniusis mtkicebiT,

keisars swored maSin uTqvams Tavisi ganTqmuli alea iacta est – „wili nayaria“.

sul cota, ori ram gcodnia iulius keisarze: ivli sic

gagigia da rubikonic. Tu germaneli kaizerebisa (Kaiser) da rusi carebis (Царь) Sesaxebac gsmenia rame, isic unda

icode, rom orive es sityva, „kaizerica“ da „caric“, gai-

us iuliusis kognomenidan – „keisridan“ momdinareobs.

barem imasac getyvi, es „kognomeni“ ra aris. kognome-

ni (cognomen) Tavdapirvelad iyo metsaxeli, romelic

calkeuli adamianis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebel Tavisebu-

rebas mianiSnebda: Scaevola – cacia, Balbus – blu, Bibulus – msmeli (loTi), Dentatus – kiWa, Naso – cxvira da a.S. Sem-

dgomSi kognomenma dakarga piradi metsaxelis mniSvne-

loba; magaliTad, Publius Ovidius Naso – publius ovidius

naso (nazoni), erT-erTi udidesi romaeli poeti „cxvi-

rad“ aravis miaCnda, Tumca Tavisi winaprisagan Zalian

grZeli Tu ara, yuradRebis mimpyrobi formis cxviri

mainc gamohyolia. iuliusebis erTi Stos kognomeni „kei-

sari“ SesaZloa „xuWuWas“ an „kululebians“ niSnavdes –

aq laTinurma enam aSkarad dascina iulius keisars, ro-

melsac Tma adre gascvivda da sanaxevrod meloti iyo.

bevrma Tqvenganma kidev erTi ram icis iulius keisris

Sesaxeb. bevrs gsmeniaT gamoTqma veni, vidi, vici – „mivedi,

vnaxe, gavimarjve“. es sityvebic keisarma Tqva. qvemoT

vity viT, ra viTarebaSi moxda es.

iulius keisari daibada patriciebis ojaxSi, romelic

arc didi simdidriT da arc gansakuTrebuli Zalauf-

lebiT ar gamoirCeoda. mamamisi, aseve gaius iulius kei-

sari, iyo pretori (mniSvnelovani samTavrobo moxele).

keisris deda, avrelia kota, didgvarovani ojaxidan iyo,

xolo mama imiTac iyo cnobili, rom misi da, iulia, gai-

us mariusis meuRle iyo; xolo gaius mariusi im dros

iyo romaelTa im jgufis lideri, romelic populare-

bis saxeliT iyo cnobili. iuliusi (pirvel saxels, anu

prenomens – gaiuss, romelic mamamisisas emTxveoda, ga-

motovebda xolme) 15 wlis ymawvili iyo, rodesac mama

patriciebi (laT. patricii, Sdr. laT. pater „mama“) Zvel romSi – piri, romelic ekuTvnoda romis mkvidr sagvareulos, adgenda mmarTvelTa klass da flobda sazogadoebriv miwebs.

popularebi (laT. Populares „xalxis momxreebi“, Sdr. populus „xalxi“) Zveli romis respublikaSi – aristokrati li-derebi, romlebic saxalxo krebebsa da tribunats eyrdnobodnen politikuri Zalis mosapoveblad.

iulius keisari

gaius mariusi(laT. Gaius Marius Zv.w. 157-86) – romaeli mxe-dar TmTavari da poli-tikuri moRvawe, ro-mauli armiis refor-matori. Svidgzis iyo arCeuli konsulad.

konsuli (Consul, SemoklebiT – cos.) romis respublikaSi umaRlesi arCeviTi Tanamdeboba, SemdgomSi, imperiis xanaSi, gaxda daniSvniTi.

kvestori – Tanamdebobis piri Zv. romSi. TAvdapirvelad kvestorebi kon-sulebis TanaSemweebi iyvnen, droTa gan-mavlobaSi maT daevalaT sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeebis garCeva, saxelmwifo xazinis meTvalyureoba da sxelmwifo arqivis marTva.

romauli gvarebi da saxelebi

romael moqalaqeTa gvari da saxeli sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda:

1. praenomen – sakuTari saxli (sul iyo 18 prenomeni da xSirad iwereboda SemoklebiT. mag. Tiberius – Tib. an Marcus – M.); 2. nomen – gvari, romelic -ius-ze bolovdeboda; 3. cognomen – metsaxe-li. magaliTad, Marcus Tullius Cicero – markus tulius ciceroni an Publius Obidius Naso – publius ovidius nazoni.

qalebis saxelebad gamoiyeneboda gvarebi mdedrobiT sqesSi. mag. Tullia – tulia, ciceronis qaliSvili, Iulia – iulia, keisris qaliSvili. Tu ojax-Si ori an meti qaliSvili iyo, ufross eZaxdnen maior-s, umcross – minor-s, me-sames – tertia-s da a.S.

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moukvda. ramdenime weli samxedro karieras miuZRvna da

Semdeg daqorwinda popularebis jgufis mniSvnelovani

wevris qaliSvilze – korneliaze. maT SeeZinaT qaliSvi-

li iulia, Tumca qorwineba didxans ar gagrZelebula.

yvelaferi Seicvala, rodesac roms saTaveSi diqta-

tori sula Caudga. upirveles yovlisa, sulam ubrZana

iuliuss, kornelias gahyroda, radgan igi sulas mtre-

bis ojaxidan iyo. keisarma uari ganacxada da gadaima-

la, raTa diqtatoris nebisadmi daumorCileblobisTvis

sikvdiliT ar daesajaT. sabolood mas es urCoba epatia

da is romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 78 wels, rodesac sula garda-

icvala.

iuliusi izrdeboda rogorc samxedro, man Tavi ga-

moiCina romis mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi, maT So-

ris imiTac, rom bevri jariskaci gadaarCina sikvdils.

Zv.w. 75 wels moitaces da sicilieli mekobreebis xelSi

aRmoCnda. mis gamosaxsnelad mekobreebma 20 talanti

moiTxoves, magram Tavad daiJina, sul cota, 50 talanti

mainc aris Cemi fasio. samxedro tribunad airCies Zv.w. 72

wels. saxeli gaiTqva aseve rogorc advokatma da sajaro

gamomsvlelma. Zv.w. 69 wels kvestorad airCies da Semd-

gom senatSic moipova adgili. colad moiyvana pompeia,

sulas SviliSvili. misi politikuri aRmasvla grZel-

deboda, airCies pontifex maximus-ad (uzenaes qurumad)

da Semdeg pretorad. aseve grZeldeboda misi samxedro

warmatebebi da Zv.w. 60 wels konsulad airCies. konsuli

imdroindeli mTavrobis mTavari Tanamdeboba iyo, Tumca

keisari erTaderTi konsuli ar yofila, roms ukve hyavda

ori konsuli krasusisa da pompeusis saxiT.

pompeusi udidesi mxedarTmTavari iyo, rac man ara-

erTgzis daamtkica brZolis velze. man did gamarjvebebs

miaRwia aziaSi da romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 62 wels, raTa sena-

tisTvis eTxova, daemtkicebina is teritoriuli mowyo-

ba, romelsac man brZolis velze gamarjvebebiT miaRwia.

krasusma, romelic Suris TvaliT Sehyurebda pompeusis

samxedro warmatebebs, daarwmuna senati, ar daemtkicebi-

na gamarjvebuli mxedarTmTavris gegma. keisarma sworad

Seafasa viTareba da orive konsuli daarwmuna, erTad

emuSavaT da orives dahpirda daxmarebas. sanacvlod man

konsuloba moiTxova. krasusi da pompeusi daeTanxmnen

da Zv.w. 60 wels Camoyalibda pirveli triumvirati (sami

kacis mmarTveloba). pompeusis eWvebis gasafantavad kei-

sula – lukius kor-nelius sula feliqsi (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Fe-lix), romaeli mxedarTm-Tavari da saxelmwifo moRvawe. misi diqtato-robis xana daemTxva op-timatebisa da populare-bis brZolis yvelaze daZabul xanas.

krasusi – markus li-kinius krasusi (Marcus Licinius Crassus, Zv.w. 115-53), romaeli mxedarT-mTavari da politiko-si, romelmac Tavisi roli Seasrula romis respubli kis imperiad transformaciaSi. iT-vleboda erT-erT um-didres kacad.

pompeusi – gneus pom-peus didi (laT. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus; Zv.w. 106 w. 29 seqtemberi– Zv.w. 48 w. 28 seqtemberi) – didi romaeli mxedarT-mTavari da politikuri moRvawe, mdidari da gav-leniani patriuciusi. pirveli triumviratis wevri.

pompeia (Pompeia, Zv.w. I s.) – iulius keisris meo-re meuRle. misi mSoble-bi iyvnen kvintus pom-peius rufusi, yofili

konsulis Ze, da kornelia, romaeli diqtatoris, sulas qaliSvili.

kalpurnia – iulius ke- isris mesame coli.

kornelia (Cornelia CinnillaZv.w. 97-69) – lucius kornelius cinas asuli, iulius keisris pirveli meuRle (daqorwindnen Zv.w. 84 w.). keisari kvesto-

ri iyo, rodesac kornelia gardaicva-la da keisarma saxalxo krebaze mis suls qeba-dide biT mimarTa.

cnobili adamianebi

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sarma mas Tavisi qaliSvili, iulia miaTxova, xolo Tavad axali coli, kalpurnia,

moiyvana.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi keisari Tavisi sityvis erTguli iyo: pompeusis gegma se-

nat ma moiwona da daamtkica, krasusic kmayofili iyo, xolo keisarma konsulobis

amowurvis Semdeg xuTwliani prokonsuloba miiRo galiaSi. igi galiaSi 58 wels

gaemg zavra da iq cxra weli dahyo. am drois ganmavlobaSi man mravali didi samxed-

ro gamarjveba moipova da mravali politikuri mowinaaRmdegec CamoiSora – kacma

rom Tqvas, yvela daxoca, vinc gzaze gadaeRoba. galia, romelic keisarma daipyro,

moicavda dRevandel safrangeTs, belgias, samxreT holandias, germanias rainis

dasavleTiT da Sveicariis did nawils.

keisari orgzis SeiWra britaneTSi, Zv.w. 55 da 54 wlebSi, magram mudmiv warmate-

bas ver miaRwia. britaneTis romaulad mowyoba maSin gadaido.

keisarma didi saxeli moixveWa galiis damorCilebiTa da britaneTze laSqro-

biT, ramac krasusisa da pompeusis Suri gamoiwvia. maT manamde hqondaT Zalaufle-

ba da manamde hqondaT samxedro warmatebebi mopovebuli, sanam keisari gamoCnde-

boda politikur scenaze da romaelTa TvalSi maT Zvel didebas daCrdilavda.

axali gamarjvebebis mosapoveblad krasusma aRmosavleTis armiis xelmZRvanelo-

ba moiTxova da miiRo kidec, magram parTielebTan brZolaSi daiRupa. rac Seexe-

ba pompeuss, misi mtroba keisrisadmi kidev ufro gaizarda, miT umetes, rom ukve

aRaraferi akavSirebdaT erTmaneTTan – iulia, keisris qaliSvili da pompeusis

iulius keisris qandakeba, rimini, italiakeisris droindeli galia

iulius keisari

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meuRle, mSobiarobas gadahyva Zv.w. 54 wels. krasusi aRar iyo cocxali da ori didi

mxedarTmTavari – iulius keisari da gneus pompeusi – eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen

erTmaneTs, orives surda marto yofiliyo konsuli da erTpirovnulad emarTa

romis imperia.

Zv.w. 49 wels keisari im mdinares miadga, romelzec ukve vilaparakeT – rubikons.

rubikonis gadalaxva da romisken armiis daZvra kargad gaTvlili politikuri

nabiji iyo. es nabiji ewinaaRmdegeboda romaul kanonebs da, saboloo jamSi, samo-

qalaqo oms niSnavda. pompeusi Tavisi legionebiT espaneTSi idga, ver daupirispir-

da keisars da aRmosavleTisken daiZra. amasobaSi keisari romSi Sevida da axali

senati Camoayaliba. am jgufma, romelic, bunebrivia, mas TanaugrZnobda, keisari

diqtatorad gamoacxada. pompeusma myari poziciebi daikava saberZneTSi. rogorc

saxelmwifos meTaurma, keisarma ver daarwmuna pompeusi, rom Tavis pretenziebze

uari eTqva: samoqalaqo omi ukve gardauvali gaxda.

Zv.w. 48 wlis 6 ivnisis grandiozuli masStabis SetakebaSi, romelic istoriaSi

„farsalosis brZolis“ saxeliT aris cnobili, pompeusma 46 aTasi, xolo keisarma

mxolod 30 aTasi, magram ukeT gawrTvnili meomari gamoiyvana. keisaric da pompeu-

sic brwyinvale mxedarTmTavari iyo da erTsac da meoresac im droisTvis uamravi

gamarjveba hqonda mopovebuli. da mainc, saberZneTis am patara qalaqis maxloblad

gamarTul brZolaSi im dRes gamoCnda, rom samxedro TvalsazrisiTac keisris ge-

nia metoqisas aRemateboda — man brwyinvale gamarjvebas miaRwia, Tumca orive

mxridan Zalian didi danakargi iyo. pompeusma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela da egviptes

miaSura, sadac mogvianebiT mas uRalates da muxanaTurad mokles. am istoriuli

gamarjvebis Semdeg keisarma Tavisi epoqisTvis uCveulo nabiji gadadga: tyved Ca-

vardnili yvela romaeli moqalaqe Seiwyala. SewyalebulTagan erT-erTi misi moma-

vali mkvleli – markus brutusi iyo.

farsalosTan miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg keisari Seudga Tavisi poziciebis

ganmtkicebas, gansakuTrebiT – egvipteSi. aleqsandriaSi Casuli keisari moxibla

da gaitaca kleopatram, romelic egviptis taxtisTvis ibrZoda. cbierma dedofal-

cnobili adamianebi

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ma Tavi xaliCaSi gaaxvevina da es xaliCa saCuqrad miarT ves

diqtators. kleopatras moxerxebulobam didi STabeW-

dileba moaxdina keisarze da didi romaeli mas daxmarebas

dahpirda. kleopatrasTvis egviptis taxtis mosapovebel

omSi keisarma egviptis flotis gadawvis brZaneba gasca.

cecxlma gaanadgura ara mxolod floti, aramed Zveli is-

toriac – daiwva aleqsandriis saxelganTqmuli didi bib-

lioTeka. bolos da bolos, Zv.w. 47 wels kleopatra egvip-

tis dedoflad gamocxadda da man romTan politikuri

kavSiri Sekra. egvipteSi warmatebis Semdeg keisari mcire

aziaSi SeiWra. Zv.w. 47 wlis 1 agvistos, pontoeli mefe far-

nakesis ajanyeba CaaxSo. swored am gamarjvebis aRwerisas

uTqvams keisars Tavisi saxelganTqmuli veni, vidi, vici („mive-

di, vnaxe, gavimarjve“). ori Tvis Semdeg igi romSi dabrun-

da, sadac axal problemebs waawyda.

keisars mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi daufaravad emtere-

boda brwyinvale oratori katoni. igi keisarSi xedavda

kacs, romelic sakuTar Tavs romsa da mis xalxze maRla

ayenebda. katoni ukve cnobili pirovneba iyo, rodesac

keisari gamoCnda politikur asparezze da sakuTar Tavs

keisris politikuri oponentebis rigebSi moiazrebda.

mas Semdeg, rac keisarma aRmosavleTSi uamravi gamarjve-

ba moipova, katonic da keisris sxva oponentebic afrikaSi

gaiqcnen. romSi dabrunebulma keisarma afrikas miaSura

da oponentebi iq daamarcxa, TafsosTan brZolaSi. katon-

ma ver gadaitana damarcxebisa Tu Sewyalebis sircxvili.

keisris oponentebis sxva jgufi jer kidev flobda raRac

Zalauflebas. maT Soris iyo senatori gaius kasius longi-

nusi, romelic manamde keisars krasussa da pompeusTan er-

Tad upirispirdeboda.

kasiuss eSinoda, rom keisari Tavs mefed gamoacxadeb-

da – swored amisTvis undodaT Tavis arideba senatorebs

da romael moqalaqeebs. roms mefeebma Tavi cudad daa-

maxsovres: romis istoriaSi Svidi mefe iyo da Svidive mefe

sastikad epyroboda ara mxolod romis mtrebs, aramed Ta-

vad romaelebsac. romauli respublika ZiriTadad imitom

Camoyalibda, rom ar daeSva romelime mefis xelisufle-

baSi mosvla da romis senati Tavis Tavs swored mefobis

mowinaaRmdeged da respublikuri wyobis damcvelad ga-

nixilavda. kasiusi, katoni da sxvebi, maT Soris brutusic,

keisarSi mefobis axal saSiS kandidats xedavdnen, romelic

warsulis sisastikes daabrunebda. mefe an diqtatori ar

aris valdebuli, vinmes pasuxi gasces. respublika da sena-

katoni — markus porkius katon utikeli (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis, Zv.w. 95-46 ), cnobili, rogorc katon umcrosi (Cato Minor), gansxvavebiT misi didi babuisgan (katon ufrosi), romauli respublikis politikosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe, stoicizmis fi-losofiis mimdevari.

iulius keisari

kleopatra VII (Zv.w. 69-30) – elinis-turi egviptis ukanaskneli dedofali

markus antoniusi (laT. Marcus Antonius), Zv.w.83-30, romaeli poli-tikosi da mxedarTmTavari, meore triumviratis wevri, samgzis konsuli da kvestori.

ti ki im ideiT Camoyalibda, rom xalxs SeZleboda Tavisi

mTavrobisTvis raime eTqva. maTTvis miuRebeli iyo, rom

vinmes Tavi xalxze maRla daeyenebina da RvTaebrivi an

samxedro aRmatebulebiT yvelaze gabatonebuliyo. kei-

sars ukve mxolod ramdenime mowinaaRmdege darCa da igi

ukve Seudga romis marTvas. upirveles yovlisa, man bevri

ram gaakeTa rigiTi jariskacebisa da ubralo moqalaqee-

bisTvis. man romi uzarmazari finansuri validan gaaTa-

visufla (es valebi samoqalaqo omis dros dagrovda),

gazarda senatorTa ricxvi (ra Tqma unda, Tavisi momx-

reebis xarjze). man daadgina, Tu marcvleulis ra ra-

odenoba unda gamoyofiliyo gansakuTrebiT gaWirve-

buli moqalaqeebisTvis; man ganaxorciela kalendris

reforma, gaxada igi iseTi, rogorc dRes gvaqvs da

bolo mouRo mravalwlian areulobas am sferoSi

(momavalma Taobebma am kalendarSi mxolod erTi

cvlileba Seitanes, ramac ganasxvava Zveli da

axali stilebi). bevri ram gaakeTa man ubralo

xalxisTvis, riTic kidev ufro gadaimtera

bevri mdidari moqalaqe, romlebic mxars

uWerdnen krasuss, pompeuss Tu sulas.

pompeusis vaJebi, gneusi da seqstusi,

saTaveSi Caudgnen ajanyebas espaneT-

Si. keisari personalurad gauZR-

cnobili adamianebi

va armias da gaanadgura isini. keisarma gamouSva monetebi,

romlebzec misi portreti iyo gamosaxuli; misi qandakebebi

iseve iyo Semosili, rogorc RmerTebis qandakebebi. senatma

mas uamravi axali tituli da privilegia mianiWa, maT Soris

„daumarcxebeli RmerTis“ tituli da ufleba, Caecva me-

wamuli oqroTi gawyobili toga da dabrZanebuliyo oqros

taxtze. ori tribuni, gaius marulusi da lucius flaviusi

daupirispirda am titulebsa da privilegiebs da maT senati

daatovebines.

Zv.w. 44 wlis TebervalSi keisari samudamo diqtatorad

gamocxadda. imave wlis 15 Tebervals luperkaliis dResas-

waulze keisris erTgulma TanamebrZolma, markus antonius-

ma, diqtators gvirgvini gauwoda. keisarma icoda, rom miuxe-

davad mis mimarT gamoxatuli uzarmazari siyvarulisa, xalxs

mefe mainc ar undoda da amitomac uari Tqva gvirgvinze, sam-

jer.

keisars 18 marts dagegmili hqonda salaSqrod wasvla par-

Tielebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac manamde konsuli krasusi

mokles. keisari senatSi gaemarTa 15 marts, raTa laSqroba-

Si wasvlamde ukanasknelad Sexvedroda senatorebs. senati

am dros pompeusis mier agebul TeatrSi ikribeboda, radgan

senatis tradiciul sxdomaTa darbazi daiwva da im dros xe-

laxla Sendeboda. swored aq daesxa Tavs keisars 60 SeTqmu-

li da mokles igi togebSi damaluli xanjlebiT. da es ambavi

keisris mTavari mtris, pompeusis qandakebis kvarcxlbekTan

moxda.

iulius keisari

53

erT-erTi SeTqmuli iyo markus brutusi, romelic keisarma farsalosTan brZolis

Semdeg Seiwyala da romelsac keisari gansakuTrebiT endoboda. SeTqmulTa Soris iyvnen

sena torebi gaius kasius longinusi da decimus brutus albinusi.

`Senc, brutus?!~ (laT. Et tu quoque Brute!) – SeiZ leba

gsmeniaT es cnobili fraza, romelsac aseve iulius

keisars miaweren. TiTqos es sityvebi keisars sikvdi-

lis win aRmoxda, roca Tavis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulTa

Soris brutusic daunaxavs. am gamoTqmas xumrobiT

dResac vxmarobT da veubnebiT adamians, romelsac

sxvaTa rigSi Tu sxva saqmeebiT dakavebuls aRmova-

CenT.

keisris sikvdili, vinCenco kamuCinis (1771-1844) naxati

cnobili adamianebi

54

oqtavianusi, gaius oqtaviane av-gustusi (laT.Gaius Iulius Octavianus Augustus Zv.w. 63 w. 23 seqtemberi – ax.w. 14 w. 19 agvisto) — romis pirve-li imperatori. avgustusis saxels ukavSirdeba meore triumviratis Seqmna, romelsac antoniusi da lepi-dusi xelmZRvanelobdnen. rodesac dadga dro Zalauflebis xelSi aRe-bisa, mas antoniusTan dapirispire-ba mouxda. avgustussa da antoniuss Soris gamarjveba avgustuss dar-Ca. oqtavianes saxels ukavSirdeba romis ayvaveba da didi dapyrobiTi omebi rainis aRmosavleTiT da bri-taneTSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom romaeli senatorebi gamoir-

Ceodnen grZelvadiani dagegmvis codniTa da detalebi-

sadmi yuradRebis miqceviT, keisris mokvlis Semdeg maT

aranairi gegma ar aRmoaCndaT. senatorebma mokles kei-

sari da samSoblodan gaiqcnen, xolo romze kontroli

markus antoniuss dautoves, keisris yvelaze erTgul

TanamebrZols, romelmac am droisTvis jariskacebis

mTel legions mouyara Tavi.

antoniusma warmoTqva saxelganTqmuli sityva keis-

ris dakrZalvaze. am sityvaSi man daasaxela da miwasTan

gaaswora keisris mkvlelebi. igi gaxda konsuli da Sevida

meore triumviratSi, romelSic masTan da lepidusTan

erTad iulius keisris dis, iulias SviliSvili oqtavia-

nusic Sedioda (keisars igi naSvilevi hyavda). swored es

iyo is axalgazrda kaci, romelic didi biZis nakvalevs

gahyva, xelSi Caigdo uzenaesi Zalaufleba da gaxda is,

riskenac miiswrafoda iulius keisari – romis pirveli

imperatori.

iulius keisari

iulius keisris droindeli romis maketi

ideologia

56

57

cxare politikuri kamaTis dros politikosebi an ubralo adamianebi xandaxan

erTmaneTs faSistebs da nacistebs uwodeben. ruseTis prezident vladimir pu-

tinis mier kontrolirebadi televizia da presa sakuTar mosaxleobas arwmunebs,

rom 2014 wlis dasawyisSi ukrainaSi moxda politikuri gadatrialeba da Zalauf-

leba xelSi Caigdes ukrainelma faSistebma da nacistebma. amis sapirispirod,

mTeli civi lizebuli samyaro ukrainul movlenebSi xedavs xalxis demokratiul

miswrafebas ukrainis yofil prezident ianukoviCis korumpirebuli reJimis wi-

naaRmdeg. putinis da ukrainis teritoriaze Segzavnili rusuli eqstremistuli

dajgufebebisa Tu jaris qmedebebs ki mTeli msoflio faSisturi germaniisa da

hitleris qmedebebs adarebs….

aseTi urTierTgamomricxavi Sefasebebi adastureben, rom Tanamedrove poli-

tikuri procesebis sworad gaazrebis dros adamianma kargad unda icodes, Tu ras

warmoadgens sinamdvileSi faSizmi.

ra aris faSizmi?

faSizmi aris totalitaruli diqtaturis forma, politikuri moZraoba da

ideologia, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia agresiuli nacionalizmi da rasizmi,

erTpartiuli mmarTveloba, terori, daundobeli represiuli saxelmwifo, sadac

Zlieria samxedro Zala, moqmedebs mkacri cenzura da uxeS sicrueze agebuli pro-

paganda; sadac opoziciis fizikuri ganadgurebis gziT xdeba sazogadoebis tota-

luri kontroli da msoflio batonobis mizniT ipyroben mezobel qveynebs.

faSistur mmarTvelobas yovelTvis hyavs moqalaqeebis ori nawili, romlebic

dayofilia politikuri sandoobisa da rasobrivi an eTnikuri „kargi“/„cudi“ war-

momavlobis mixedviT. sakuTari siZlieris propagandis mizniT faSistebi aqtiurad

faSizmi

aleqsandre kuxianiZe