4.1.(eng-esp)

Module 4. Energy Efficiency and Environmental Certification in Construction

Introduction to Sustainable Construction

Pablo Pascual MuozThis lesson is published under the License:

Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0

Master in European Construction Engineering




1. The energy crisis

2. Energy efficiency

3. Environmental Certification

MODULE CONTENTS




1. The energy crisis

I. Energy sources

II. Relevant factors

III. Energy consumption

IV. Energy crisis: causes and consequences

V. Energy crisis in the 20th century

VI. Solutions




I. Energy sources: renewable and non-renewable

Non-renewable Renewable

Conventional

OilCoalGas

Nuclear (fission)

WoodHydraulic

Alternative

Geothermal (H.E.)Shale Gas

Nuclear (Fusion)Oil shale

SolarWind

BiomassOcean

Geothermal (L.E.)




I. Energy sources Currently (2015), energy that powers the world is mainly produced

from the combustion of fossil fuels as gas, oil, coal or nuclear fission.

However, in some countries of the world including Sweden, Denmark,Spain or the US, the progress of renewable energy is very relevant.

In general, energy sources are as valuable to humans that theirsearch has led wars throughout history.

Actually, the development of a country might largely depend on thelack of essential energy sources.

Furthermore, mismanagement of these sources can ruin the benefitsassociated to the possession of essential sources of energy, as it canbe seen today in some countries.




I. Energy sources The total transition from the fossil to the alternative and renewable

energies will take decades due to the exisiting oil and gas reservoirs.To date:

- The energy wind keeps on growing considerably every day.

- The infrastructure for solar energy is cheapear as time goes by.

- The geothermal heat pumps are much more efficient nowadays.

- The development of biofuels at commercial level fosters thedevelopment of greener engines for cars and trucks.

- The nuclear fusion keeps on growing very slowly. Another 20-30years of research are still needed for its proper development.

- The energy efficiency policies are more active every day, yet theirpromotion is still necessary.




II. Relevant factors1) SUFFICIENCY:

- The existence of energy reserves is of vital importance in a world thatdepends on non-renewable energy sources.

- The EU possesses less than 0.5% of global oil reserves and less than1% of the gas reserves.

- Renewable and nuclear are world's fastest-growing energy sources by2.5 percent / year; however, fossil fuels continue to supply almost 80percent of world energy use through 2040 (Source: EIA, Outlook 2013).

2) SAFETY:- The safety of energy supply is essential since most of the countries in

the world are not producers and, therefore, depend on the reliabilityof the distribution.

- Recent confrontation in Europe between Russia, one of the largest gasproducers, and Ukraine, highlights the importance of this factor.




II. Relevant factors3) COST AND COMPETITIVENESS:

- The global energy consumption will grow by 56% between 2010 and2040. Most of this increase will occur in non-OECD countries, in whicha pronounced economic progress is expected.

- It is estimated that the average global GDP growth between 2010 and2040 will be 3.6%, while in non-OECD countries it is estimated that theaverage growth will be 4.7%.

- China and India (and other countries like Mexico or Brazil to a lesserextent) will play a very important role in this increase of consumption,by buying from the same suppliers and thereby increasing prices.

- Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.

4) SUSTAINABILITY:

- The increased use of renewable energy and energy efficiency policieswill reduce emissions of CO2 and global warming.




III. Primary energy consumption in the world

** Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.

World energy consumption(X 1015 Btu)

World energy consumption by fuel type(X 1015 Btu)




III. Final energy consumption in the world (By sector)

http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release = IEO2013 & subject = 0-IEO2013 & table = 15-IEO2013 & region = 4-0 & cases = Reference-d041117

** Sources: US Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.




III. Energy consumption in construction (Spain)

2%

38%

35%

15%

6% 4%Total Energy Consumptions (2011) *

Timber structures and carpentry materials for construction

Manufacturing of ceramic products for construction

Manufacturing of cement, lime and gypsum

Manufacuring of concrete, cement and gypsum elements

Cutting, carving and polishing of stone

Manufacturing of steel structures and components

3%

97%

0%Coal Consumptions (2011) *







* Published in 2013




III. Energy consumption in construction (Spain)

3% 8%

20%

46%

15%

7%Oil Consumptions (2011) *







0%

84%

9% 5%0%1%

Gas Consumptions (2011) *







* Published in 2013




According to the previous diagrams:

Almost three quarters of the energy consumed in Spain in theconstruction sector is employed in the manufacture of gypsum,cement, lime, and ceramic materials.

All theses processes require high temperatures and, therefore,large amounts of energy.

In the construction sector, coal is employed almost exclusivelyin the manufacture of cement, lime and plaster.

Two thirds of the oil used in the construction sector is intendedfor the production of cement, lime, gypsum and derivativedmaterials such as concrete.

Most of the gas is used in the manufacture of ceramic elementsfor construction.




IV. What is an energy crisis?

An ENERGY CRISIS is a deficit in the supply of an energysource essential for the development of a specific region.

These crucial energy sources are responsible for providingelectricity to the streets and buildings and fuel to the cars,heating and domestic hot water systems.

Inevitably, limiting the supply will result in an exorbitantincrease of the energy prices.

In some severe cases, the scarcity means that the supply ofthe energy demanded by the area/region/country is totallyimpossible.




IV. What are the causes of an energy crisis? POLICIES:

- Excessive market control that can result in a lack of incentives andhence a decrease in the production.

- Total lack of regulation that ends up in the formation of oligopoliesand/or monopolies that leave people at the mercy of the market.

GEOSTRATEGIC: rivalry between two regions or countries, one of whichis source of scarce energy resources, can lead the other to a reductionin the supply.

INSTABILITIES OR CONFLICTS: the outbreak of a conflict on a countrythat possesses energy resources reduces the extraction capacity of thatcountry and thus its ability to supply energy to other countries.

NATURAL PHENOMENA: earthquakes, tsunamis or hurricanes seriouslyaffect too the generation and subsequent supply of energy.




IV. What are the consequences of an energy crisis?

The shortage of energy sources or the exorbitant rise of priceshave always important consequences:

For industrial and commercial activity:

- Decrease of the production capacity.

- Decline in business activity.

Regarding social issues:

- Decline in health standards.

- Absence of basic services: heating, electricity, etc.

- Inadequate hygienic conditions.




V. Energy crisis in the 20th century In 1973, Arabian oil countries embargoed oil shipments to

the West because of their support to Israel in the Six-DayWar against Egypt. Arab oil embargo finished in 1974.

In 1979-80, a second oil crisis occurred in the USA due tothe Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War.

In 1990, the oil price spike occurred in response to theIraqi invasion of Kuwait.

In 2000-01, the electricity crisis in California was caused bymarket manipulations and business corruption.

Oil prices increase in 2004-2005 due to: natural disasters,terrorism, speculation (demand bubble), etc.




VI. Any solution to future energy crisis?

a) Development of alternative/renewable energiesthat contribute to ensuring a continuous supplyof the energy while impacts associated with thegeneration, transmission and use are minimized.

b) Promotion of Energy Efficiency instruments andpolicies in order to optimize the use of energy,and hence reduce the required resources and theimpact on the environment.

Mdulo 4. Eficiencia Energtica y Certificados Ambientales en Construccin

Introduccin a la Construccin Sostenible

Pablo Pascual MuozEste tema se publica bajo Licencia:Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0


1


Introducccin a la Construccin Sostenible


1. La crisis energtica

2. Eficiencia energtica

3. Certificacin ambiental

MODULE CONTENTS




1. La crisis energtica

I. Fuentes de energa

II. Factores determinantes

III. Consumo actual de energa

IV. Crisis energtica: causas y consecuencias

V. Crisis energtica en el siglo XX

VI. Soluciones




I. Fuentes de energa: renovables y no renovables

No renovable Renovable

Convencional

PetrleoCarbn

GasNuclear (fisin)

MaderaHidrulica

Alternativa

Geotermia (A.E.)Gas de esquistoNuclear (fusin)

Petrleo de esquisto

SolarElica

BiomasaOcano

Geotermia (B.E.)




I. Fuentes de energa Actualmente (2015), la energa que alimenta el mundo se obtiene

principalmente de la combustin de combustibles fsiles como el gas,el petrleo y el carbn o de la fisin nuclear.

No obstante, en algunos pases del mundo como Suecia, Alemania,Dinamarca, Espaa o EE.UU., el avance de las energas renovables esmuy relevante.

En general, las fuentes de energa son tan valiosas para el ser humanoque su bsqueda ha provocado guerras a lo largo de la historia.

De hecho, el desarrollo de un pas puede depender en gran medidade la falta de fuentes de energa esenciales.

Por otra parte, una mala gestin de esas fuentes puede arruinar losbeneficios asociados a la posesin de fuentes de energa esenciales,tal y como puede verse hoy en da en algunos pases.




I. Fuentes de energa La transicin total desde las energas fsiles hasta las alternativas y

renovables llevar dcadas todava gracias a las reservas de petrleoy gas existentes. Hasta ese momento:

- La energa elica continua creciendo considerablemente.

- La infraestructura para la energa solar es cada vez ms barata.

- Las bombas de calor geotrmicas son mucho ms eficientes.

- El desarrollo de los biocombustibles a nivel comercial fomenta eldesarrollo de motores ms verdes para coches y camiones.

- La fusion nuclear sigue su lento crecimiento, tratndose todavade una tecnologa en paales con al menos otros 20-30 aos deinvestigacin necesaria.

- Las polticas de eficiencia energtica son cada vez ms activas, sibien se hace todava necesario el fomento de esta.




II. Factores determinantes1) SUFICIENCIA:

- La existencia de reservas energticas es de vital importancia en unmundo que depende de fuentes de energa no renovables.

- La UE posee menos del 0,5% de las reservas mundiales de petrleo ymenos del 1% de las reservas de gas.

- Renewable and nuclear are worlds fastest-growing energy sources by2.5 percent/year; however, fossil fuels continue to supply almost 80percent of world energy use through 2040 (Fuente: EIA, Outlook 2013).

2) SEGURIDAD:- La seguridad en el suministro de la energa es de vital importancia ya

que la mayora de los pases del mundo no son productores y, portanto, dependen de la fiabilidad de su transporte.

- Los recientes acontecimientos surgidos en Europa entre Rusia, uno delos mayores productores mundiales de gas, y Ucrania ponen demanifiesto la importancia de este factor.




II. Factores determinantes3) COSTE Y COMPETITIVIDAD:

- El consumo de energa mundial crecer un 56% entre los aos 2010 y2040. La mayor parte de este aumento tendr lugar en pases fuera dela OCDE, en los cuales se prevee un desarrollo econmico acusado.

- Se estima que el crecimiento medio del PIB mundial entre los aos2010 y 2040 ser del 3.6%, mientras que en pases no pertenecientesa la OCDE se estima que el crecimiento medio ser del 4.7%.

- China e India (y otros pases como Mexico o Brasil en menor medida)sern protagonistas de este incremento de consumo, comprando a losmismos proveedores y aumentando con ello los precios.

- Fuentes: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.

4) SOSTENIBILIDAD:

- El aumento del uso de energas renovables y las polticas de eficienciaenergtica reducirn las emisiones de CO2 y el calentamiento global.




III. Consumo de energa primaria en el mundo

** Fuentes: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.

Consumo mundial de energa(x 1015 Btu)

Consumo mundial de energa por tipo de combustible(x 1015 Btu)




III. Consumo de energa final en el mundo (por sectores)

http://www.eia.gov/oiaf/aeo/tablebrowser/#release=IEO2013&subject=0-IEO2013&table=15-IEO2013&region=4-0&cases=Reference-d041117

** Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration - International Energy Outlook 2013.




III. Consumo de energa en la construccin (Spain)

2%

38%

35%

15%

6% 4%Total Energy Consumptions (2011) *







3%

97%

0%Coal Consumptions (2011) *







* Publicado en 2013




III. Consumo de energa en la construccin (Spain)

3% 8%

20%

46%

15%

7%Oil Consumptions (2011) *







0%

84%

9% 5%0%1%

Gas Consumptions (2011) *







* Publicado en 2013




De las grficas anteriores se desprende que:

Casi tres cuartas partes de la energa consumida en Espaa enel sector de la construccin se emplea en la fabricacin deyesos, cementos, cales, y materiales cermicos.

Se trata en todos los casos de procesos que demandan altastemperaturas y, por tanto, grandes cantidades de energa.

En el sector de la construccin en Espaa, el carbn se utilizacasi exclusivamente en la fabricacin de cemento, cal y yeso.

Dos terceras partes del petrleo utilizado en la construccin sedestina a la produccin de cementos, cales, yesos y materialesderivados como el hormign.

La mayor parte del consumo de gas se utiliza en la fabricacinde elementos cermicos para la construccin.




IV. Qu es una crisis energtica?

Una crisis energtica es un dficit en el suministro de unafuente de energa esencial para el desarrollo de una regindeterminada.

Estas fuentes de energa son las encargadas de proveer deelectricidad a las calles y edificios, y de combustible a losautomviles y a los sistemas de calefaccin y agua caliente.

Inevitablemente, la limitacin del suministro traer consigoun aumento desorbitado del precio de la energa.

En algunos casos, la caresta supone la imposibilidad totalde abastecimiento de la demanda energtica.




IV. Cules son las causas de una crisis energtica? POLTICAS:

- Excesivo control del mercado que pueda traer consigo una falta deincentivos y por ende, una disminucin de la produccin.

- Falta total de regulacin que acabe en la formacin de oligopoliosy/o monopolios que dejen a la poblacin a merced del mercado.

GEOESTRATGICAS: la rivalidad entre dos regiones o pases, uno de loscuales es fuente de recursos energticos escasos, puede llevar al otroa una reduccin del suministro.

INESTABILIDADES Y/O CONFLICTOS: la explosin de un conflicto en unpas poseedor de recursos energticos limitar su capacidad extractivay con ello su capacidad de suministro de energa a otros pases.

FENMENOS NATURALES: terremotos, tsunamis o huracanes afectantambin gravemente a la generacin y posterior suministro de energa.




IV. Qu consecuencias tiene una crisis energtica?

La caresta de fuentes energticas o el aumento desorbitadode su precio acarrea importantes consencuecias:

A nivel industrial y comercial:

- Disminucin de la capacidad productiva.

- Disminucin de la actividad comercial.

A nivel social:

- Dficit de atencin sanitaria.

- Ausencia de servicios bsicos: calefaccin, luz, etc.

- Salubridad.




V. Crisis energtica en el siglo XX In 1973, Arabian oil countries embargoed oil shipments to

the West because of their support to Israel in the Six-DayWar against Egypt. Arab oil embargo finished in 1974.

In 1979-80, a second oil crisis occurred in the USA due tothe Iranian Revolution and the Iran-Iraq War.

In 1990, the oil price spike occurred in response to theIraqi invasion of Kuwait.

In 2000-01, the electricity crisis in California was caused bymarket manipulations and business corruption.

Oil prices increase in 2004-2005 due to: natural disasters,terrorism, speculation (demand bubble), etc.




VI. Soluciones a las crisis energticas futuras?

a) Desarrollo de energas alternativas y renovablesque contribuyan al aseguramiento del suministrocontnuo de energa al tiempo que minimizan losimpactos asociados a su generacin, transporte yuso.

b) Favorecimiento de las polticas e instrumentos deeficiencia energtica que permitan optimizar eluso de la energa, disminuyendo as los recursosnecesarios y el impacto sobre el medio ambiente.

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4.1.espNmero de diapositiva 1Nmero de diapositiva 2Nmero de diapositiva 3Nmero de diapositiva 4Nmero de diapositiva 5Nmero de diapositiva 6Nmero de diapositiva 7Nmero de diapositiva 8Nmero de diapositiva 9Nmero de diapositiva 10Nmero de diapositiva 11Nmero de diapositiva 12Nmero de diapositiva 13Nmero de diapositiva 14Nmero de diapositiva 15Nmero de diapositiva 16Nmero de diapositiva 17Nmero de diapositiva 18

4.1.(eng-esp)

Documents

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