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NRW and the Water BalanceBy : Ir. Zainuddin Md. GhazaliRanhill Utilities Sdn Bhd
16 November 2009
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CONTENTS
What is NRW? NRW Components
Awareness, Location, Repairs Moving Towards NRW Reduction
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Water Utilities around the Globe, ..
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have a common problem
much precious water
is being lost
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There is too much ..
NRWNon-Revenue Water
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The Worldwide Challenge NRW is a world wide problem It is also a Management Problem!
Repairs
Strategy
TimePressure
Detection
Maintai
n
MonitorMeasure
Equipment
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WHAT IS NRW?
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Definition of NRW
Non Revenue Water is defined as water produced bytreatment plants, but which is not billed to customers.
NRW = Volume of Water Produced - Volume of Water Billed
What Is NRW?
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If P = Production, C = Consumption
Formula :
P - C = NRW%
P
What Is NRW?
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NRW Conponents
CommercialCommercialLossesLosses(( Physical LossesPhysical Losses ))
Not all WTPsare metered
Faulty Meters. Inaccurate
WTP meters
Leakages : Distribution
mains. In the booster
pump houses. Air valves. Scour valves
Balancingreservoirs &suction tanks
Overflow fromresevoir .
Theft of level controland monitoringequipment.
Pipe Bursts Leakages :
Reticulationmains.
Communicationpipes.
Sluice valves.
Air valves Scour valves. Hydrants.
Unstablepressure
Water theft.
Billing system.
Faulty meters. Aging meters Inaccessible
meters Water theft.
BoosterPumpBoosterPumpWater TreatmentWater TreatmentPlantPlant
watermeter watermeter consumer consumer ServiceServiceReservoir Reservoir
BalancingBalancingReservoir Reservoir
Consumer Consumer meter meter
WATERTREATMENT
PLANT
CONSUMER(BILLING SYSTEM)NETWORKDISTRIBUTION
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NRW ComponentsContribution to NRW:
Pipe burst/leaks Meter errors
Mistake in Bills Tanks overflow Daily operation activities
Illegal connection/water theft
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NRW ComponentsCauses of pipes burst & leaks
Low quality pipes Pipes not correctly stores Pipes moves not correct Pipes not correctly installed High Pressure Pressure Surge Soils Type Maintenance not correctly done
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NRW ComponentsPipe Burst / Leakage
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Leakage
Pipe Crack
NRW Components
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Reservoir & Tank Losses
Losses at reservoirs can occur in two ways
Reservoir Overflows
Reservoir Leakage
NRW Components
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Reservoir overflows need to be stopped through the use of pump
pressure control or through altitude / float valve installation.
NRW ComponentsReservoir Overflow
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NRW ComponentsReservoir Overflow
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Reservoir leakage needs to be monitored and when an unacceptablelevel is reached, repair or replacement should ensue.
NRW ComponentsReservoir Leakage
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NRW ComponentsCauses of Reservoir / Tank Errors
Poor design Poor construction & materials Poor meter maintenance Lack of overflow control Old age
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NRW Components Apparent Losses
Meter reading errors Meter under registration Meter accounting errors Water theft
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MeterReadingErrors
Existing Apparent Loss
Economic Targetfor Apparent Loss
Meter Under-Registration
WaterAccounting
Errors
Water
Theft
Factors Affecting Apparent Losses
NRW Components
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Elements of Apparent Losses
Customer Meter Inaccuracies Unauthorized Consumption illegal connections, theft and fraud
Customer Data Base (accounting) Errors Data Collection (meter reading) and datatransfer/management
Errors
NRW Components
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Meter Inaccuracies : Causes
Meter Errors Wrong installation Poor materials, improper installation
Poor water quality, intermittent supply Unsuitable size (lack of meter flow profile) Inappropriate class and type of meter
Roof Tanks Lack of proper maintenance / replacement Customer tampering of meter
NRW Components
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Factors Effecting Meter Accuracy
1. Mechanical
Worn bearings Worn Vane blades Water Quality Stalling of vane at low flow
NRW Components
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Factors Effecting Meter Accuracy
2. Electro-Magnetic Excess voltage in the meter Corrosion of pipe materials Water Quality
3. Ultrasonic Movement of transducer
Air in the water Water Quality
NRW Components
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Customer Services
1. Customer meters
Meter size: Match to consumption Replacement meters. New installations
Review meter replacement policy Test meters to identify accuracy with age profile. Replace meters at agreed age
Replace damaged/failed meters Work with manufacturers to improve service Meter servicing trial Update customer records on replacement
NRW Components
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Customer Services
2. Meter reading
Regular reading Accurate reading Zero readings Low readings Damaged meters
Meter readers Look for water theft Look for leakage Customer side leakage Tampered meters
NRW Components
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Customer Services
3. Customer Accounts
Identify all accounts Ensure all properties connected and registered
Regular customer counts
Check all vacant properties Quick update of account details Analyse customer data
Review customer accounts to identifyanomalies
Look for changes in consumption Follow up on disconnections Relate accounts to DMZs
NRW Components
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Customer Services
4. Reticulation Mains Replacement Check all connections:
Illegal connections
Bypasses Illegal connections Water theft
Meters bypassed More than one property connected.
NRW Components
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Customer Services
5. Water Theft Meters reconnected without approval. Meter bypass.
Illegal connections. Tampered meters. Analyse data:
Zero readings
Billing data for problems Correct tariff
NRW Components
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Common Examples
NRW Components
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Water Theft
NRW Components
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Regular visualinspection
Look foranomalies inbilling records
Compareconsumption rateto average values
Meter Tampering andBy Passes
NRW Components
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Meter TamperingNRW Components
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Apparent/Commercial Losses
Real /Physical Losses
NRW Components
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IWA Standard Water Balance
SystemInput
Volume
AuthorisedConsumption
Billed AuthorisedConsumption
Billed Metered ConsumptionRevenue
WaterBilled Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled AuthorisedConsumption
Unbilled Metered Consumption
NonRevenue
Water
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Water Losses
ApparentLosses
Unauthorised Consumption
Billing & Customer MeterInaccuracy
Real Losses
Leakage On Overflows At Storage
Tank Leakage On Transmission And
Distribution Main
Leakage On Service ConnectionsUp To Point Of Customer Meter
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AWARENESS,LOCATION & REPAIR
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Awareness, Location & Repair
Water Losses : Strong Burst
Time 2 hours Losses Rate - 30m 3 /hour Total Losses = 60m 3
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Awareness, Location & Repair
Water Losses : Medium Burst/Leaks
Time - 14 days Losses rate - 1.5m 3 /hour Total Losses = 504m 3
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Awareness, Location & Repair
Water Losses : Small Leaks
Time -3 months Losses Rate - 0.5m 3 /hour Total Losses = 1080m 3
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Time (days)
Flow(m 3/hr)
A
Connection Burst: 504 m 3 Lost
L R2
5
14 days
Time (days)
Flow(m 3/hr)
A
Valve Leak: 1080 m 3 Lost
L R0.5
1
90 Days
Time (days)
Flow(m 3/hr)
A
Mains Burst: 60 m 3 Lost
L R10
30 0.1 Day
A awareness L location R -repair
Importance of increased activity
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Awareness
V o l u m e o
f W a t e r
L o s t C u b
i c M e t r e s p e r
D a y
Time in Days
Volume ofWater lostover Time
RepairLocation
Total Timeto Stop the
Leak
Volume Lost= Quantity X Time
TIME IS EVERYTHING
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AWARENESS
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StonerNetwork Modeling
BillingData
Loggers
Arc GIS
Database
Leakage
Analysis
Reporting
ManagementDecision
Use of MIS System
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Use of MIS System
Leakage Reporting Locate leak locations graphically
Network Analysis Construction of Network Model Reporting of Model Analysis Graphically
Customer Information System Show non-functioning meters graphically Show unpaid bills graphically System Analysis Automatic calculation of area NRWs
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river
WTP / Pump Station
Pressure and flow datais retrieved on requestvia a modem using acomputer in Thamesoperations office
Typical pressure dataretrieved via telemetry
Typical flow dataretrieved via telemetry
Telemetry System
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DMA
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DMA
Establishment of DMA
Mapping Zero Pressure Test (ZPT) Legitimate Night Flow (LNF)
T Factor
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DMA
Flow Recording
Minimum Night Flow (MNF) Net Night Flow (NNF) = MNF LNF
Peak Flow Average Flow
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DMA
Leakage Control
Monitoring NNF Step Valve
Leakage Reduction Step Testing Leakage Detection Check NNF After Repair
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F l o w
l / s
Minimum Night Flow
24 Hours Flow Graph
l l
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1 52
Time (Weeks)
Averaged WklyNight Flow(cubic metres/hr.)
IncreasingUFW
Metered Consumption
Non-metered consumption
Intervention Limit
Reduction due toDetection orRehabilitation
effortBase Level for UFW
Non-detectable UFW
DMA Flow Analysis
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LOCATION
L i
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Location
Passive Leak Detection Repair only leaks that become visible above ground
Active Leak Detection Actively seek non visible leaks and repair them in a
short period
L ti
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Location
Visual Customer Complaint Operational Staff
Inspection & Sounding Acoustic Listening Sticks
Ground Microphones Electronic Listening Equipment
Correlating Leak Noise Correlator Leak Noise Loggers
L ti
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Leakage Detection
Location
Location
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Leakage Detection
Location
Location
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Location
Billing and Meter Reading
Meter Reader Report Customer Feedbacks Operational Staff Report Customer Surveys Automatic Bills Checks
Zero reads Low readings
Location
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Location
Location
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Complicated piping causing problem inidentifying meter to property
Multiple meter causing problems inidentifying meter to property
Multiple meters causing problems inidentifying meter to property
Location
Pipeline re-routed causing difficulty inidentifying meters to property
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REPAIR
Good Working Practices
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Good Working Practices
Good Quality Materials
Good Quality Tools & Equipment Backfilled & Compact Sand Around Pipe Good Experienced Monitoring
Provided Safety Protection Equipment Increase Health & Safety
Repair
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Repair
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MOVING TOWARDSNRW REDUCTION
Moving Towards NRW Reduction
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Moving Towards NRW Reduction
Remember : NRW Reduction NOT a Single Activity
NRW reduction not an isolated technical problem tied to overall asset management and operation
not a one-off activity, requires long term commitmentand perseverance
Successful NRW reduction programs connected
to overall utility strengthening and assetmanagement programs
NRW Reduction
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The reduction of NRW is theresponsibility of all
departments & organization
W educt o
Framework for NRW Reduction
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Staff Capacity& Know How
AssetManagement
Operations & Maintenance
CustomerSupport
FundingCommercialOperations
ENABLINGENVIRONMENT
NRW
ManagementSupport
Network OperationsReliableData
NRW Reduction
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ENABLING WORKS
DistrictMetering
BaselineStudies
TelemetryImplementation
Leakage
Reporting
Detection &Repair
PressureControl
PipeReplacement
ReservoirsControls
TrunkMains
NetworkAnalysis
DigitalMapping
CustomerSurveys
BillingAnalysis
NRW REDUCTION ACTIVITIES
Moving Towards NRW Reduction
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gSupport of Enabling Environment(Policies & /Regulations)
Policymakers understand importance of NRW reduction support NRW initiatives
demand accountability for successful action Regulation
utility charter highlights NRW performance contracts with targets for
NRW periodic review progress against targets sufficient funding for NRW reduction
Moving Towards NRW Reduction
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g
Support & Commitment from Management(all levels)
Direction with realistic targets and sufficient incentives Internal cooperation Sufficient manpower allocation
Capacity building, external assistance Organization, procedures, performance targets Equipment: tools, equipment, vehicles Appropriate funding Active lobbying, advocacy with the external
environment
Moving Towards NRW Reduction
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Successful leakage reduction programs:
dependent on many elements from managementsupport, adequate funding to analytical capacity
a challenge but with the certainty of greatbenefits
essential for improving service provision andoperating efficiency of all utilities/waterworks
Starting a NRW programme
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Depends obviously on present situation(baseline)
Need to assess How bad is the problem? What is known about NRW? Is management convinced and supportive? What do the politicians think? Will customers go along? Willingness to allocate money to NRW? Staff with knowledge, willing, able to learn?
Is there energy to undertake change?
Starting a NRW programme
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Key considerations in preparing strategy
How prepared is the utility for tackling NRW? How many conditions are met; whats missing? Are sector reform and utility strengthening
necessary? Can NRW program be successful under present
conditions (what is current capacity)?
Key Elements Of NRW Reduction Strategy
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Establish objectives Get internal and external support
Set ambitious but realistic targets Provide incentives for staff (prestige) Plan new investments to specifically include
NRW reduction Consider outsourcing NRW reduction (private
sector)
Field activities to reduce NRW can begin
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right away!Much can be done immediately with very little
resources repairing visible leaks updating network maps using leak detection equipment updating customer database searching for illegal connections
Start with addressing apparent losses!
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www.ranhillutilities.com.my
Thank you