4 water treatment & supply

WATER TREATMENT

WATER TREATMENT•Sedimentation

Removes suspended matters from water by allowing time and the inactivity of water to do the work.•Coagulation

A chemical such as Alum (hydrated aluminum sulfate) is added to turbulent water.

Flocculation

Sedimentation Plant

WATER TREATMENT•Aeration (Oxidation)Removes iron and manganese and decrease its corrosiveness. Much of the water surface is exposed to air.•Ozonation

Ozonation is a water treatment process that destroys bacteria and other microorganisms through an infusion

of ozone, a gas produced by subjecting oxygen molecules to high electrical voltages.

Ozone is a very strong disinfectant, but it does not remain in water very long. For that reason, chlorine is still added

to protect the water while it is in the distribution system.

•FiltrationA very common treatment for removing suspended particles, bacteria and color.• Pressure Sand filters, Slow Sand filters, Diatomaceous Earth filters• Porous Stone, Ceramic and Unglazed Porcelain filters, Activated Carbon filters, Reverse Osmosis.

WATER TREATMENT•DisinfectionChlorine, Chloramine, Chlorine Dioxide, Iodine•DistillationWater is heated to allow condensation, as water vapor encounters cooler surface, it condenses.•Fluoridation•Water Desalination

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

WATER SOURCES•GroundwaterThat portion of the rainwater which was percolated into the earth to form underground deposits called “aquifers” (water bearing strata of the soil).Groundwater can be extracted in many different ways:•Water wells

Dug wells – 15 meters(50 ft.) in depth. Driven wells – drive point is usually 11/4” to 2” in

diameter Bored wells – is dugged using earth augers, usually at a

depth of 30 meters(100 ft.) Drilled wells

Rotary Drilling method

WATER SOURCES•Surface WaterA mixture of surface run-off and groundwater, surface sources include rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoir.• Average Daily Consumption per Fixture.Watercloset 4 to 5 gals.Lavatory 2 gals.Bathtub 30 gals.Shower 10 to 40 gals.Clotheswasher 40 gals.Garden hose 150 gals.

PUMPS• There are three (3) common types of pumps, namely:

Positive Displacement Pump Centrifugal Pumps

Jet Pumps

RECIPROCATING PUMPSA positive

displacement pump having a plunger that moves back and forth within a cylinder equipped with check valves, the cylinder is best located near or below groundwater level.

ROTARY PUMPSHas a helical or

spiral rotor-a turning vertical shaft within a rubber sleeve, as the rotor turns, it traps water between it and the sleeve, thus forcing the water at the upper end of the rotor.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSHas an impeller

mounted on a rotary shaft. The rotating impeller increases the water velocity while forcing the water into a casing, thus creating the water velocity into higher pressure.

TURBINE PUMPSHas a vertical

turbine located below groundwater levels and a driving motor located higher up, usually over the well casing .

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPSA designed so that

motor can be submerged along with the turbine without damage to itself and its external component.

JET OR EJECTOR PUMPSIn a jet or ejector

pump, a venturi tube is added to the centrifugal pump. A portion of the water that is discharged from a centrifugal pump at the wellhead is forced down a nozzle and venturi tube.

WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Water Supply systemThe water service pipe, water distribution pipes and necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or adjacent to the structure or premises.

RiserA water supply pipe that extends one full storey or more to convey water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

Water Distribution PipeA pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.

Water Service PipeThe pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply to the water distribution system of the building served.

WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Direct Pressure (Upfeed) SystemIndirect System

Upfeed and Gravity (Downfeed) ReturnHydropneumatic System (Pressure Tank

System)