4 th Training Course on WMO SDS-WAS products (satellite and ground observation and modeling of atmospheric dust) Casablanca-Morocco, November 17-20, 2014 Sergio Rodríguez ([email protected]) & Emilio Cuevas ( [email protected] ) Ground observations of mineral dust AEMET, Spain
4 th Training Course on WMO SDS-WAS products (satellite and ground observation and modeling of atmospheric dust) Casablanca-Morocco, November 17-20, 2014.
Dec 14, 2015
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4th Training Course on WMO SDS-WAS products (satellite and ground observation and modeling of atmospheric dust)Casablanca-Morocco, November 17-20, 2014
Sergio Rodríguez ([email protected])&Emilio Cuevas ( [email protected] )
Ground observations of mineral dust
AEMET, Spain
AEMET, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología 2
Session of practical work (Ground-based observation)
WMO SDS-WAS
Sergio Rodríguez ([email protected])Casablanca-Morocco, 17-20 November 2014
Long term 1987 - 2012 trends of sulfate, nitrate and dust mixing in the Saharan Air
Layer
Izaña, Tenerife Island2400 m.a.s.l., free troposphere (night)
Long term aerosols:
Total number concentration 2006
Size distribution 0.5 – 20 µm APS 2007Scattering total and back 3 l TSI neph 2008Absorption 1 l MAAP 2007Aethalometer 7 l 2012chemical composition 1987
Size distribution 10 – 400 nm SMPS 2008
aerosol chemical composition at Izaña (since 1987):
dust (Al, Fe, ...), SO4=, NO3
-, NH4+, Na,
and Cl-
sample collection on filter
1987-199930 m3/hDust: ash method (normalized Al/dust – 8%) SO4
=, NO3-, NH4
+, Cl-: ion chromatographyAl, Na, Fe: INAA
cellulose
PMT: total particulate matter
2002- up to the date30 m3/hDust: elemental composition IPC- AES, ICP-MS (normalized Al/dust – 8%) SO4
=, NO3-,, Cl-: : ion chromatography
NH4+: capillary electrophoresis, specific electrode
OC, EC: TOR
quartz microfibber filter
PM10: particulate matter diameter ≤ 10 µmPM2.5: particulate matter diameter ≤ 2.5 µm
PMT: total particulate matter
1987-201427 yearsaerosol chemistryin the free troposphere
samples collected at nightfree troposphere
The two data
sets were
jointed for the
firs time
PMT
0.9
elemental carbon0.2%
none ammonium-sulfate
dust (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti..) Al = 8% dust
91%2.2%
1.2%0.4%1.9%3.8%
ammonium-sulfateammoniumnitrateorganic matter
47.3 µg/m3
42.61.00.5
0.07
0.2
1.8
PM2.5
0.2
elemental carbon0.4%
none ammonium-sulfatedust85
%3.0%2.7%1.0%1.1%5.8%
ammonium-sulfateammoniumnitrateorganic matter
18.5 µg/m315.80.60.5
0.07
0.2
1.1
PM10
0.6
elemental carbon0.2%
none ammonium-sulfatedust91
%2.2%1.2%0.4%1.3%3.4%
ammonium-sulfateammoniumnitrateorganic matter
42.0 µg/m3
38.30.90.5
0.07
0.2
1.4
PMT
0.9
0.2%
91%2.2%
1.2%0.4%1.9%3.8%
47.3 µg/m3
42.61.00.5
0.07
0.2
1.8
Satellite (Earth Probe, Nimbus 7, Aura):Total Ozone Monitor Spectrometer (1987-2001)Ozone Monitor Instrument (2005-2012)
Saharan Air Layer
MDFA: Major Dust Frequency Activity
number days UV Absorbing Aerosol Index > 1total number of days in the
month
MDFA =
Izaña
UV Absorbing Aerosol Index = sensitive to iron oxides in dust
aerosol chemical composition (since 1987):
dust (Al, Fe, ...), SO4=, NO3
-, NH4+, Na,
and Cl-
part-1: long term evolution of dustpart-2: long term evolution of sulfate
aerosol chemical composition (since 1987):
dust (Al, Fe, ...), SO4=, NO3
-, NH4+, Na,
and Cl-
part-1: long term evolution of dustpart-2: long term evolution of sulfate
part-1: long term evolution of dust
Sahara
Sahel
summer
winter
Winter: dust export modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (Ginoux et al., 2004)Sahel: Monsoon rains (Prospero and Lamb, 2003)
win
ter
part-1: long term evolution of dust
Sahara
Sahel
summer
winter
Which are the large scale processes that influence on long term inter-annual variability in Saharan dust export in summer?
We have focused in summer
scientific question
Why?• Is the season when maximum dust emissions occurs
in North Africa due to the activation of subtropical Saharan sources• Processes that modulated inter-annual variability in
dust export are still unknown
Sahel: Monsoon rains (Prospero and Lamb, 2003)Winter: dust export modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (Ginoux et al., 2004)
du
st T
, µ
g/m
3
0
120
80
40
198
81
98
91
99
0
199
2
198
7
199
31
99
4
199
6
199
1
199
71
99
81
99
92
00
0
200
2
199
5
200
42
00
5
200
7
200
1
200
3
200
82
00
92
01
0
201
2
200
6
201
1
part-1: long term evolution of dust
summer dust view from Izaña:
subsidence free-troposphereSaharan Air Layer
du
st T
, µ
g/m
3
0
120
80
40
198
81
98
91
99
0
199
2
198
7
199
31
99
4
199
6
199
1
199
71
99
81
99
92
00
0
200
2
199
5
200
42
00
5
200
7
200
1
200
3
200
82
00
92
01
0
201
2
200
6
201
1
part-1: long term evolution of dust
summer dust Methods for data analysis:
1.Meteorological re-analysis data2.Satellite data
du
st T
, µ
g/m
3
0
120
80
40
198
81
98
91
99
0
199
2
198
7
199
31
99
4
199
6
199
1
199
71
99
81
99
92
00
0
200
2
199
5
200
42
00
5
200
7
200
1
200
3
200
82
00
92
01
0
201
2
200
6
201
1
part-1: long term evolution of dust
summer dust Methods for data analysis:1.Meteorological re-analysis data National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
2.Satellite data
Bamako – Mali
Morocco
North AFrican Dipole Intensity
du
st T
, µ
g/m
3
0
120
80
40
198
81
98
91
99
0
199
2
198
7
199
31
99
4
199
6
199
1
199
71
99
81
99
92
00
0
200
2
199
5
200
42
00
5
200
7
200
1
200
3
200
82
00
92
01
0
201
2
200
6
201
1
part-1: long term evolution of dust
summer dust
700 hPa: relevant level for dust export
dust export occurs at altitudes between 1 to 5km above sea level:
700hPa geopotential level
North AFrican Dipole Intensity:
Difference of the anomalies of the geopotential between sub-tropic (Morocco) and the tropic (Bamako-Malí)
Bamako – Mali
Morocco
North AFrican Dipole Intensity
du
st T
, µ
g/m
3
0
120
80
40
198
81
98
91
99
0
199
2
198
7
199
31
99
4
199
6
199
1
199
71
99
81
99
92
00
0
200
2
199
5
200
42
00
5
200
7
200
1
200
3
200
82
00
92
01
0
201
2
200
6
201
1
-2-1
+3
-3
+2
0
+1
NA
FD
I
700 hPa: relevant level for dust export
part-1: long term evolution of dust
Pearson correlation between NAFDI and the dust at Izaña = +0.75
R1: Variability in NAFDI influence on dust export geostrophic wind influence on dust export
0
120
80
40
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
92
19
87
19
93
19
94
19
96
19
91
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
02
19
95
20
04
20
05
20
07
20
01
20
03
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
12
20
06
20
11
-2-1
+3
-3
+2
0
+1
NA
FDI
Correlation coefficient (1987-2012) between NAFDI and
precipitation rates
zonal wind (925hPa)
MDAF
dust
T, µ
g/m
3
part-1: long term evolution of dust
SSS: Subtropical Saharan Stripe
0
120
80
40
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
92
19
87
19
93
19
94
19
96
19
91
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
02
19
95
20
04
20
05
20
07
20
01
20
03
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
12
20
06
20
11
-2-1
+3
-3
+2
0
+1
NA
FDI
Correlation coefficient between NAFDI and
precipitation rates
zonal wind
MDAF
dust
T, µ
g/m
3
part-1: long term evolution of dust
1987-2012 back trajectories
10
50
400
20
30
40
1987-2013 frequency
R1: Variability in NAFDI influence on trade winds at the north of the ITCZ (surface-925hPa Harmattan) dust export (1-5 km)
du
st T
, µ
g/m
3
0
120
80
40
198
81
98
91
99
0
199
2
198
7
199
31
99
4
199
6
199
1
199
71
99
81
99
92
00
0
200
2
199
5
200
42
00
5
200
7
200
1
200
3
200
82
00
92
01
0
201
2
200
6
201
1
part-1: long term evolution of dust
summer dust Methods for data analysis:
1.Meteorological re-analysis data2.Satellite data
Satellite (Earth Probe, Nimbus 7, Aura):Total Ozone Monitor Spectrometer (1987-2001)Ozone Monitor Instrument (2005-2012)
MDFA: Major Dust Frequency Activity
number days UV Absorbing Aerosol Index > 1total number of days in the
month
MDFA =
Izaña
UV Absorbing Aerosol Index = sensitive to iron oxides in dust
….20121987 1988……
1990
Location of the Saharan Air layer for every summer:
0
120
80
40
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
92
19
87
19
93
19
94
19
96
19
91
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
02
19
95
20
04
20
05
20
07
20
01
20
03
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
12
20
06
20
11
-2-1
+3
-3
+2
0
+1
NA
FDI
Correlation coefficient between NAFDI and
precipitation rates
zonal wind
MDAF
dust
T, µ
g/m
3
part-1: long term evolution of dust
satellite product
Correlation coefficient between NAFDI
and
the MDAF (location of the Saharan Air
Layer) 1. More dust activity at the north of the
ITCZ2. Less dust activity at the south of the ICTZ
reason ?
0
120
80
40
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
92
19
87
19
93
19
94
19
96
19
91
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
02
19
95
20
04
20
05
20
07
20
01
20
03
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
12
20
06
20
11
-2-1
+3
-3
+2
0
+1
NA
FDI
Correlation coefficient between NAFDI and
precipitation rates
zonal wind
MDAF
dust
T, µ
g/m
3
part-1: long term evolution of dust
Correlation coefficient between NAFDI
and
The MDAF (location of the Saharan Air
Layer)
NAFDI also connected with monsoon rainfalls
(Sahel)R: Variability in NAFDI influence on: 1. trade winds at the north of the ITCZ (Harmattan) dust export 2. monsoon rainfalls, including the Sahel 3. latitudinal shifts of the Saharan Air Layer
1. More dust activity at the north of the
ITCZ2. Less dust activity at the south of the ICTZ
reason ?
700hPa: related to dust export
SSS: Subtropical Saharan Stripe
925hPa: related to potential dust emissions
Northern shift in the monsoon rains
Low NAFDILow WindCoarse particles (65%)Enhanced effectsof dry deposition
0
120
80
40
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
92
19
87
19
93
19
94
19
96
19
91
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
02
19
95
20
04
20
05
20
07
20
01
20
03
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
12
20
06
20
11
-2-1
+3
-3
+2
0
+1
NA
FDI
dust
T, µ
g/m
3
Dust particles size ?2002-2012 High NAFDI
WindyCoarse particles (80%)More dry deposition
part-1: long term evolution of dust
5. Connection global to climate (?)
Variability in NAFDI influence on Saharan dust export during 25-y 1. trade winds at the north of the ITCZ (Harmattan) dust export 2. monsoon rainfalls, including on the Sahel 3. latitudinal shifts of the Saharan Air Layer
4. Dust particle size
NAFDI and ENSO connected to variability insubtropical and tropical climate
La
Niñ
aEl
Niñ
o
El
Niñ
o
El
Niñ
o
El
Niñ
o
El
Niñ
o
La
Niñ
aLa
Niñ
a
La
Niñ
a
Low dust years tend to be associated withEl Niño – low (negative) MEI values
Multivariate ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) Index (MEI), – calculated withsea level pressure, zonal and meridional components of the surface wind, sea surfacetemperature, surface air temperature and total cloudiness fraction of the sky over the20 tropical Pacific Ocean
Less monsoon rainfalls
Sahara Air Layer:
Dust impacts:
shifted to northshifted to south
More impacts in Morocco
Less impacts in Morocco
Less impacts of dust+biomass
burning from Central Africa
Tropical Africa: Benin, Togo,Ghana, Malí, Burkina Faso,Côte d’Ivore, Liberia,Sierre Leone, Guiné Bissau,Senegal
More impacts of dust+biomass
burning from Central Africa
More monsoon rainfalls
aerosol chemical composition (since 1987):
dust (Al, Fe, ...), SO4=, NO3
-, NH4+, Na,
and Cl-
part-1: long term evolution of dustpart-2: long term evolution of sulfate
trend of sulfate in the Saharan Air Layer
concentrations of ammonium-sulfate in the Saharan Air Layer decreased through the 1990s
dust
T, µ
g/m
3
0
120
80
40
198819891990
1992
1987
19931994
1996
1991
1997199819992000
2002
1995
20042005
2007
2001
2003
200820092010
2012
2006
2011
nitrate
during dust condition in Izaña
view from Izaña:
subsidence free-troposphereSaharan Air Layer
0
1
2
3
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
sulfate present as ammonium sulfate (a-SO4
=)
NO
3- ,
µg
/m3
total<10 µm<2.5 µm
0
1
2
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
a-S
O4
=, µ
g/m
3
0
1
2
3
19881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013
trend of sulfate in the Saharan Air Layer
< 10 µmtotal
< 2.5 µm
a-S
O4
=, µ
g/m
3 y = -0.0545x + 110.29SO4
= as ammonium-sulfate
August 1987-2012, dust days
Tg
S
no significant change
55% decrease
55% decrease
(1) air laden in Saharan dust has previously passed over the Mediterranean and
Europe
(2) North African emissions of SO2 did not changed significantly during the 1990s
SO
2
em
issio
ns
(3) Decrease in a-sulfate in the SAL is correlated with the decrease in European SO2 emissions
trend of sulfate in the Saharan Air Layer
a-S
O4
=, µ
g/m
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
em
ission
s, Tg
S
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0 20 40 60
a-S
O4
=, µ
g/m
3
European Union SO2
emissions, TgS
SA
LS
AL
decrease in a-sulfate in the Saharan Air Layer is correlated with the decrease in European SO2 emissions
0
5
10
15
20
25
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
a-S
O4
=, µ
g/m
3
SA
L
Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
SO
2 em
ission
s, Tg
S
a-S
O4
= (SA
L), µg
/m3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
19871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012
Eu
rop
ean
Un
ion
em
ission
s, Tg
S
a-S
O4
=, µ
g/m
3
SA
L
other sources contributing
ship emissions in the Mediterranean (?)
north African emissions (?)
Rodríguez et al., 2011
Cobett et al., 2007
0
1
2
3
19881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013
a-S
O4
=,
µg/m
3
SA
LEu
rop
e
North AfricaShips Mediterranean
Europe
Need to develop regional emission inventories
dustbelt
Tanaka and Chiba (2006)
4th Training Course on WMO SDS-WAS products (satellite and ground observation and modeling of atmospheric dust)Casablanca-Morocco, November 17-20, 2014
Sergio Rodríguez ([email protected])&Emilio Cuevas ( [email protected] )
Ground observations of mineral dust
AEMET, Spain
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