3/10/16 1 Chemicals in the Indoor Environment New Threats on the Horizon Veena Singla, Ph.D. Staff Scien2st Health & Environment Program Disclosures • I have nothing to disclose
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Chemicals in the Indoor Environment
New Threats on the Horizon
Veena Singla, Ph.D. Staff Scien2st
Health & Environment Program
Disclosures
• I have nothing to disclose
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Natural Resources Defense Council
MISSION STATEMENT To safeguard the Earth: its people, its plants and animals and the natural systems on which all life depends.
Sustainable communiHes
Clean energy
Climate change
Oceans
Water
Endangered wildlife and wild places
Health & PolluHon
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Work of NRDC’s Health & Environment Program
ACOG Opinion: Exposure to Toxic Environmental Agents
“Exposure to environmental chemicals and metals in air, water, soil, food and consumer products is ubiquitous.”
“Prenatal exposure to environmental chemicals is linked to various adverse health consequences, and pa2ent exposure at any point in 2me can lead to harmful reproduc2ve health
outcomes.”
“Preven2on: ACOG and ASRM join numerous other health professional organizaHons in calling for
Hmely acHon to idenHfy and reduce exposures to toxic environmental agents.”
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Environmental health issues I focus on
Chemicals in consumer products & building materials
Agricultural pesHcide use
Outline
• Public health: Why is the indoor environment important?
• Flame retardant chemicals • Consumer product chemicals in U.S. indoor dust
• ImplicaHons for human health • What can you do?
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People in developed countries spend ~90% of 2me indoors
Klepeis 2001
Indoor environments are unique microenvironments
Radon Mold Pest allergens Structural & indoor pes2cides Lead
Formaldehyde Benzene Flame retardants Phthalates
Weschler & Nazaroff, 2008; Weschler 2009; Bradman 2012; Bolden 2015
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Chemicals from products affect indoor environmental quality
• Furniture • Electronics • Wire & Cable • Flooring • Wall
Coverings • Paint • Personal care
products • Beauty
Products • Adhesives • Stain & water
resistance
• Formaldehyde • Benzene • Toluene
• Flame retardants
• Phthalates • Fluorinated
chemicals • Phenolic
chemicals • Fragrance
Weschler 2009; Rudel 2009; Bolden 2015
VOCs
SVOCs
Exposure in the indoor environment: Product à Emission à Exposure
Weschler & Nazaroff, 2008; Weschler 2012; Rudel 2003
InhalaHon Air-‐to-‐skin
A I R
D U S T
InhalaHon IngesHon (hand to mouth) Dust-‐to-‐skin
Direct product contact
VOCs
SVOCs
SVOCs
SVOCs
SVOCs
SVOCs
SVOCs
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Chemicals from products: exposure and health impacts
~2,000 chemicals Strongest predictor of detecHon in human biomonitoring: Indoor/ consumer product use
Wambaugh 2013; Gore 2015, Rudel 2009; Robinson 2015
What are flame retardant chemicals?
• Chemicals added to products to meet flammability standards
• Goal is to prevent, slow fires • Used in products since the 1970’s • Many associated with health, environmental impacts
• EffecHveness quesHonable
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Flame retardants used to meet Technical BulleHn 117 (TB117) standard
1975 California standard for furniture, juvenile products
Test of filling inside products
Flame retardants added to pass the test
TB117 label on products
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PBDE flame retardants used in wide variety of products since 1970’s
PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ethers
Foam inside furniture, baby products
Electronics cases TexHles
PBDE flame retardant levels rising in people
Sjodin 2004; EPA PBDE Biomonitoring Report 2012
with an additional 8 mL hexane. The sampleextracts were then evaporated to 0.5 mL andquantitatively transferred to GC vials that hadbeen fortified with recovery standards. Thesamples were finally evaporated to approxi-mately 10 µL in the GC vials using the vacuumevaporator.
Final analytical measurements of targetanalytes were performed using GC-IDHRMS,as described above and by Sjödin et al.(2003b, in press). All concentration datareported are background corrected for averageamount of analyte detected in blank samples(n = 3 per 24 unknowns). The limit of detec-tion when contaminants were detectable inblank samples was defined as three times thestandard deviation of the blank samples. Asignal-to-noise (S:N) ratio of 10 was used todefine the instrumental limit of detectionwhen no contaminants were detectable in theblank samples.
Calculation of population half-lives. Theobserved decay half-lives for CB-153 andBB-153 were estimated for the population byusing a single compartment model with first-order kinetics (Yang and Andersen 1994).The relationship between chemical concentra-tion (C) and time (t) of sampling with first-order kinetics is expressed in Equation 1,where kel represents the decay rate or theelimination rate constant:
Ct = C0e-kelt [1]
The terminal log-linear phase of eliminationin this model was used to determine the half-life (t1/2) using Equation 2. The eliminationrate constant (kel) is defined by Equation 3,where C and t represent the chemical concen-tration and the time at which the specimenwas collected, respectively.
[2]
[3]
ResultsWe determined six PBDEs (tetraBDE tohexaBDE), BB-153, and CB-153 in humanserum pools collected during 1985–2002. Themedian and range of concentrations in thesepools with respect to the BFRs and CB-153are shown in Table 1, stratified according to5-year collection periods. Time of sample col-lection is plotted against concentration datafor BDE-47, the sum of PBDEs (ΣPBDEs),BB-153, and CB-153 in Figure 1.
Correlation coefficients for the individualtarget analytes and the ΣPBDEs versus thetime of sample collection are shown inTable 2.
The concentrations determined for allPBDEs with the exception of BDE-85increased significantly during the study period,with BDE-47 being the dominating congener.The median level of BDE-47 increased from5.4 ng/g lipid in 1985–1989 to 34 ng/glipid for 2000–2002 (Table 1). In contrast,decreasing levels were observed for BB-153and CB-153 throughout the study period.
The summary parameters for the linearregression analysis of the logarithmic chemicalconcentration versus time for CB-153 andBB-153 in 40 samples are presented in Table 3.For CB-153, the observed decay rate wasdetermined to be 0.065/year, and the observeddecay half-life was 11 years. For BB-153, theobserved decay rate was 0.058/year, and thedecay half-life was 12 years.
DiscussionConcentrations of PBDEs are well known tohave been increasing in Europe from studiesconducted in Sweden (Meironyté et al. 1999;Meironyté Guvenius 2002), Norway (Thomsenet al. 2002), and Germany (Schröter-Kermaniet al. 2000). More recently, similar findingshave been reported for Japan (Akutsu et al.2003). However, during recent years a decreasein concentration has been indicated in Sweden,probably because of a decrease in use of thelower brominated PBDEs in Europe, as shownby recent use figures [Bromine Science andEnvironmental Forum (BSEF) 2003].Estimated use of the pentaBDE mixture inEurope was 150 metric tons/year in 2001. Useof the same product in North America wasestimated at 7,100 metric tons in 2001, corre-sponding to 95% of the total world demandfor this product (BSEF 2003).
Information about current and historicconcentrations of PBDEs in humans is lackingor limited for North America. However, arecent review in which previously publishedconcentration data on PBDEs were used toconstruct a time trend, we (Sjödin et al.2003a) reported increasing levels of PBDEs inNorth America. The average concentration ofBDE-47 in earlier studies was 0.63 ng/g lipid(range, < 0.4–24; n = 12) in serum in 1988(Illinois; Sjödin et al. 2002); 33 ng/g lipid inbreast adipose tissue (range, 7–200; n = 23) inthe late 1990s (California Bay, California; Sheet al. 2002); 83 ng/g lipid (n = 19) in a milkpool in 1997 (New York; Betts 2002);130 ng/g lipid in a milk pool in 2000 (Austin,
k = C – Ct tel
ln ln–
1 2
1 2
( )( )
tk1 2
0 693/
.=
el
Article | Sjödin et al.
656 VOLUME 112 | NUMBER 6 | May 2004 • Environmental Health Perspectives
Figure 1. Linear regression trends for concentrations (ng/g lipid) of (A) BDE-47, (B) the ΣPBDEs,(C) CB-153, and (D) BB-153 in serum pools plotted against the year of sample collection.
A120
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entra
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entra
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Table 2. Spearman’s rank order correlation coeffi-cients and p-levels for the correlation of the meas-ured organohalogen compounds in the UnitedStates versus collection year (1985–2002).
Compound R p-Value
PBDEs2,2´,4,4´-TetraBDE (BDE-47) 0.61 < 0.01*2,2´,3,4,4´-PentaBDE (BDE-85) 0.22 0.182,2´,4,4´,5-PentaBDE (BDE-99) 0.59 < 0.01*2,2´,4,4,6-PentaBDE (BDE-100) 0.57 < 0.01*2,2´,4,4´,5,5´-HexaBDE (BDE-153) 0.61 < 0.01*2,2´,4,4´,5,6-HexaBDE (BDE-154) 0.34 < 0.05ΣPBDEs 0.55 < 0.01*PCBs
2,2´,4,4´,5,5´-HexaCB (CB-153) –0.70 < 0.01*PBBs
2,2´,4,4´,5,5´-HexaBB (BB-153) –0.51 < 0.01*
*Statistically significant at p < 0.05.
Table 3. Regression of the logarithm of CB-153 andBB-153 on time in 40 samples.
Coefficient SE p-Value
CB-153Intercept 58 8.2 < 0.001Time –0.028 0.0041 < 0.001
BB-153Intercept 51 13 < 0.001Time –0.025 0.0068 < 0.001
2004 97% of samples contained PBDEs
PBDEs in blood, breast milk, fat Hssue
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Flame retardants conHnuously migrate out of products
Weschler & Nazaroff 2008
① Not chemically bonded to plasHc materials
② Chemicals off-‐gas Alach to parHcles in air
③ Contaminated parHcles selle in house dust
Flame retardants enter people’s bodies in contaminated air and dust
Frederiksen 2009
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California has highest levels of flame retardants in dust
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4 ug BD
E-‐99/ g
dust
Zota 2008 LA!I+1*7*1#+"(+?)1"/&%(")+53"1.%*(+)%*+*1*7)'*.+P"'3+3"43*#'+1*7*1#+"(+%)5")1T*'3("5+2"(&%"'"*#+
+"#,*,$*()F*KSJS*8265'"21,2$()*@&5,2&,*[*Q,&-2")"0?M*@$(3),$"2*,$*()F*KSST*8265'"21,2$()*@&5,2&,*[*Q,&-2")"0?M*X42%,'*,$*()F*KSJS*8265'"21,2$()*@&5,2&,*[*Q,&-2")"0?M*_52%-(1*,$*()F**KSJS*8265'"21,2$()*+,#,('&-*b,1(5)*&"11425&($5"2c*
0
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U.S. California
Adults Children (aged 2-5)
Med
ian
PBD
E co
ncen
trat
ion
in s
erum
(ng/
g lip
id)
Occupational exposures (foam workers)
0
20
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60
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120
Whites Asians Hispanic Blacks
Med
ian
PBD
E co
ncen
trat
ion
in s
erum
(ng/
g lip
id)
California girls aged 6-8 years
Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment
Children are vulnerable to chemical exposures from dust
Adults
Children (aged 2-5)
Courtesy, Ami Zota Lunder 2010; Rose 2010; Stapleton 2008, Windham 2010 U.S. California
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DispariHes by race and socio-‐economic status (SES)
• Highest PBDE levels found in: – Dust in low SES homes – Non-‐white children – Low SES children
• May be associated with: – Older furniture/ electronics – Building characterisHcs – More Hme spent indoors
Quiros-Alcala 2011; Windham 2010; Zota 2010; Bradman 2012
Adverse health effects of PBDEs: animal studies
• Endocrine disrupHon: thyroid hormones • Affect brain development • Affect reproducHve development and ferHlity • Affect immune funcHon • Cancer
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Epidemiological studies: human health associaHons
Main 2007; Akutsu 2008; Meeker 2009; Eskenazi et al, 2010, 2011, 2012
Higher PBDE levels associated with
lower birth weight impaired attention
poorer coordination lowered IQ
longer time to get pregnant altered thyroid hormones
hormone changes decreased sperm quality, testis size
PBDEs are the “new lead”
Courtesy, Ami Zota
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Good news: PBDE bans/phase out à declining levels in dust and people
PBDEs in pregnant women San Francisco
Dodson 2012; Zota 2013
pentaBDE (BDE 47) 2006 2011
BDE 47 con
centraHo
n in dust (ng/g)
PBDEs in repeat CA house dust samples
Bad news: many “regrelable subsHtuHon” replacement flame retardants
Dodson 2012
House du
st con
centraHo
n (ng/g)
BDE 47 2006 2011
“Firemaster 550” (EH-‐TBB) 2006 2011
Also found: TDCIPP TCEP TCIPP TPHP HBCD DBDE BTBDE -‐ -‐ -‐
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Dust: a window into SVOC chemicals from products and potenHal human exposures
SVOC in air
Par2cles
Modified from Weschler & Nazaroff, 2008
Consumer product chemicals in indoor dust: a quan2ta2ve meta-‐analysis of U.S. studies
Susanna D. Mitro, Robin. E. Dodson, Veena Singla, Gary Adamkiewicz,
Angelo F. Elmi, Monica Kaitz, Ami R. Zota
Submi4ed, 2016
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Our approach
SystemaHc literature search and meta-‐analysis
SystemaHc literature search: 172 chemicals
• Found 1,561 published papers and abstracts
• Aser exclusions, 34 papers + 2 unpublished datasets included
Literature Search
Descrip/ve Sta/s/cs
Meta-‐Analysis
Intake Assessment
Hazard Iden/fica/on
13 24 25 47 62
RFRs
Phthalates
Phenols
Fragrance PFASs
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DescripHve staHsHcs: 74 chemicals
• Chemicals measured in ≥2 datasets
• Methods and descripHve staHsHcs
Literature Search
Descrip/ve Sta/s/cs
Meta-‐Analysis
Intake Assessment
Hazard Iden/fica/on
11 19 1 20 23 RFRs
Phthalates
Phenols
Fragrance PFASs
Meta-‐analysis: 45 chemicals
• Chemicals measured in ≥3 datasets
• Geometric Mean (GM) and Geometric Standard DeviaHon (GSD) available
• Calculated pooled GM and 95% Confidence Interval
Literature Search
Descrip/ve Sta/s/cs
Meta-‐Analysis
Intake Assessment
Hazard Iden/fica/on
8 11 1 15 10 RFRs
Phthalates
Phenols
Fragrance PFASs
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Samples taken in 14 states
Samples mostly from home environments
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Ten chemicals consistently detected across all studies
Chemical # datasets Detected
DEHP 8 100% DEHA 4 100% HHCB 3 100% BBzP 8 98-100% TPHP 8 98-100% TDCIPP 14 95-100% DnBP 7 95-100% DiBP 7 95-100% HBCD (and isomers) 10 92-100% MeP 3 90-100%
RFRs Phthalates
Phenols Fragrance
Pooled concentraHons
in dust
RFRs Fragrance
Phthalates Phenols
PFASs
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Intake Assessment: 44 chemicals
• EsHmated total residenHal intake
• Adult female • Child (3-‐6 years old)
Literature Search
Descrip/ve Sta/s/cs
Meta-‐Analysis
Intake Assessment
Hazard Iden/fica/on
Child: Highest esHmated residenHal intake of flame retardants and phthalates
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Hazard IdenHficaHon: 35 chemicals
• California Safer Consumer Products Candidate Chemical list
• Hazard traits idenHfied by authoritaHve bodies
Literature Search
Descrip/ve Sta/s/cs
Meta-‐Analysis
Intake Assessment
Hazard Iden/fica/on
High intake chemicals have mul2ple hazards
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MulHple chemicals associated with reproduc2ve, endocrine, developmental toxicity
5 7
10
11
15
16 20
22
25
Neurotoxicant Respiratory Toxicant
Persistent or BioaccumulaHve
Hepatotoxicant
Immunotoxicant
Carcinogen Developmental Toxicant
Endocrine Toxicant
ReproducHve Toxicant
Some dust levels exceed EPA screening guidelines
Pooled
GM (n
g/g), 95%
CI
TDCIPP
TCEP
DEHP
BBzP
DEHA
EPA carcinogenic soil screening level
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Summary and future direcHons
• Wide array of chemicals from consumer products and building materials in indoor environments
• People likely co-‐exposed to similar chemicals in indoor environments
• Phthalates and phenols-‐ highest levels in dust • Phthalates and RFRs -‐highest esHmated intakes • Phthalates and PFASs-‐ most hazard traits • Policy acHons focused on phthalates
California SB 1019 requires labeling for added flame retardants in 2015!
Senator Mark Leno
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RecommendaHons for clinicians
“ACOG and ASRM call on their members to advocate for policies to idenHfy and reduce exposure to environmental toxic agents while
addressing the consequences of such exposure.”
“Reproduc2ve care providers can be effec2ve in preven2ng prenatal exposures to environmental threats to health
because they are uniquely poised to intervene before and during pregnancy, which is a cri2cal window of human
development.”
General recommendaHons to reduce indoor exposures
Reduce contaminated dust and dust contact
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Resources
Health professionals advocate for policy to protect health
Over 60 doctors, nurses and scienHsts
write to EPA in support of pesHcide
restricHons
AAP and NHMA pe22on Consumer Product Safety Commission for flame retardant restric2ons
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1. Which of the following factors have a significant effect on flame retardant exposures?
A. Age B. Geographic locaHon C. Socio-‐economic status D. All of the above
2. Consumer products commonly contain the following kinds of semi-‐volaHle organic chemicals:
A. Formaldehyde, lead, and benzene B. Phthalates, flame retardants and fluorinated
chemicals C. Radon, pesHcides and lead D. None of the above
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3. In which of the following would you expect to find the most similar chemical profile?
A. A home in New York city and a park in New York city
B. A park in New York city and Yosemite NaHonal Park
C. A home in New York city and a home in San Francisco
D. These would all have vastly different chemical profiles
THANK YOU