4. Jaringan Backbone, Pola Routing Dan Penomoran

5/27/2018 4. Jaringan Backbone, Pola Routing Dan Penomoran

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Pengenalan Jartel

[2]


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So..youve heard

about dB..What is it?


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Decibel, Gain, dan Loss

Power loss : penurunan dayasinyal

Power gain : penguatan dayasinyal

Decibel : satuan untuk

menyatakan power loss/gain Decibel merupakan

satuan ukuran daya yanglogaritmis

Pertama kali digunakan

oleh Alexander GrahamBell (satuan decibeldigunakan untukmenghormati jasanya)

Decibel : dB

Alexander Graham Bell

Born 1847 - Died 1922


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4

Decibel in Action

Gain

g = Pout/Pin

Gain in dB

gdB= 10 log (Pout/Pin)

Loss

L = Pin/Pout

Loss in dB

LdB

= 10 log (Pin

/Pout

)

Overall Gain

g = g1*g2

Overall Gain in dB

gdB= g1(dB) + g2(dB)

Contoh:

- Bila daya output 10 Watt dan daya input 1 Watt,

maka Gain = 10 dB

- Bila daya input 10 Watt dan daya output 1 Watt,maka Loss = 10 dB (atau Gain = -10 dB)


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Rumus dB menyatakan ukuran daya

Jika kita lebih tertarik akan perubahan pada

tegangan maka faktor impedansi harusdimasukkan pada perhitungan dB

Z

Zlog10

V

Vlog20

P

Plog10

out

in

in

out

in

out

dBg


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Power Levels in dB

Sampai titik ini kita masih melihat

penerapan dB untuk menyatakan

perbandingan daya Bagaimana cara menyatakan level daya

absolut menggunakan dB?

Gunakan suatu daya referensi


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Daya referensi yangbanyak digunakan adalah

1 mW Satuan dB yang

dihasilkan adalah dBm

Contoh: suatu level daya10 mW bila dinyatakan didalam dB adalah 10 dBm

Daya referensi lain yangdapat digunakan: 1 Watt(satuan dB yangdigunakan dBW)

W

P

P

mW

PP

dBW

dBm

1log10

1log10


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Satuan lain yang biasadigunakan untuk menyatakan

suatu perbadingan adalah Neper

1 Neper (Np) = 8,685889638 dB

1 dB = 0,115129254 Np

John Napieror Neper

nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston

(1550, 1617)

Penemu Logaritma


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JARINGAN PSTN


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JARINGAN PSTN


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PSTNStruktur & Konfigurasi

Topologi

Prinsip Switching, Routing & Numbering,Charging

Proses Komunikasi


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Konfigurasi Umum Jartel


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Struktur Jaringan

Figure B.10.1 PSTN with a flatter exchange hierarchyFigure A.3.33 The network hierarchyaccording to the ITU-T


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LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

SubscriberSubscriber Subscriber

Subscriber

Subscriber

Subscriber

SubscriberSubscriber

Subscriber

Subscriber

a. Mesh Network

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

TE

Subscriber

Subscriber

Subscriber

Subscriber


Subscriber

Subscriber


b. Star Network

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

TE

Subscriber

Subscriber Subscriber

Subscriber

Subscriber


Subscriber

Subscriber

Subscriber

c. Composite Network

Topologi Dasar

Jartel


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A=6

A=7

A=2 A=3

A=5A=4

A=9

Struktur Jaringan di Indonesia


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Topologi Jaringan Trunk PT. Telkom eksisting

Ring F

Ring A

MDN

Ring B

Ring C

Ring E

Ring D

Den

JemMal

SB2Mad

SB1

CRB

JKT3

JKT2

SMR

SOL

BDGJKT4

UP

AmbMen

BJM

BPPPTK

BDL

PG

PTK

BA

PKB

BTM

PD

SGI

Gambar 3.1 Konfigurasi Sentral Trunk se-Indonesia


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Kode Negara(CC)

Kode Tuj Nas(NDC)

Nomor Pelanggan(SN)

Nomor (Signifikan) Nasional1-3 digit

Nomor Internasional(maks : 15 digit)

- CC (Country Code), utk Ind : 62 maks N(S)N = 13 digit

- NDC(National Destination Code)2 kategori tujuan

Kode Tuj Nas

(NDC)

Mengand info

GEOGRAFIS

Tdk mengand info

GEOGRAFIS

Kode Wilayah (area code)

Kode akses jaringan/

Pelayanan

(ITU-T : E.164)Struktur/polapenomoran


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Sentral

MDF

Kabel

sekunder

DP

Roset

Pes Tlp

KTB

Kabel

primer

RK

Dropp

wir

e

Telecom

Network

subscriber

signaling

Inter-exchangesignaling

subscribersigna

ling

Subscriber lines

(Accsess network)

Network signaling

(inter-exchange signaling)

Subscriber

signaling

Subscriber

signaling


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2. Call setup (overview)

Seizure(off-hook)

Ringing

toneRinging

current

Backward clear(on-hook)

Dial tone

Address digit(B-number)

Answer(off-hook)

Forward clear

(on-hook)

- Identification ofcalling subscriber

- Allocation of storage

address digits and

- Connection of common

equipment

- Disconnection of

dialtone

- Digit analysis and

search of B sub

- Switch path set

- Disconnection of

equipment

EXCHANGE

C O N V E R S A T I O N

Supervision

Gambar 2.1 Prosedur pensinyalan pada saluran pelanggan

111012

BA

12

3

4

6

7a 7b

8

5

9


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Dialler Ringer

Cradle switch unitRecMic

EXCHANGE

4 witre

to

2 wire

hybrid

Tekan tombol

(angka 3)

On-hook

Waktu (t)100 100

Vab

Off-hook

697 1477

1 2 3 A

4 5 6 B

7 8 9 C

0 D

697 Hz

770 Hz

852 Hz

941 Hz

1209

Hz

1477

Hz

1336

Hz

1633

Hz

Key pad

3) Dialling (DTMF)


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SWITCHING

SWITCHING

PART

CONTROL

PART

LINE

INTERFACES

TRUNK

INTERFACESTO OTHER

EXCHANGE

TO

SUBSCRIBER

Batere

HG Batere

HG

Switching

part

Control

part

EVOLUSI TEKNOLOGI SWITCHING (Bdsk Sistem Kontrol Switch)

I SISTEM MANUAL

A. Local Battery (LB) B. Central Battery (CB)

Batere


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II SISTEM OTOMAT

A. Elektromekanik

1. Step-by-Step (Direct Control)

2. Common Control (Indirect Control)

LF

CS

A-Sub B-Sub

1stGS

CS

2ndGS

CS

FS

CS

Rotary

Switch

Rotary

Switc h

Rotary

Switc h

Rotary

Switc h

MARKER

REGISTER

CrossbarSwitc h

CrossbarSwitc h

CrossbarSwitc h

AB


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A. Elektronik

1. SPC Analog (Semi Digital) 2. SPC Digital (Fully Digital)

A B

Digital Switch(T-Sw & S-Sw)

CCU

FULLY

DIGITAL

AB

Switch Matrix(Reed Relay)

ANALOG

INTERFACE

CCU

DIGITAL


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Jenis sentralberdasarkan hirarki

Sentral Lokal (Local Exchange / CentralOffice / End Office / Class 5 Switch)

Sentral Trunk (Toll Exchange / TransitExchange,

Local Tandem

PBX ( Private Branch Exchange) / PABX(

A = automatic)


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The network of the 1960s

PBX having extensions and lines to the local

exchange (PSTN)

Terminals that can be connected to the PSTN

A company using centrex ("virtual PBX")


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Figure A.3.2 Switching in the telecommunications network

The ITU-T defines switching as:

"the establishing, on demand, of an individual connection from a desired inlet to a

desired outlet within a set of inlets and outlets for as long as is required for thetransfer of information".

4. Jaringan Backbone, Pola Routing Dan Penomoran

Documents

g2overall gain in dbgdb

level daya10 mw

poutpingain in dbgdb

pinpoutloss in dbldb

penguatan dayasinyal

dinyatakan didalam db

daya output 10 watt