4 introduction

“Good planning and organization

means that you spread out the assignment

enough to feel relaxed about it – not that you

simply put off the cramming until the

last minute!” Anonymous

Principles of Effective Research Writing

How to write it?How to write it? All data should be on hand. Organize all data.All data should be on hand. Organize all data. Structure your report. Title, section heading, Structure your report. Title, section heading,

subheadings. Check for sufficient information to subheadings. Check for sufficient information to write in each section. Each subsection should have write in each section. Each subsection should have key contents to make writing easier.key contents to make writing easier.

Use simple logical procedure. Edit and rewrite Use simple logical procedure. Edit and rewrite thoroughly until the report is coherent.thoroughly until the report is coherent.

Write – revise – rewrite. The first draft tends to be Write – revise – rewrite. The first draft tends to be poorly written. Whenever a key point emerges, poorly written. Whenever a key point emerges, revise the appropriate section and edit the rest. revise the appropriate section and edit the rest. Seek help. If possible rewrite. Seek help. If possible rewrite.

Be clear. Be simple. Write sentences that have the Be clear. Be simple. Write sentences that have the greatest impact. Use diagrams, illustrations, and greatest impact. Use diagrams, illustrations, and tables to break up the text and avoid boredom.tables to break up the text and avoid boredom.

CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION :DEFINITION : This is the This is the background and purpose of background and purpose of

your studyyour study. It includes your clearly . It includes your clearly formulated and testable hypothesis, as formulated and testable hypothesis, as well as well as explanation of your ideaexplanation of your idea, how you , how you got it and why you think the work is got it and why you think the work is interesting. Also include what you interesting. Also include what you hoped hoped to achieveto achieve when you started the project. when you started the project.

One paragraph that One paragraph that tells the whole storytells the whole story. . One way to do this is to write a sentence One way to do this is to write a sentence for each idea in the scientific method. for each idea in the scientific method. One for the purpose, one telling what One for the purpose, one telling what experiment or test you did, etc. experiment or test you did, etc.

Sub – sectionsSub – sections

Background of the StudyBackground of the StudyStatement of the ProblemStatement of the ProblemSignificance of the StudySignificance of the StudyScope and LimitationsScope and Limitations

Tips on Tips on Writing Writing good good IntroductiIntroductionon

Rules for a Good Rules for a Good IntroductionIntroduction

It should present with all clarity the It should present with all clarity the nature and scope of the problemnature and scope of the problem

It should review the pertinent It should review the pertinent literature to orient the readerliterature to orient the reader

It should state the method of It should state the method of investigationinvestigation

How to How to make make instant instant IntroductioIntroduction ?n ?

Answer the ff. QUESTONSAnswer the ff. QUESTONS Why did you select this research project ?Why did you select this research project ? Are there others who have done similar Are there others who have done similar

studies ?studies ? What the others have done or not done that What the others have done or not done that

moved you to work on this problem ?moved you to work on this problem ? What are your observations that are What are your observations that are

relevant to the study ?relevant to the study ? Will the results of the study make any Will the results of the study make any

contributions in the attainment of a better contributions in the attainment of a better quality of life ?quality of life ?

Example :Example : Our country is located in the ring of fire and faults geographically, Our country is located in the ring of fire and faults geographically,

that is why we are prone to natural disaster such as tsunami, volcanic that is why we are prone to natural disaster such as tsunami, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. We cannot predict where and when these eruptions and earthquakes. We cannot predict where and when these phenomena will occur. Most of the time, we are not prepared and these phenomena will occur. Most of the time, we are not prepared and these lead to damage of properties and if worse comes to worst, these will lead to damage of properties and if worse comes to worst, these will even cost our lives. These things trigger the researchers to look and even cost our lives. These things trigger the researchers to look and produce a product out of waste materials to be utilized. The research is produce a product out of waste materials to be utilized. The research is about using Polyester Resin Filler as an alternative material in about using Polyester Resin Filler as an alternative material in preserving small damages such as cracks and holes in concrete preserving small damages such as cracks and holes in concrete cement buildings that may lead to great damage because it may cause cement buildings that may lead to great damage because it may cause the infrastructures to be weak. But the study is limited to applying the the infrastructures to be weak. But the study is limited to applying the produced product in roads. produced product in roads.

Epoxies and Polyesters were first developed in the 1930’s. Epoxies and Polyesters were first developed in the 1930’s. However, neither found widespread commercial application until after However, neither found widespread commercial application until after World War II. Both materials have since played a major role in World War II. Both materials have since played a major role in revolutionizing manufacturing and construction techniques. revolutionizing manufacturing and construction techniques.

Currently, newly asphalted and cemented roads easily Currently, newly asphalted and cemented roads easily deteriorate to the point that cracking and potholes occur at deteriorate to the point that cracking and potholes occur at once. These lead to serious road accidents and may even once. These lead to serious road accidents and may even cause death. These things can be avoided if we choose cause death. These things can be avoided if we choose right and appropriate material even though there are high right and appropriate material even though there are high quality materials that are commercially sold in the market quality materials that are commercially sold in the market today still we encounter problems in terms of their today still we encounter problems in terms of their effectiveness and durability. Concrete epoxy is usually effectiveness and durability. Concrete epoxy is usually used to repair road cracks and potholes. However, used to repair road cracks and potholes. However, concrete epoxy exhibits long setting time ranging from 24 concrete epoxy exhibits long setting time ranging from 24 to 38 hours curing time in at least 72 hours. It is for this to 38 hours curing time in at least 72 hours. It is for this reason the researchers wanted to explore Polyester Filled reason the researchers wanted to explore Polyester Filled Resin to be a possible replacement to concrete epoxy.Resin to be a possible replacement to concrete epoxy.

Polyester Resin FillerPolyester Resin Filler is a fast-setting compound for is a fast-setting compound for quick repair of concrete surfaces. It starts to set within 20 quick repair of concrete surfaces. It starts to set within 20 minutes after addition of catalyst and will totally cure minutes after addition of catalyst and will totally cure overnight or 24 hours.overnight or 24 hours.

Polyester Resin FillerPolyester Resin Filler is a two-component system comprising of a is a two-component system comprising of a filled thermosetting polyester resin and its catalyst. Thermosetting filled thermosetting polyester resin and its catalyst. Thermosetting polyester resin refers to the unsaturated polyester resin which is a polyester resin refers to the unsaturated polyester resin which is a reaction condensation product of glycol and acids particularly reaction condensation product of glycol and acids particularly propylene glycol, phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride. During the propylene glycol, phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride. During the condensation reaction, water is eliminated and ester linkages are condensation reaction, water is eliminated and ester linkages are generated to produce a resin. The unsaturation brought to this system generated to produce a resin. The unsaturation brought to this system by the acid provides reactive sites for subsequent cross-linking. The by the acid provides reactive sites for subsequent cross-linking. The resin produced is dissolved in styrene monomer for ease of handling. resin produced is dissolved in styrene monomer for ease of handling. The liquid resin is accelerated with Cobalt Accelerator and catalyze The liquid resin is accelerated with Cobalt Accelerator and catalyze with liquid catalyst particularly MEKP (Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide) with liquid catalyst particularly MEKP (Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide) which causes the resin to polymerize into a hard solid state. (Caution: which causes the resin to polymerize into a hard solid state. (Caution: MEKP is extremely powerful oxidizing agent, thus extra care is needed MEKP is extremely powerful oxidizing agent, thus extra care is needed in handling this chemical as this causes slight burning under prolonged in handling this chemical as this causes slight burning under prolonged exposure).exposure).

Polyester resins come in hundreds of different formulations and Polyester resins come in hundreds of different formulations and use. Polyester resin may be flexible for used in mouldings, placemats use. Polyester resin may be flexible for used in mouldings, placemats and for automotive body-patching compound. Semi-flexible or semi-and for automotive body-patching compound. Semi-flexible or semi-rigid resins are primarily used for the production of glass fiber-rigid resins are primarily used for the production of glass fiber-reinforced boats, planters and decorative castings. There are also the reinforced boats, planters and decorative castings. There are also the rigid type polyester resins, which are used for lamination, for the rigid type polyester resins, which are used for lamination, for the production of cultured marble and onyx, and furnitures. For road filler, a production of cultured marble and onyx, and furnitures. For road filler, a rigid resin will be used as this need to be tough enough to withstand rigid resin will be used as this need to be tough enough to withstand the weight.the weight.

As far as polyester resin is concerned, there are As far as polyester resin is concerned, there are many things to consider. Specifications of resin are very many things to consider. Specifications of resin are very important, as these will influence final resin performance. important, as these will influence final resin performance. Some of these specifications are: viscosity, acid value, gel Some of these specifications are: viscosity, acid value, gel time, cure time and hardness. End-use properties are time, cure time and hardness. End-use properties are tailored to the specific market place into which the resins tailored to the specific market place into which the resins are sold. For instance, for automotive applications, they are sold. For instance, for automotive applications, they require resin with shrink control additive in order to require resin with shrink control additive in order to produce very smooth molded surfaces. The sanitary ware produce very smooth molded surfaces. The sanitary ware market requires resin with a variety of fillers such as talc, market requires resin with a variety of fillers such as talc, calcium carbonate, marblemite, etc. The marine industry calcium carbonate, marblemite, etc. The marine industry requires resin that can be sprayed up with fiberglass requires resin that can be sprayed up with fiberglass reinforcement.reinforcement.

Thus, while polyester resins may be cast in pure Thus, while polyester resins may be cast in pure form, they are most frequently used in combination with form, they are most frequently used in combination with fillers and reinforcements, such as glass fibers. In the case fillers and reinforcements, such as glass fibers. In the case of this study, the fillers to be used will either be sand. of this study, the fillers to be used will either be sand.

INDIVIDUAL INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITYACTIVITY Create your own Introduction using Create your own Introduction using

the tips that you’ve learned.the tips that you’ve learned. Then let your group members read Then let your group members read

and critic your work.and critic your work. That will serve as your first quiz in That will serve as your first quiz in

research.research.

BackgrouBackgroundnd

of the of the StudyStudy

DefinitionDefinition It is the reasons or observations that It is the reasons or observations that

led the researcher to select a led the researcher to select a particular problem. particular problem.

It also state your sources of idea or It also state your sources of idea or how did you come up with that how did you come up with that problem and;problem and;

Introduce briefly the variables Introduce briefly the variables involved in the study. involved in the study.

It usually answers the ff. It usually answers the ff. questions:questions: What triggers you to do the What triggers you to do the

research ?research ? What are your reasons ?What are your reasons ? How did you come up with that How did you come up with that

problem ?problem ? What are the variables involve ?What are the variables involve ? What is the relationship between the What is the relationship between the

variables ?variables ?

ExampleExample Nowadays, many infrastructures are built to Nowadays, many infrastructures are built to

conform to the fast-changing life. In order to conform to the fast-changing life. In order to cope up with those changes, people look for cope up with those changes, people look for alternative that will give remedies, which will alternative that will give remedies, which will lessen the trouble and will make life easier. lessen the trouble and will make life easier. These things are done through continuous These things are done through continuous research, discoveries, and building research, discoveries, and building infrastructures such as houses, buildings, infrastructures such as houses, buildings, bridges, highways and roads. Through these bridges, highways and roads. Through these facts, the researchers are offering innovative facts, the researchers are offering innovative solutions in preserving properties. solutions in preserving properties.

The researcher, Glen Urbino came to an idea of using resin in making concrete filler through his mother, Sally, who works in a resin manufacturer company, Polyester Philippines Incorporated. He, together with his group mates, made an experiment in making concrete filler better than any other concrete filler such as asphalt and concrete epoxy. They aimed to make less expensive and shorter curing time concrete filler than concrete epoxy. They also intended to create concrete filler, which is more durable than asphalt and concrete epoxy. The study would be a big help to our government particularly in the budget allotted for repairing of road cracks and damaged building concrete surfaces. It would speed up the repairing of cracks on surfaces of concrete buildings that is caused by natural calamities like earthquake.

StatemeStatement nt

of theof theProblemProblem

DefinitionDefinitionThis must state what you aimed to This must state what you aimed to accomplish. accomplish. The problem should be brief, precise, The problem should be brief, precise, accurate, clear, specific, measurable and accurate, clear, specific, measurable and quantifiable statements and attainable.quantifiable statements and attainable.The objective should be stated positively The objective should be stated positively and in the declarative form. and in the declarative form. If the problem is broad, it has to be If the problem is broad, it has to be broken down to smaller ones.broken down to smaller ones.

Objectives Objectives Objective is the aim or goal of Objective is the aim or goal of

an action. an action. It defines the expectation of It defines the expectation of

the research. the research. Its attainment will give Its attainment will give

affirmation or non – affirmation or non – affirmation to the hypothesis.affirmation to the hypothesis.

Types of Types of ObjectivesObjectives

General objectivesGeneral objectives – – overall purpose of the overall purpose of the researchresearch

Specific objectivesSpecific objectives – – specific outcome specific outcome expected of the studyexpected of the study

Stating the research Stating the research objectives is essential for objectives is essential for the following reasons:the following reasons:

They give an indication of the relevant They give an indication of the relevant variables to be considered in the study.variables to be considered in the study.

They guide the researcher in the choice They guide the researcher in the choice of research design or methods.of research design or methods.

They tell the researcher what data to They tell the researcher what data to collect.collect.

They are helpful in planning the analysis They are helpful in planning the analysis of data.of data.

Some criteria for specific Some criteria for specific objectivesobjectives

Are they adequate for the general Are they adequate for the general purpose of the study?purpose of the study?

Are the specific hypothesis Are the specific hypothesis incorporated?incorporated?

Are they clearly stated?Are they clearly stated? Are the variables specified?Are the variables specified? Are they expressed in measurable Are they expressed in measurable

terms?terms?

Criteria of Good Problems Criteria of Good Problems and Problem Statements :and Problem Statements :

A problem should express a relation A problem should express a relation between two or more variables. The between two or more variables. The variables are measurable.variables are measurable.

The problem must be clearly stated and The problem must be clearly stated and unambiguously preferably in question unambiguously preferably in question form.form.

It demands that the problem and It demands that the problem and problem statement must imply the problem statement must imply the possibility of empirical testing.possibility of empirical testing.

ExampleExample STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Asphalt, when used to patch cracks and potholes, Asphalt, when used to patch cracks and potholes,

although easy to apply and has short curing time, does not last although easy to apply and has short curing time, does not last long while Concrete epoxy is tough and durable but expensive long while Concrete epoxy is tough and durable but expensive and long cure time. The researchers tried to prove if using and long cure time. The researchers tried to prove if using Polyester Road filler is advantageous over the rest. Polyester Road filler is advantageous over the rest.

The researchers aimed a lot about the study. They wanted The researchers aimed a lot about the study. They wanted to look for a more efficient and effective repair of concrete to look for a more efficient and effective repair of concrete surfaces. They also wanted to replace the more costly concrete surfaces. They also wanted to replace the more costly concrete epoxy repair and to prove that can be used to repair roads and so epoxy repair and to prove that can be used to repair roads and so other concrete surfaces.other concrete surfaces.

They studied Polyester Resin well by answering the They studied Polyester Resin well by answering the following specific problems.following specific problems.

How durable is Polyester Resin Filler in terms of How durable is Polyester Resin Filler in terms of Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond and Thickness Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond and Thickness Swelling and water absorption?Swelling and water absorption?

How much cheaper is Polyester Resin Filler than How much cheaper is Polyester Resin Filler than Concrete EpoxyConcrete Epoxy

HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS Polyester Resin filler can be an Polyester Resin filler can be an

alternative to Asphalt and concrete alternative to Asphalt and concrete epoxy for Concrete repair.epoxy for Concrete repair.

Polyester Resin filler cannot be an Polyester Resin filler cannot be an alternative to Asphalt and concrete alternative to Asphalt and concrete epoxy for Concrete repair.epoxy for Concrete repair.

Polyester Resin Filler may have a Polyester Resin Filler may have a different effect on Concrete repairs.different effect on Concrete repairs.

SignificaSignificancence

of the of the Study Study

DefinitionDefinitionIt tells the importance of the It tells the importance of the problem being studied;problem being studied;

it should indicate the potential it should indicate the potential contribution of the research to contribution of the research to new knowledge, to you as an new knowledge, to you as an individual, to your community individual, to your community and to your country.and to your country.

It usually answers the ff. It usually answers the ff. questions:questions:

What is the meaning or What is the meaning or significance of your research ?significance of your research ?

Who will benefit in doing this Who will benefit in doing this research ?research ?

What are the contribution of your What are the contribution of your research in terms of new research in terms of new information and advancement of information and advancement of knowledge ?knowledge ?

ExampleExample SinceSince Polyester Resin Filler Polyester Resin Filler is successfully proven, is successfully proven,

it will be a big help to our government and also to everyone it will be a big help to our government and also to everyone especially to those who travel frequently. It would also help especially to those who travel frequently. It would also help in renovation of buildings and repairs of damaged concrete in renovation of buildings and repairs of damaged concrete surfaces that is caused by an earthquake. People will also surfaces that is caused by an earthquake. People will also have to expect for a more durable grounds in using have to expect for a more durable grounds in using Polyester Resin FillerPolyester Resin Filler. The repair cost of roads and cracks . The repair cost of roads and cracks of concrete surfaces of buildings will decrease because the of concrete surfaces of buildings will decrease because the budget needed for the budget needed for the Polyester Resin FillerPolyester Resin Filler is cheaper is cheaper than the concrete epoxy. Repairs will also be shortened than the concrete epoxy. Repairs will also be shortened because the curing time of the concrete filler is just an because the curing time of the concrete filler is just an overnight. No travelers will then be much disturbed overnight. No travelers will then be much disturbed because of road repairs and repair of buildings’ concrete because of road repairs and repair of buildings’ concrete surfaces will speed up. surfaces will speed up.

Scope Scope andand

LimitatiLimitati

onon

DefinitionDefinition Delimitation refer to the scope and extent of your Delimitation refer to the scope and extent of your

study, where and when the study was conducted, study, where and when the study was conducted, who the subjects were and state specifically the who the subjects were and state specifically the nature of the treatment used, their number, and the nature of the treatment used, their number, and the instrument used like questionnaires (descriptive instrument used like questionnaires (descriptive research), or testing made in the experimental research), or testing made in the experimental design.design.

Limitation includes the time, money, personal Limitation includes the time, money, personal tools, and techniques involved. It also includes the tools, and techniques involved. It also includes the extent of your knowledge and experience.extent of your knowledge and experience.

It usually answers the ff. It usually answers the ff. questions:questions: What are the coverage of your research ?What are the coverage of your research ?

Where was the study done ?Where was the study done ? When was the study performed ?When was the study performed ? What is your research all about ?What is your research all about ? What are the materials and instrument What are the materials and instrument

used in conducting the research ?used in conducting the research ? How much money did you used in How much money did you used in

conducting a research ?conducting a research ? What specific time you started and finished What specific time you started and finished

the research ? the research ?

ExampleExample The study was investigated to see if Polyester The study was investigated to see if Polyester

Resin Filler could be used for road repairs. The Resin Filler could be used for road repairs. The Polyester Resin Filler was made from pre-accelerated Polyester Resin Filler was made from pre-accelerated resin, MEKP (Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide), and dry resin, MEKP (Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide), and dry sand. The experimentation, including the collection of sand. The experimentation, including the collection of data was conducted around Metro Manila only. They data was conducted around Metro Manila only. They made Polyester Resin Filler only. They recorded the made Polyester Resin Filler only. They recorded the data such as its curing time and compared it to the data such as its curing time and compared it to the facts about Asphalt and Concrete epoxy. The concrete facts about Asphalt and Concrete epoxy. The concrete samples of Polyester Resin Filler were tested to see if samples of Polyester Resin Filler were tested to see if it meets the testing standard of Modulus of Rupture, it meets the testing standard of Modulus of Rupture, Internal Bond and Thickness Swelling and Water Internal Bond and Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption. The testing was in the laboratory of Absorption. The testing was in the laboratory of Philippine Polyester Incorporated. The researchers Philippine Polyester Incorporated. The researchers limited their expenses to an amount not greater than limited their expenses to an amount not greater than four thousand pesos.four thousand pesos.

DefinitioDefinition n of of

TermsTerms

DefinitionDefinition Many terms lead to numerous interpretations. Many terms lead to numerous interpretations.

Thus, there is a need to define those terms as Thus, there is a need to define those terms as they are used in the study. There are 2 levels they are used in the study. There are 2 levels of defining a term:of defining a term:

Conceptual or ConsecutiveConceptual or Consecutive – conceptual – conceptual definition is the academic or the universal definition is the academic or the universal meaning attributed to a word or group of meaning attributed to a word or group of words. It is mostly abstract and more formal words. It is mostly abstract and more formal than the operational definition. This is usually than the operational definition. This is usually given by dictionaries, encyclopedias, books given by dictionaries, encyclopedias, books and the like.and the like.

Operational or FunctionalOperational or Functional – In research, terms – In research, terms and concepts should translate into more and concepts should translate into more tangible ones. Kerlinger gives 2 forms of tangible ones. Kerlinger gives 2 forms of operational definition:operational definition:

ExampleExample RESINRESIN - Any of numerous physically similar polymerized - Any of numerous physically similar polymerized

synthetics or chemically modified natural resins including synthetics or chemically modified natural resins including thermoplastic materials such as polyvinyl, polystyrene, and thermoplastic materials such as polyvinyl, polystyrene, and polyethylene and thermosetting materials such as polyesters, polyethylene and thermosetting materials such as polyesters, epoxies, and silicones that are used with fillers, stabilizers, epoxies, and silicones that are used with fillers, stabilizers, pigments, and other components to form plastics.pigments, and other components to form plastics.

EPOXYEPOXY - - a a thermosettingthermosetting epoxideepoxide polymerpolymer that cures (polymerizes that cures (polymerizes and crosslinks) when mixed with a and crosslinks) when mixed with a catalyzingcatalyzing agent or agent or "hardener". Most common epoxy "hardener". Most common epoxy resinsresins are produced from a are produced from a reaction between reaction between epichlorohydrinepichlorohydrin and and bisphenol-Abisphenol-A..

ASPHALTASPHALT - - a sticky, black and highly a sticky, black and highly viscousviscous liquid or semi- liquid or semi-solid that is present in most crude solid that is present in most crude petroleumspetroleums and in some and in some natural deposits. Asphalt is composed almost entirely of natural deposits. Asphalt is composed almost entirely of bitumenbitumen. There is some disagreement amongst . There is some disagreement amongst chemistschemists regarding the structure of asphalt, but it is most commonly regarding the structure of asphalt, but it is most commonly modeled as a modeled as a colloidcolloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase , with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase.and maltenes as the continuous phase.

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