KIRIBATI Smoking among females aged 15 and over latest available data 50% and above 40% – 49% 30% – 39% 20% – 29% 10% – 19% below 10% no data Smoking prevalence for women women smoke as much as men men smoke ten or more times more than women Smoking trends percentage of female smokers 1960–2000 selected countries 1999 22% 1990 23% 1979 30% 1970 32% 1965 34% USA 18 and over UK 16 and over Japan 15 and over 2000 14% 1990 14% 1980 14% 1970 16% 1960 13% 1998 26% 1990 29% 1980 37% 1970 44% 1960 42% CROATIA SAN MARINO ITALY REP. MOLDOVA UKRAINE YUGOSLAVIA LITHUANIA LATVIA ESTONIA ALBANIA AUSTRIA HUNGARY BULGARIA FYR MACEDONIA ROMANIA GREECE POLAND SLOVENIA BELARUS RUSSIAN FED. UNITED KINGDOM TUNISIA IRELAND DENMARK FRANCE ANDORRA SPAIN PORTUGAL GERMANY SWITZ. BELGIUM LUX. NETH. MOROCCO ALGERIA ICELAND NORWAY FINLAND SWEDEN SLOVAKIA CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA AUSTRALIA BARBADOS TRINIDAD & TOBAGO PALAU NAURU TONGA ST VINCENT & GRENADINES BAHAMAS ZIMBABWE UGANDA TURKMEN UZBEKISTAN KYRGYZSTAN GEO AZER ARMENIA Hong Kong SAR CUBA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PUERTO RICO BRUNEI DAR. MALAYSIA SAUDI ARABIA CHINA MONGOLIA VIETNAM LAO PDR THAILAND CAMBODIA INDIA BANGLADESH SRI LANKA PAKISTAN TURKEY IRAQ CYPRUS TUNISIA ISRAEL LEBANON WEST BANK & GAZA JORDAN BAHRAIN QATAR UAE OMAN KUWAIT YEMEN NEPAL KAZAKHSTAN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA C A N A D A ALGERIA SUDAN NIGERIA DEM. REP. CONGO EGYPT MOROCCO LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA see inset SENEGAL GUINEA GAMBIA CÔTE D’IVOIRE G H A N A NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA ZAMBIA UNITED REP. TANZANIA MALAWI RWANDA KENYA DJIBOUTI SWAZILAND LESOTHO GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR MEXICO HAITI BOLIVIA PARAGUAY BRAZIL VENEZUELA COLOMBIA HONDURAS NICARAGUA COSTA RICA PANAMA ECUADOR PERU ARGENTINA URUGUAY CHILE PHILIPPINES NEW ZEALAND PAPUA NEW GUINEA I N D O N E S I A JAPAN RUSSIAN FEDERATION GREENLAND MAURITIUS SEYCHELLES SINGAPORE MYANMAR SOLOMON ISLANDS TOKELAU SAMOA NIUE COOK TUVALU FIJI VANUATU REP. KOREA SYRIAN ARAB REP. ISL. REP. IRAN MALDIVES 27 26 “…the current lower level of tobacco use among women in the world…does not reflect health awareness, but rather social traditions and women’s low economic resources.” Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Director General, WHO, 1998 About 250 million women in the world are daily smokers. About 22 percent of women in developed countries and 9 percent of women in developing countries smoke tobacco. In addition, many women in south Asia chew tobacco. Cigarette smoking among women is declining in many developed countries, notably Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA. But this trend is not found in all developed countries. In several southern, central and eastern European countries cigarette smoking is either still increasing among women or has not shown any decline. The tobacco industry promotes cigarettes to women using seductive but false images of vitality, slimness, modernity, emancipation, sophistication, and sexual allure. In reality, it causes disease and death. Tobacco companies have now produced a range of brands aimed at women. Most notable are the “women- only” brands: these “feminised” cigarettes are long, extra-slim, low-tar, light-coloured or menthol. Female Smoking 4