4ý AL N1 M PS 1J ýc ýC ý " Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development EFFECT OF COLOUR OF HIGHLIGHTED TEXT ON MEMORY RETENTION AMONG DIFFERENT GENDER Ling Mee Yien Bachelor of Science with Honours (Cognitive Science) 2017 BF 311 L755 2017 , Np, LA YSI`9
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4ý AL
N1 M PS
1J
ýc
ýC ý
"
Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development
EFFECT OF COLOUR OF HIGHLIGHTED TEXT ON MEMORY RETENTION AMONG DIFFERENT GENDER
Ling Mee Yien
Bachelor of Science with Honours (Cognitive Science)
2017
BF 311 L755 2017
, Np, LA YSI`9
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
Grade: fi-
Please tick one Final Year Project Report
Masters Q
PhD Q
DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK
This declaration is made on the 9 day of JUNE year 2017.
Student's Declaration:
I, LING MEE YIEN, 47418, FACULTY OF COGNITIVE SCIENCES AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, hereby declare that the work entitled, EFFECT OF COLOUR OF HIGHLIGHTED TEXT ON MEMORY RETENTION AMONG DIFFERENT GENDER is my original work. I have not copied from any other students' work or from any other sources with the exception where due reference or acknowledgement is made explicitly in the text, nor has any part of the
work been written for me by another person.
9 JUNE 2017
Supervisor's Declaration:
1
LING MEE YIEN (47418)
I, DR. KARTINI ABDUL GHANI ,
hereby certify that the work entitled, EFFECT OF COLOUR OF HIGHLIGHTED TEXT ON MEMORY RETENTION AMONG DIFFERENT GENDER was prepared by the aforementioned or above mentioned student, and was submitted to the "FACULTY" as a *partial/full fulfillment for the conferment of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE WITH HONOURS (COGNITIVE SCIENCE), and the aforementioned work, to the best of my knowledge, is the said student's work
9 JUNE 2017Received for examination by: ( Date:
(DR. KARToINI ABDUL GHANI)
I declare this Project/Thesis is classified as (Please tick (I)):
Q CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)*
Q RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the organisation where research was done)*
M OPEN ACCESS
I declare this Project/Thesis is to be submitted to the Centre for Academic Information Services
(CAIS) and uploaded into UNIMAS Institutional Repository (UNIMAS IR) (Please tick (4)):
M YES Q NO
Validation of Project/Thesis
I hereby duly affirmed with free consent and willingness declared that this said Project/Thesis shall be placed officially in the Centre for Academic Information Services with the abide interest and rights as follows:
" This Project/Thesis is the sole legal property of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
" The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to make copies of the Project/Thesis for academic and research purposes only and not for other purposes.
" The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digitize the content to be uploaded into Local Content Database.
" The Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to make copies of the Project/Thesis if required for use by other parties for academic purposes or by other Higher Learning Institutes.
" No dispute or any claim shall arise from the student himself / herself neither a third party on this Project/Thesis once it becomes the sole property of UNIMAS.
" This Project/Thesis or any material, data and information related to it shall not be distributed, published or disclosed to any party by the student himself/herself without first obtaining approval from UNIMAS.
Student's signature: Supervisor's signature: '
Date: 9 June 2017 Date: 9 June 2017
Current Address: Jalan Datuk Mohammad Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
Notes: * If the Project/Thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach together as annexure a letter from the organisation with the date of restriction indicated, and the reasons for the
confidentiality and restriction.
Pwst Kyidrst NWkhwdAkaikwiP UKNERSTi7 MALAVSTA SAA An'" :
EFFECT OF COLOUR OF HIGHLIGHTED TEXT ON MEMORY RETENTION AMONG DIFFERENT GENDER
LING MEE YIEN
This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a
Bachelor of Science with Honours (Cognitive Science)
Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
(2017)
i
The project entitled `Effect of colour of highlighted text on memory retention among different gender' was prepared by Ling Mee Yien and submitted to the Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science with Honours (Cognitive Science).
Received for examination by:
(DR KARTINI ABDUL GHANI)
Date: 9 JUNE 2017
Grade
i1
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to praise God for leading me throughout this research. I thank
God always listen to my prayers and gives power to me when I felt weak. The most inspired
scripture for me in Bible is Isaiah 40: 31 which stated that "But they that wait upon the LORD
shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not
be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint. " I thank God for giving strength and blessing
throughout this successful completion of research.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my research supervisor, Dr Kartini
Abdul Ghani who always guiding me to a proper way to the completion of my research. I am
thankful for her inspiration and encouragement which motivate me throughout this research. I
appreciate her effort and time spent for teaching me patiently.
Additionally, I would like to thank my family. I feel grateful to my parents and
siblings for their encouragement wherever I met difficulties in my life. Especially thanks to
my mother who raise me up and provide the financial support on my education. Thank you
for their unconditionally love and support that motivated me to become a better person.
Besides, I would like to thanks my beloved course mates who are Jessica Yang Hueh
Yeing, Lim Sing, Ling Nie Hui, Pearly Oh Bei Qing and Wong Wan Ting. I appreciate for
having them by my sides like family during my three years University's Life. We went
through thick and thin together and encourage each another. Also not forgetting my
roommates, Han Wen Jun and Toh Bes Min who always willing to lend me an ear and
provide opinions when I met obstacles. Furthermore, I would like to convey my deep sense to
my church mates who always pray for me no matter what and when.
Lastly, I would like to thank my participants who participate in my research. I
appreciate for their willingness to be my participants that make my completion of research.
iii
Last but not least, thank you again for all who support and nourished me throughout this
Spence, 2014). Warm colour provides the sensation of warmth and comfort. Aside from this,
warm colour usually associated with energy, strength and joy (Color Theory Basics, n. d. ).
Contrasting with the warm colour, cool colour gives or delivers the feeling of sadness and
melancholy (Ekperigin, 2015). For instance, the green and blue colours represent the feelings
of calm and restfulness (Ekperigin, 2015).
Study conducted by Levy (1980) showed that different emotional response was
revealed when participants were exposed to different coloured panels. Profile of Mood States
was used to examine their feeling. The results depicted that bluish-violet gave them the
feeling of sadness and fatigue, bluish-green aroused feeling of confusion, reddish-orange
stimulated feeling of anger and vigour while dark mustard yellow provoked the feeling of sad
and very little vigour.
2.2 Modal of Human Memory
Memory is "a process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about
stimuli , images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present"
(Goldstein, 2008, p. 116). Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) proposed a modal which known as
model of memory, this model plays a large and significant role in memory research. There
are three main structural features of the model which are sensory memory, short-term
10
memory and long-term memory. The modal model of memory was illustrated in Figure 1
below.
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2". a.
N
Long-term Memory
Sensory iew Memory P.. o. , r FMWMYIi
Fa vtrn
Ap'tlm
C
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T iShort-term
Memoryý
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Figure 1. Stage model of memory. Reprinted from "Information processing and memory: Theory and application, " by S. T. Lutz & W. G. Huitt, 2003, Retrieved from http: //www. edpsycinteractive. org/papers/infoproc. pdf.
Sensory memory is an initial stage of stimuli perception. Sensory memory can hold a
huge number of information, however its memory capacity is limited. The information that
entered sensory memory can only be retained for seconds. Therefore, information that fail to
transfer into next stage will start to decay and cannot be further processed in memory system
(Lutz & Huitt, 2003). There are many strategies to ensure the information to be transferred to
the next stage. The most influencing strategy of processing information is attention (Fougnie,