4 Aggression 4 Aggression 1 Chapter 4 - Aggression Chapter 4 - Aggression • Topic 1 - Social psychological approaches to explaining aggression – Social psychological theories of aggression – Explanations of institutional aggression • Topic 2 - Biological explanations of aggression – The role of neural and hormonal mechanisms – The role of genetic factors • Topic 3 - Aggression as an adaptive response – Evolutionary explanations of human aggression – Explanations of group display in humans
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4 Aggression 1 Chapter 4 - Aggression Topic 1 - Social psychological approaches to explaining aggression –Social psychological theories of aggression –Explanations.
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4 Aggression4 Aggression 1
Chapter 4 - AggressionChapter 4 - Aggression
• Topic 1 - Social psychological approaches to explaining aggression– Social psychological theories of aggression– Explanations of institutional aggression
• Topic 2 - Biological explanations of aggression– The role of neural and hormonal mechanisms– The role of genetic factors
• Topic 3 - Aggression as an adaptive response– Evolutionary explanations of human aggression– Explanations of group display in humans
4 Aggression
Topic 1 - Social Psychological Topic 1 - Social Psychological Approaches to Explaining AggressionApproaches to Explaining Aggression
• Social psychological theories of aggression• Explanations of institutional aggression
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Social Psychological Explanations Social Psychological Explanations of Aggressionof Aggression
Social Learning Theory
• Direct and vicarious experience– Learning by direct experience
(operant conditioning)– Learning by vicarious experience
(observational learning)
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ReinforcementReinforcement
• The likelihood of a person behaving aggressively depends on
– Previous experiences of aggressive behaviour– Reinforcement of past aggression– Likelihood that current aggression will be rewarded– Cognitive, social and environmental factors
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Research into Social Learning TheoryResearch into Social Learning Theory
• ‘Bobo doll’ experiments• Teaching effect (acquisition of behaviour)• Motivational effect (reproduction/performance of
behaviour)
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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory
• Explains inconsistencies in aggressive behaviour
• Explains cultural differences in aggressive behaviour
• Social learning or biology as primary causal agent?
Evaluation Evaluation
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DeindividuationDeindividuation
• Individuated and deindividuated behaviour
• Public and private self-awareness
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Research Related To DeindividuationResearch Related To Deindividuation
• The Stanford Prison experiment (Zimbardo et al. 1973)
• Deindividuation in mobs– The baiting crowd – The faceless crowd
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DeindividuationDeindividuation
• Deindividuation and pro-social behaviour• The role of anonymity• Social norms and behaviour• The Zimbardo et al. prison study• Deindividuation and football crowd violence
Evaluation Evaluation
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Explanations of Institutional AggressionExplanations of Institutional Aggression
• Institutional aggression in prisons– The importation model– The deprivation model– The power of the situation and the effect of
dehumanising labels
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Explanations of Institutional Aggression Explanations of Institutional Aggression in Prisonsin Prisons
• Research support for the importation model• Limitations of the importation model• Research support for the deprivation model• Limitations of the deprivation model• Real life relevance
Evaluation Evaluation
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Institutional Aggression in Institutional Aggression in Initiation RitualsInitiation Rituals
• Initiation rituals
– Special rituals and requirements for new members of a group
– Aim to create bond between members– Hazing – painful initiation rituals
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Explanations of Initiation RitualsExplanations of Initiation Rituals
• Research support
• Why is hasing effective?
Evaluation Evaluation
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Psychological Approaches to Explaining AggressionPsychological Approaches to Explaining Aggression
1. What is the difference between direct and vicarious reinforcement?
2. According to Social Learning Theory, the likelihood of a person behaving aggressively is determined by what four factors?
3. What conclusions can be drawn from the Bobo doll study concerning the imitation of aggression?
4. Explain two evaluative points concerning the social learning theory of aggression.
5. What is meant by ‘deindividuation’ in the context of aggression? What is the difference between ‘individuated’ and ‘deindividuated’ behaviour?
Check Your UnderstandingCheck Your Understanding
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Psychological Approaches to Explaining AggressionPsychological Approaches to Explaining Aggression6. What conclusions can be drawn from Zimbardo’s Stanford
Prison Experiment concerning the causes of aggressive behaviour?
7. Explain two evaluative points concerning the deindividuation explanation of aggression.
8. Explain the difference between the importation and deprivation models of institutional aggression.
9. Explain two evaluative points concerning each of the importation and deprivation models of institutional aggression.
10.Outline what is meant by initiation rituals (including ‘hazing’) and provide one explanation for this phenomenon.
11.Explain two evaluative points concerning initiation rituals as a form of institutional aggression.