Q1. The diagram shows part of the breathing system in a human. (a) Use words from the list to label the parts on the drawing. alveoli bronchiole bronchus diaphragm trachea (windpipe) (4) (b) Where in the lungs does oxygen enter the blood? ..................................................................................................................................... (1) (c) Which process in cells produces carbon dioxide? ..................................................................................................................................... (1) (Total 6 marks) Q2. Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. (a) Give the function of platelets. ........................................................................................................................ (1) Page 1 of 23
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Q1. The diagram shows part of the breathing system in a human.
(a) Use words from the list to label the parts on the drawing.
(iii) Add the two missing figures to the right-hand column of the table. (2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q6. Two balloonists decide to go up to 5000 metres. At this level the air is less dense, so the mass of oxygen in each lungful of air they breathe is less than at sea-level.
Describe, in as much detail as you can, how the mass of oxygen in the balloonists’ blood changes as they go up from sea-level to 5000 metres.
Q7. (a) Some scientists investigated the rates of absorption of different sugars by the small intestine.
In one experiment they used a piece of normal intestine. In a second experiment they used a piece of intestine poisoned by cyanide. Cyanide is poisonous because it prevents respiration.
The results are shown in the table.
(i) Name two sugars from the table which can be absorbed by active transport.
Q10. A potted plant was left in a hot, brightly lit room for ten hours. The plant was not watered during this period. The drawings show how the mean width of stomata changed over the ten hour period.
(b) alveoli / air sacs (reject capillaries) for one mark
1
(c) respiration for one mark
1 [6]
M2. (a) forming clot at site of wound 1
(b) 12 500 correct answer gains 2 marks
ignore any units 2
(c) size of RBC approximately same size as capillary
or
no room for more than one cell
or
only one can fit
or
RBC is too big allow use of numbers do not accept capillaries are narrow
1
(d) (i) in lungs oxygen diffuses (from the alveoli) into the blood 1
in the red blood cell, oxygen combines with haemoglobin, forming oxyhaemoglobin
1
in tissues oxyhaemoglobin splits up, releasing oxygen, which diffuses into the cells
1
if answer incorrect, gains 1 mark
Page 16 of 23
(ii) allows cell to have more haemoglobin for oxygen transport 1
(e) thin walls for short diffusion path 1
narrow, so have a large surface area to volume ratio 1
[10]
M3. (a) transpiration / evaporation / diffusion
ignore osmosis 1
(b) (i) D 1
(ii) any two from:
• more / faster diffusion or evaporation or transpiration
• molecules move faster
• maintains concentration gradient or keeps water concentration low in the air or brings in more dry air or removes damp air / water
2 [4]
M4. (a) (i) lower – B loses less (water / mass) than C or described in terms of petroleum jelly
accept converse re Leaf C 1
(ii) yes - B and C lose less than D or B and C lose more than A or D loses the most or A loses the least
do not accept just ‘all leaves lose some weight’ 1
Page 17 of 23
(b) (i) X = stoma
accept stomata / stomatal pore do not accept air space
1
Y = guard cell 1
(ii) petroleum jelly blocks stomata / pores or petroleum jelly prevents water loss or petroleum jelly waterproofs
allow pores are blocked in B 1
water (mainly) lost via stomata / pores / X or stomata on lower surface only
1 [6]
M5. (a) (i) increasing one increases the other
gains 1 mark
but they increase in proportion/ 1/5 taken in at first / 3/10 taken in after 2 weeks
gains 2 marks 2
(ii) idea that more/faster diffusion with higher concentration for 1 mark
or with more oxygen particles/molecules (in same space)
1
(b) (i) can take more oxygen from (the same) air/changes from 30 to 45/increases by 15
gains 1 mark
but takes 50% more or 1.5 times as much
gains 2 marks
or increases by 15 mg breath
2
Page 18 of 23
(ii) more red blood cells develop or more haemoglobin in the blood (not just ‘acclimatises’)
for 1 mark 1
(iii) 75 60
each for 1 mark 2
[8]
##
ideas that
• mass of oxygen in blood unaffected/stays at 2.0g per litre at low altitudes
• mass of oxygen in blood falls at higher altitudes
• starts to fall above 2500 metres
• 75 g per litre (at 5000 metres) Don’t credit simply “gets lower as you get high”, but don’t penalise for 1 mark each
[4]
M7. (a) (i) glucose and galactose 1
(ii) any three from:
Evidence:
• absorption reduced by cyanide allow converse
• absorb faster (than other sugars)
Explanation:
• active transport needs energy
• less / no energy available / released if cyanide is there or less / no energy if no / less respiration
allow energy produced ignore cyanide prevents respiration
3
Page 19 of 23
(b) all / the sugars / they can be absorbed when gut poisoned / with cyanide or when no respiration
1
(diffusion) does not need an energy supply 1
[6]
M8. (a) No
no mark if yes max 1 for correct statement
diffusion is down the concentration gradient accept by diffusion ions would leave the root
1
to enter must go up / against the concentration gradient or concentration higher in the root or concentration lower in the soil
1
(b) (i) 0.9 or 3.25
for correct answer with or without working if answer incorrect 1.3 or their rate – 0.4 gains 1 mark or 130 – 40 or 90 gains 1 mark
2
(ii) (uptake) by active transport 1
requires energy
more energy from aerobic respiration 1
or
more energy when oxygen is present 1
[7]
M9. (a) any two from:
• transport up / against concentration gradient / low to high concentration
• uses energy
• use of protein / carrier 2
Page 20 of 23
(b) microvilli – large(r) surface area accept have carriers
1
mitochondria – release energy or make ATP
do not accept ‘makes energy’ 1
[4]
M10. (a) allow carbon dioxide to enter / gaseous exchange (oxygen neutral) (transpiration neutral)
for one mark 1
(b) guard (cells) for one mark
1
(c) stops / reduces the rate of water loss / transpiration (reject if dark initiated) stops / reduces wilting / description e.g. drooping / maintains turgor
for 1 mark each 2
[4]
M11. (a) hold cells together or prevent flow of cells or trap cells 1
(b) 12500 if correct answer, ignore working / lack of working
for 1 mark
ignore any units
2
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(c) (i) size RBC approximately same size capillary or no room for more than one cell or only one can fit or RBC is too big
allow use of numbers do not accept capillaries are narrow
1
(ii) more oxygen released (to tissues) or more oxygen taken up (from lungs)
1
and any two from:
• slows flow or more time available
• shorter distance (for exchange) or close to cells / capillary wall