3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE on Sustainable Solid Waste ...

Organic Resources and Biological Treatment1

3rd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEon Sustainable Solid Waste

ManagementTinos, 2-4 June 2015

Industrial Emission Directive (IED) - What composting and biogas

plants may expect from the new Best Available Technique

Reference document (BREF) for biological treatment of waste

Florian Amlinger

Organic Resources and Biological Treatment

Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (IED)

Key instrument for minimising consumption and the emissions of industrial activities in EuropeGeneral framework:

prevent and, if not feasible, reduce pollution high level of protection for the environment as a wholepermit based on Best Available Techniques (BAT)

BAT are determined by a Technical Working Group steered by the JRC

(EIPPCB) and documented in BREFs‘BAT conclusions’ are secondary legislation


Environmental scope of the IED

waste prevention and recovery energy &

water useprevention and control of accidents

noisevibration

heat

emissionsto water

odour

emissions to air


Industry EU Member States+ EFTA and Accession CountriesTWG

kick-off meeting

Draft 1 (D1)

Draft 2 (D2) *

Final TWG meeting

The ‘Sevilla process’

Final draft

Bulk of info. needed(incl. questionnaires)

Comments

BREF

BATconclu-sions

• Forum opinion on BREF

• Adoption of BAT conclusions through the IED Art. 75 Committee

BATconclu-sions

* D2 optionalTotal duration:• 24 – 29 months (without D2)• 29 – 39 months (with D2)


Which type of facilities are affected by the new IED? Annex I of the IED includes:

Biological treatment (recovery) Composting 75 Biogas Plants 100 tonnes/day

Biological treatment (disposal) MBT 50 Biogas Plants 100 tonnes/day

Definition …. daily capacity:‘The maximum capacity to which the installation is limited technically or legally.UK: Tonnes of composting piles on composting site / days of processingAT: … the daily average e.g.:

75 t x 365 = 27.375 t/year


TWG subgroups

Subgroup to support the development of the questionnaire

Subgroup on biological treatment(December 2013 – December 2015)

Subgroup on mechanical treatment

Subgroup on physico-chemical treatment

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Proposed techniques / processes Categories

Source separated biowaste & sewage sludge

Bio-Drying

Biological StabilisationComposting

SRFEnergy

Recovery

Landfilling complying with

national stability criteria

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

1Composting

Mixed waste MBT

1cOutdoorComposting

1aIndoor

Composting

AD

WetDigestion

DryDigestion

Application on land according to national and European legislation

Without post composting of digestate

Optiional: in combination with

outdoor maturation

Application on land

according to national legislation

Aerobic rottingindoor/ encapsulated

alone or combined with outdoor maturation

6 - AD(if used)

Purpose

Indoor/ Encapsulated

Incineration with energy recovery

Bio-Drying ofsewage sludge

5AD

With post composting of digestate

without post-

composting

Landfilling etc.

complying with nat. criteria

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1b 2 3a/b

4a/b 4a


Plant design Waste (pre) acceptance procedures Storage & handling of incoming waste Preparation of wastes for composting process Process monitoring & control Emissions to water Emissions to air

Odour – Bioaerosols & Dust – Ammonia Measures of waste gas treatment

Energy efficiency measures Measures to reduce raw materials consumption Product preparation

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Achieved environmental benefits – Cross-media effects –Operational data – Applicability – Economics - Driving force for implementation – Example plants – Reference literature

Techniques / Processes described

Additional in Chapter 4:


Outdoor & Indoor Composting

INDOOR Composting means composting techniques including possibly reception, intermediate storage, pre-treatment, intensive rotting and maturation in an enclosed or encapsulated hall or vessel (‘reactor’) were the gaseous emissions produced due to the biological decomposition process are captured and purified by means of end of pipe abatement techniques.

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OUTDOOR Composting means composting techniques including reception, intermediate storage, pre-treatment, intensive rotting and maturation in an open, roofed or unroofed area, where gaseous emissions produced due to the biological decomposition process may be captured and purified by means of end of pipe abatement techniques only in case if negative aeration is installed during intensive rotting or maturation phase.

Organic Resources and Biological Treatment 13

Receipt control Intermediate storage

Pre-treatment Conditioning Mixing

Batch formation Intensive

composting Maturation

Refining the product

Compost storageEngineering


Plant design dispersion modelling for impact prediction

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Documentation & Environmental quality management

Documentation – Waste tracking system: Input Output Pre-acceptance / Acceptance of waste

Type / Date / Quantity / Origin / Refusal / / Foreseen treatment / Location of storage ….

Environmental quality management systems EMS: ISO 14001 / EMAS / National Systems / Branch related EMS

Training and technical competence Risk management / regulatory implications / Emission control / incidents &

emergency management …

Documented operations and maintenance system

Accidents / incidents / non-conformance … management plan and documentation system

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[PRE] Acceptance procedures

Pre-acceptance procedure Communication with waste owner

Waste type / Approval of compliance / Suitability for treatment

Quantities and delivery schedule

Waste characterisation Visual assessment or sampling/analysis

Acceptance procedure Visual inspection

Trained staff

Criteria for rejection

Controlled unlodaing ad dedicated site

Contingency plan

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Waste Reception and assessment

2.1.2 Waste acceptance at composting sites Visual inspection – compliance with permitted waste codes sorting

of impurities – decision of acceptance / reject


Storage and handling of incomming waste

Sufficient capacity

Separated locations for odorous/putrescible andwoody green waste

Adapting material type, storage time and mixing to reduce odour emission potential Limit size of stockpiles

Mix and / or cover with shredder material

Complete emptying / cleaning /

Impermeable surface & sealed drainage andleachate collection for putrescible / waste

Minimise storage time (24 to 72 hrs)

Prevention of wind drifting of light impurities fences, walls, dams with hedges, fleece coverage

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Pre-treatment and process control Pre-treatment

Screening/removal of impurities

Composting

Sufficient porosity of the initial mix for composting

Balancing the C:N ratio

Adjustment to proper moisture content

Adapting the feedstock blend according to the technique used.

Rapid compost batch formation

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Process control plan – prevent uncontrolled emissions Temperature control and monitoring / Moisture

assessment

Process management documentation and traceability


Odour management All BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS

Minimise intermediate storage odorous feedstock 1 working day fresh grass / leaves 72 hours

Odour management plan // Complaints management

COMPOSTING general Adequate aeration and moisture adjustment during the

initial active composting phase Balanced C:N ratio Consideration of weather conditions and wind direction Draining off surface water from stored biowaste/compost Dirty water collection and management

Outdoor COMPOSTING Measures against moisture surplus Measures to improve structure Windrow structure Decomposition process management

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INDOOR Composting –abatement techniques

Exhaust air capture, collection and treatment with sufficiently dimensioned ventilation systems

End of pipe treatment Biofilters with requirements for biofilters

management and optimisation Bio Scrubber Chemical scrubbers, including wet scrubbers,

and acid scrubbers Activated carbons (Ozone treatment) Dust filters/separators

Emission abatement at the point of source Encapsulation by means of semipermeable

membrane covers

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Water management

ALL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS Reuse and surface water segregation

Waste water management plan

Collection and treatment of dirty waters

Discharge and use of waste water

Separate collection and treatment of clean surface waters

Dimensioning of intermediate waste water tank(s)

Impermeable surface of processing areas

Draining off surface water from stored biowaste/compost

Quality management measures

Ensuring effective discharge of water

Use of clean water.

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Direct and & indidirectdischarge of waters:

According to national regulations


Dust and Bioaerosols

ALL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS Dust mitigation measures

Machines and road cleaning

Physical barriers

Maintaining scrubbers and biofilters

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COMPOSTING Effective overall management and maintaining adequate moisture content

Appropriate consideration of weather conditions and wind direction

Spatial orientation Windrows


Ammonia emissions

COMPOSTING general Balancing C:N ratio of N-rich feedstock

Optimise moisture of material according the water capacity during the composting stages

Maintain an adequate pore structure Bulking/structural materials

Indoor COMPOSTING Use of an acid scrubber to reduce ammonia in the exhaust air

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Further aspects

Product preparation Adjust moisture before drum screening

Compost storage

Noise reference to national legislation

HAZOP - Hazard and Operability Study evaluate problems that may represent risks to

equipment, or prevent efficient operation

Energy and resource management plans internal assessment of the energy and raw

material consumption

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Chart no. 28

Questionnaire - Number of plants

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In total 110 questionnaires.

Treatment of mixed municipal waste including bio-waste

Treatment of source separated bio-waste

84 26


Chart no. 29

Questionnaire - Country profile

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Chart no. 30

Daily treatment capacities

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Treatment of mixed municipal waste including bio-waste

Treatment of source separated bio-waste

?


Chart no. 31

Example: Abatement via Biofiltering 50 plants indicated that they use biofiltering as primary abatement technique for

air emissions (possibly with wet scrubber / heat exchanger) 7 plants did not give information on any monitoring of air emissions 4 plants did provide emissions only via gas engine 8 plants use additional air abatement technique at the site

Parameter Volume T O2 Odour NH3 H2S TOC / TVOC Dust CH4 N2O* NOx

Unit m3 / h °C Vol-% OU/m3 mg / m3 mg / m3 mg / m3 mg / m3 mg / m3 mg / m3 mg / m3

MIN 1,945 7.0 20.1 30 0.0 0.00 0.40 0.00 5.09 2.00 2.97

MAX 585,000 41.9 20.9 12,967 265.0 1.03 21.00 9.35 895.00 46.00 14.33

AVERAGE 81,055 31.1 20.5 1,297 18.7 0.26 10.00 1.37 248.53 24.00 8.65

No. of plants 29 26 3 26 21 10 10 11 4 2 2

No. of valueentries 142 131 33 105 229 68 62 60 15 4 5

Range limits CA - - - 200-4,500 5-50 1.5-10 20-100 5-30 --- --- 150

Plants with limit - - - 12 11 5 7 8 - - 1

* … One plant additionally indicated a limit of 100 g per ton input, set by the Competent Authority.

Remark: Bio-aerosols (Total Bacteria, Gram Negative Bacteria, Aspergillus Fumigatus and Mesophilic Bacteria) have been monitored only at five plants from two MS and the parameters CO, HCl, HF, Hg, HC and PCDD/PCDF have been monitored each at only one site. By that, these parameters were excluded from de-tailed illustration.


Discussed Key Environmenta lndicators& Associated Emission Levels/Limits

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Open

(1c)

Closed

(1a+1b)

AD*

(2)

MBT aerobic (4a+4b)

MBT AD

(5)

MBT aerobic+ AD

(6a + 6b)

OdourL;

in case of odour problems

L L L L L

NH3 --- G/P G/P G/P G/P G/P

Screening in case of odour problems:Dust L L L L L L

TOC or NMVOC

--- L/G/P --- L/P --- L/P

H2S --- L/P L/P L/P L/P L/P

Linked to detection (AD)CH4 --- --- G --- G G

In case of the use of RTO (check functioning of abatement technology)N2O --- --- --- G --- G

L … local nuicanse G … global impact P … process monitoring


Next steps

Draft 1 Sept/Oct 2015

Consultation 8 weeks

Meeting with Subgroup Biological Treatment todiscuss key issues of concern

Final meeting of TWG Mid to end 2016 (!)

New BREF/WT 2017

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