Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed MEMON, Programme Officer, International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC), UNEP Dr. Dickella Gamaralalage Jagath PREMAKUMARA, Senior Researcher Sustainable Cities, IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental Technologies (CCET) 3R and Waste Challenges Facing Developing Countries The National Waste Management Seminar, 17 July 2016, Male, Maldives
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3R and Waste Challenges Facing Developing Countries
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Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed MEMON, Programme Officer, International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC), UNEP
Dr. Dickella Gamaralalage Jagath PREMAKUMARA, Senior Researcher Sustainable Cities, IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on
Environmental Technologies (CCET)
3R and Waste Challenges Facing Developing Countries
The National Waste Management Seminar, 17 July 2016, Male, Maldives
• Why waste management is a matter in developing countries?
• Need of a Holistic Approach for Waste Management
• UNEP and IGES support for 3R Promotion
Overview
Why Should Developing Countries Make Waste a Priority
Waste management: An ‘entry point’ to sustainable development
Global Waste Management Outlook, UNEP/ISWA (2015)
Challenge # 1: Waste Generation
Increasing Waste Generation Currently, world cities generate about 1.3 billion tonnes of solid wasteper year. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by2025. “Lower income cities in Asia and Africa will double their municipalsolid waste generation within next 15-20 years”
Urban waste generation by income level and year, World Bank (2012)
Challenge # 1: Waste Generation
Increasing Waste Generation MSW generation rates vary widely within and between countries. Thegeneration rates depend on income levels, socio-cultural patterns andclimatic factors. “however when we get richer, we discharged more”
Waste generation versus income level by country, UNEP/ISWA (2015)
Challenge # 1: Waste Generation
Increase in Hazardous Waste and Other Emerging Waste Streams
For example construction and demolition waste; hazardous waste; e-waste; plastic waste and marine litter; disaster waste; and a number of‘new’ waste streams of concern such as nano-waste.
Global hazardous waste generation in 2009, UNEP/ISWA (2015)
Waste Collection Rates by Income, World Bank (2012)
Challenge # 2: Waste Collection
Public health impacts of uncollected waste
Many developing countries have made some progresson collection coverage during last decades. However,half of the those population lack access to basic wasteservices yet
High Moon
Controlled disposal for selected cities by income level, UNEP/ISWA (2015)
Challenge # 3: Waste Disposal
Environmental impacts of uncollected waste disposal Most low- and lower middle-income countries dispose of their waste in open dumps. Severe land pollution and freshwater, groundwater and sea pollution as well as local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
High Moon
Challenge # 4: Costs for Waste Management
Increase in Waste Management Costs
Comparative cost data for different unit operations on MSWM, UNEP/ISWA (2015)
20-50% of recurring budget of low income cities is spent on solid waste management though only 50% of urban population is covered. 80-90% of waste management budget is allocated for waste collection
• Most developing cities rely on end-of-pipe solutions with focus on collection and disposal.
• Lack of extensive policy framework, especially to address emerging and re-emerging waste streams
• Limited implementation of policies at best in the cities
Challenge # 5: Infrastructure and Policies
Limited Infrastructure and Policy Framework
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• Waste management and resource recovery still a low priority area
• Lack of national initiatives and fund allocation particularly in low-income countries
• Lack of comprehensive programme at national/local level
Challenge # 6: Political
Lack of Political Priority
What needs to be done at the local and national levels
Action Imperatives, UNEP/ISWA (2015)
20th CENTURY
WASTEMANAGEMENT
“How do we get rid of our waste efficiently with minimum
damage to public health and the environment?”
21st CENTURY
RESOURCEMANAGEMENT
“How do we handle our discarded resources in ways which do not deprive future
generations of some, if not all, of their value?”
Paradigm shift from Waste Management to Resource Management
Hammerbay Sjostad, Stockholm - Sweden
Circular Economy/ 3R – Closing the Loop
Integrated and Holistic Waste Management
So waste management cannot be viewed in isolation – a holisticapproach is required for waste management, pollution control andenvironmental management. For such a holistic approach to work,policy and regulatory control, and the agencies in charge of each,need to be integrated. While there are often ‘separate’ environmentalcontrol regimes for air, water, land and (solid) waste, the interfacesbetween them need to the strong.
Waste hierarchy, UNEP/ISWA (2015)
• Holistic approach to waste• Waste to Resource (From linear to closed-loop
material cycle)• Promote Prevention Policies: Anchor
Sustainability
Knowledge, Expertise, Technology, Policies
Waste to Resource
UNEP-IETC Support for Waste Management
Partnership; National & City level •Common understanding: Frameworks & Strategy,•Work Plan Agreement,•Timeline, Budget,•Preparing project proposal
Strategy Development•Baseline Studies•Draft Strategy outline•Draft proposal of Action Plan and Pilot Project
Strategy Approval•Finalize Strategy,•Initiate Action Plan, and Pilot Demonstration,•Capacity building for legislative framework
•Together with National & City Government
• Launch Strategy, Action Plan, and Pilot Demonstration
Launch
UNEP-IETC Support for Development of National and City
Waste Management Strategies
IGES Center Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental Technologies (CCET) for supporting national/city waste management strategies
• Signed in Lima in December 2014• The Centre, named “IGES Centre Collaborating
with UNEP on Environmental Technologies” (CCET), will be established as a unit within IGES, located at IGES Headquarters in Hayama, Japan.
• The Centre will be headed by a Director and assisted by two dedicated ProgrammeCoordinators working primarily in the Sustainable Consumption and Production Area.
• Established in 1998, IGES aims to achieve a new paradigm for civilization and conduct innovative policy development and strategic research for environmental measures, reflecting the results of research into political decisions for realising sustainable development both in the Asia-Pacific region and globally.
• HQ in Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
• 175 staff, of which 100 researchers, of which 33 non-Japanese (as of March 2013)
http://www.iges.or.jp/en/index.html
IGES Work on 3Rs in Asia Pacific IGES contributed for planning and launching
of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific in November 2009.
Supported the development of National 3R Strategies in 6 countries in Asia including Philippines and Viet Nam in collaboration with UNCRD and UNEP.
Supporting bilateral collaboration between Japan and Malaysia and Viet Nam in 3R policy implementation.
Developed technical review and guideline for improved organic waste management and climate benefits through the 3Rs in developing Asia(Thailand, Cambodia, and Lao PDR)
Research on Extended Producer Responsibility
Research on recycling certification aiming to contribute to ESM guideline in relation to Basel Convention-related process.
Coordinating working group on 3R policy indicators under the Regional 3R Forum in Asia and published factsheet series on 3R policy indicators
The 3rd Regional 3R Forum in Asia: Singapore, October 2011
Partnership, Partnership and PartnershipThank You…
Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (ROAP)United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)2nd Floor, Block A, UN BuildingRajdamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200, ThailandTel: +66 2 288 1870Email: [email protected]/roapwww.facebook.com/UNEPROAPwww.twitter.com/UNEPAsiaPacific