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1Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
3D Modeling of Cervical Musculature
and its Effect on Neck Injury Prevention
DIVISION OF
NEURONIC ENGINEERING
Defence of Doctoral Thesis
Sofia Hedenstierna
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2Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
With combined knowledge
of medicine and engineeringimprove the prevention of
head and neck injuries
?
Division of Neuronic Engineering
Neurotrauma + Mechanics
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3Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Neck Injury Prevention
Experimental Research and Development
Davidsson et al. (1998)
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4Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Neck Injury Prevention
Existing numerical models of the cervical musculature
Eindhoven (MADYMO)
(Van der Horst 2002)
France (RADIOSS)
(Frechede et al. 2006)
KTH (LS-DYNA)
(Brolin et al. 2005)
Duke (LS-DYNA)
(Chancey et al. 2003)
JAMA (LS-DYNA)
(Ejima et al. 2005)
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The KTH FE Neck Model
Intervertebral Disksand Ligaments
VertebraeMuscles
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Numerical Modeling
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6Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Solid model:
Improved Boundary Condition for InjuryPrediction in Cervical Column
3D geometry
Inertia forces
Compressive stiffness
Output from Muscle Tissue for Muscle
Injury Analysis Strain
Cross sectional forces
Strain energy
Passive force
Active force
Discrete model:
Numerical Modeling
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better understand the contribution from musculature on the stabilityof the head neck complex,
improve the injury prediction of the cervical spine e.g.vertebra andligament,
enable analysis of strain in the muscle elements to predict injury in themuscle tissue.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Objectives
Main objective:To develop a 3D finite element model of the cervicalmusculature using solid elements, in order to:
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Introduction
Method
Geometry
Material ModelingEvaluation
Results From Papers
Conclusions
Future Work
3D Modeling of Cervical Musculature and
its Effect on Neck Injury Prevention
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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9Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Geometry of the Cervical Musculature
The FE Muscle Model Geometry created from MRI
1. Segmented from MRI
(50th percentile)
2. Interpolated into 3D
surfaces
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10Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
1. Segmented from MRI
(50th percentile)
2. Interpolated into 3D
surfaces
3. Positioned relative the
KTH neck model in line
with the literature
Geometry of the Cervical Musculature
The FE Muscle Model Geometry created from MRI
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25 individual muscle pairs
Rigid body insertions to thevertebrae
One muscle can have multiple
origins/insertions
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Geometry of the Cervical Musculature
The FE Muscle Model Geometry created from MRI
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12Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Geometry of the Cervical Musculature
Anterior: Hyoid, SCM Lateral: SCM, TZ
Posterior: TZ, SplCap Posterior: Suboccipital
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Introduction
Method
Geometry
Material ModelingEvaluation
Results From Papers
Conclusions
Future Work
3D Modeling of Cervical Musculature and
its Effect on Neck Injury Prevention
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TheActive forceis generated voluntarily orby reflex. It has a maximum at optimalmuscle length Lopt and decreases rapidlyas the muscle is shortened or extended.
Force
Length
Passive
Active
Total
Isometriccontraction
Lopt
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
The Passive forcedepends on the stiffness
on the muscle tissue and increasenonlinearly with the length.
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
The Total forceis the sum of passive andactive forces.
Materialresponse: passive stiffness and active contraction
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15Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
v=1/s10/s25/s
[Myers et al 1995]
[Davis et al 2003]
Materialformulations: Passive
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Materialformulations: Passive
Nonlinear elastic
3
1 1
2)1(
2
11
i
n
j
i
j
jJKW j
Ogden Rubber Energy Potential
Parameters obtained from and validated for study on the rabbitTibialis Anterior muscle [Davis et al 2003]
[Ogden 1972]
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
Unidirectional stress
i
i
ii
12
1
1
e
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Materialformulations: Passive
Nonlinear elastic
Viscoelastic
3
1 1
2)1(
2
11
i
n
j
i
j
jJKW j
Ogden Rubber Energy Potential
i
i
ii
12
1
1
[Ogden 1972]
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
Unidirectional stress
n
i
t
i
ieGtG
1
)(
Viscoelasticity
t
klijkl
V
ij tG0
)(
eV
Prony Series
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18Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
Materialformulations: Passive
v=1/s10/s25/s
Ogden
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The Hill-type element
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Materialformulations: Active
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
CECE Active force
Damper
Passive force
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0.0
1.0
0 1 2Lrel
normF
fTL(Lr)Act(t)
FmaxPCSAPeak muscle stress of 50
N/cm2
[Winters and Stark 1988]
The Hill-type element
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Materialformulations: Active
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
CE
FCE= FmaxPCSAAct(t)fTL(Lr)
CE Active force
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CE
The Hill-typeelement
Discrete Muscle Model Continuum Muscle Model
Hill-typecontractileelement
+
CEActive force
Damper
Passive force
Active force
Damper
Passive force
CE
Nonlinear elastic
Viscoelastic
Continuum elements
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Super-positioned Muscle Finite Element (SMFE)
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
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22Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Passive Muscle
Active Muscle
50N
50N
Mechanical properties of muscle tissue
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Introduction
Method
Geometry
Material ModelingEvaluation
Results From Papers
Conclusions
Future Work
3D Modeling of Cervical Musculature and
its Effect on Neck Injury Prevention
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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24Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Evaluation of Muscle Models
Discrete Muscle Model
DMM Continuum Muscle ModelCMM
SMFE Muscle ModelSMFEMM
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Rear end ~4G[Ono et al 1999 and Davidsson et al 1999]
Evaluation of Muscle Models
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Frontal~15G[Ewing et al 1977]
Lateral ~7G[Ewing et al 1977]
Evaluation of Muscle Models
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Introduction
Method
Geometry
Material ModelingEvaluation
Results From Papers
Conclusions
Future Work
3D Modeling of Cervical Musculature and
its Effect on Neck Injury Prevention
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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28Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Paper Aim Method Result
I Analyze importance ofmuscle activation
FE spring neck musclemodel (DMM)
II Measure muscle activationschemes on volunteers
Experimental EMG
III Define material descriptionof passive and active
muscle tissue
FE solid rabbit musclemodel (SMFE)
IV Create a 3D musclegeometry with continuumelements
FE solid neck musclemodel (CMM)
V Evaluate the muscle loadresponse in the solid neckmuscle model
FE solid neck musclemodel(CMM passive)
VI Create an active neckmuscle model withcontinuum elements
FE solid neck musclemodel (SMFEMM)
Papers
Measure muscle activ.schemes on volunteers
Analyze importance ofmuscle activation
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Paper I: The importance of muscle tension on theoutcome of impacts with a major vertical component.
Aim: To analyze how activated cervical musculature protectsthe neck during injurious impacts.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Brolin K., Hedenstierna S., Halldin P., Bass C.R., Alem N. InternationalJournal of Crashworthiness, 13(5): 487-498, 2008.
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Paper I: The importance of muscle tension on theoutcome of impacts with a major vertical component.
Aim: To analyze how activated cervical musculature protectsthe neck during injurious impacts.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Brolin K., Hedenstierna S., Halldin P., Bass C.R., Alem N. InternationalJournal of Crashworthiness, 13(5): 487-498, 2008.
Conclusion: Muscle activation stabilizes the spinal columnduring impacts with a major vertical component,
and reduces the risk of ligament injury at high impactseverities.
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Paper II: Electromyography of Superficial and DeepNeck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary, and
Reflex Contractions.
Aim:To improve knowledge about muscle activation schemesduring voluntary and subjected motions, covering deepand superficial cervical muscles for multiple directions ofmotion.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Siegmund G.P, Blouin J-S, Brault J, Hedenstierna S, Inglis J Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 129(1), 66-77, 2007.
Muscles with EMG electrodes Dynamic sled tests/Static force generation
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32Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Activationtime
Duration
Paper II: EMG in multiple directions
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Paper II: Electromyography of Superficial and DeepNeck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary, and
Reflex Contractions.
Aim:To improve knowledge about muscle activation schemesduring voluntary and subjected motions, covering deepand superficial cervical muscles for multiple directions ofmotion.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Siegmund G.P, Blouin J-S, Brault J, Hedenstierna S, Inglis J Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 129(1), 66-77, 2007.
Conclusion: Muscle activation is directional dependent. Allmuscles except Splenius Capitis, acted consistentlywith their anatomical location.
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34Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Paper Aim Method Result
I Analyze importance ofmuscle activation
FE spring neck musclemodel (DMM)
II Measure muscle activationschemes on volunteers
Experimental EMG
III Define materialdescription of passive
and active muscle tissue
FE solid rabbit musclemodel (SMFE)
IV Create a 3D musclegeometry with continuumelements
FE solid neck musclemodel (CMM)
V Evaluate the muscle loadresponse in the solid neckmuscle model
FE solid neck musclemodel(CMM passive)
VI Create an active neckmuscle model withcontinuum elements
FE solid neck musclemodel (SMFEMM)
Papers
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Paper III:Evaluation of a combination of continuumand truss finite elements in a model of passive and
active muscle tissue.
Aim: To suggest and evaluate a method to model activemuscle tissue with continuum material properties andactive force generation.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S, Halldin P, Brolin K. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 11(6), 627-39, 2008.
Super-positioned Muscle Finite Element
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36Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Eccentric contraction
Concentric contraction
Paper III: SMFE
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Paper III:Evaluation of a combination of continuumand truss finite elements in a model of passive and
active muscle tissue.
Aim: To suggest and evaluate a method to model activemuscle tissue with continuum material properties andactive force generation.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S, Halldin P, Brolin K. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 11(6), 627-39, 2008.
Conclusion: It is possible to model active muscle tissuewith continuum material properties by combiningpassive solid elements and active discrete elements.
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38Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Paper Aim Method Result
I Analyze importance ofmuscle activation
FE spring neck musclemodel (DMM)
II Collect information onmuscle activation
Experimental EMG
III Define material descriptionof passive and active
muscle tissue
FE solid rabbit musclemodel (SMFE)
IV Create a 3D musclegeometry withcontinuum elements
FE solid neck musclemodel (CMM)
V Evaluate the muscle loadresponse in the solid neckmuscle model
FE solid neck musclemodel(CMM passive)
VI Create an active neckmuscle model withcontinuum elements
FE solid neck musclemodel (SMFEMM)
Papers
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Paper IV: How does a Three-Dimensional Continuum MuscleModel Affect the Kinematics and Muscle Strains of a FiniteElement Neck Model Compared to a Discrete Muscle Model in
Rear-End, Frontal, and Lateral Impacts.
Aim: To create and validate a solid model of the neckmuscles including nonlinear and viscoelastic materialproperties.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S, Halldin P. Spine, 33(8), E236-45, 2008.
CMMDMM
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Kinematics: Rear-end Impact
Paper IV: Evaluation of Solid muscle model
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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Kinematics: Lateral Impact
Paper IV: Evaluation of Solid muscle model
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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Kinematics: Frontal Impact
Paper IV: Evaluation of Solid muscle model
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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Paper IV: How does a Three-Dimensional Continuum MuscleModel Affect the Kinematics and Muscle Strains of a FiniteElement Neck Model Compared to a Discrete Muscle Model in
Rear-End, Frontal, and Lateral Impacts.
Aim: To create and validate a solid model of the neckmuscles including nonlinear and viscoelastic materialproperties.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S, Halldin P. Spine, 33(8), E236-45, 2008.
Conclusion: The continuum element muscle modelstabilizes the vertebral column compared to thespring muscle model, and improves the biofidelityof the neck model.
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44Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Paper Aim Method Result
I Analyze importance ofmuscle activation
FE spring neck musclemodel (DMM)
II Collect information onmuscle activation
Experimental EMG
III Define material descriptionof passive and active
muscle tissue
FE solid rabbit musclemodel (SMFE)
IV Create a 3D musclegeometry with continuumelements
FE solid neck musclemodel (CMM)
V Evaluate the muscleload response in thesolid neck muscle model
FE solid neck musclemodel(CMM passive)
VI Create an active neckmuscle model withcontinuum elements
FE solid neck musclemodel (SMFEMM)
Papers
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Paper V: Neck Muscle Load Distribution in Lateral,Frontal and Rear-end Impact; a 3D Finite Element
Analysis.
Aim: To study how the load distribution in the cervicalmuscles varies as a function of impact severity andimpact direction, using the model developed anddescribed in Paper IV.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S, Halldin P, Siegmund G.P. Submitted for publication, 1-16
Green Effective StrainInternal EnergyCross Sectional Force
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46Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Paper V: Cross Sectional Forces vs. EMG activity
FRONTAL
LATERAL
REAR-END
Kumar
Schldt
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Cross Sectional ForceREAR-END IMPACT
t=0.13
t=0.072
Paper V: Muscle Load during impact
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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Green Effective Strain
REAR-END IMPACT
Paper V: Muscle Load during impact
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Paper V: Neck Muscle Load Distribution in Lateral,Frontal and Rear-end Impact; a 3D Finite ElementAnalysis.
Aim: To study how the load distribution in the cervicalmuscles varies as a function of impact severity andimpact direction, using the model developed anddescribed in Paper IV.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S, Halldin P, Siegmund G.P. Submitted for publication, 1-16
Conclusion: The muscle load predicted by the model issensitive to load direction and severity.
The resulting local strains and global energies/forcespredicts different load distributions.
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50Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Paper Aim Method Result
I Analyze importance ofmuscle activation
FE spring neck musclemodel (DMM)
II Collect information onmuscle activation
Experimental EMG
III Define material descriptionof passive and active
muscle tissue
FE solid rabbit musclemodel (SMFE)
IV Create a 3D musclegeometry with continuumelements
FE solid neck musclemodel (CMM)
V Evaluate the muscle loadresponse in the solid neckmuscle model
FE solid neck musclemodel(CMM passive)
VI Create an active neckmuscle model withcontinuum elements
FE solid neck musclemodel (SMFEMM)
Papers
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Paper VI: Development of an active solid neckmuscle FE model and its influence on neck injuryprediction.
Aim: To study the effect of incorporated active muscle forcesin the solid element model of the cervical musculature onneck kinematics, using the materials described in PaperIIIin the solid musculature model described in Papers IV
and V.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S.Manuscript, 1-15
SMFEMMCMM
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Paper VI: Active Continuum Muscle Model with SMFE
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
CMM SMFEMM
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Paper VI: Active Continuum Muscle Model with SMFE
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
CMM SMFEMM
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Global Vertebral Rotations: Rear-end
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Paper VI: Active Continuum Muscle Model with SMFE
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Paper VI: Development of an active solid neckmuscle FE model and its influence on neck injuryprediction.
Aim: To study the effect of incorporated active muscle forcesin the solid element model of the cervical musculature onneck kinematics, using the materials described in PaperIIIin the solid musculature model described in Papers IV
and V.
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Hedenstierna S.Manuscript, 1-15
Conclusion: The SMFEMM gives a more realisticresponse than the CMM and DMM, and thekinematics are closer to volunteer data.
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Introduction
Method
Geometry
Material ModelingEvaluation
Results From Papers
Conclusions
Future Work
3D Modeling of Cervical Musculature and
its Effect on Neck Injury Prevention
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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Conclusions
The solid elements stabilizes and restricts themotion of the vertebral column compared to thespring muscle model
The load distribution between muscles reflects the
different impact directions and severities applied The solid muscle model visualizes muscle
dynamics and strains in an easy perceptual way
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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Introduction
Method
Geometry
Material ModelingEvaluation
Results From Papers
Conclusions
Future Work
3D Modeling of Cervical Musculature and
its Effect on Neck Injury Prevention
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
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Future Work
Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Boundaryconditions
The stability of theSMFE
Myotendinous-junctions/insertion
Muscle activation
A female version
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60Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
THANK
YOU!
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61Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
I. The importance of muscle tension on the outcome of impacts with a major verticalcomponent. Brolin K., Hedenstierna S., Halldin P., Bass C.R., Alem N. International Journal of Crashworthiness,13(5): 487-498, 2008.
II. Electromyography of Superficial and Deep Neck Muscles During Isometric, Voluntary,and Reflex Contractions. Siegmund G.P., Blouin J.S., Brault J.R., Hedenstierna S., Inglis J.T. Journal ofBiomechanical Engineering, 129(1), 66-77, 2007.
III. Evaluation of a combination of continuum and truss finite elements in a model ofpassive and active muscle tissue. Hedenstierna S., Halldin P., Brolin K. Computer Methods in Biomechanics
and Biomedical Engineering, 11(6), 627-39, 2008.
IV. How does a Three-Dimensional Continuum Muscle Model Affect the Kinematics andMuscle Strains of a Finite Element Neck Model Compared to a Discrete Muscle Model inRear-End, Frontal, and Lateral Impacts. Hedenstierna S., Halldin P. Spine, 33(8), E236-45, 2008.
V. Neck Muscle Load Distribution in Lateral, Frontal and Rear-end Impact; a 3D FiniteElement Analysis. Hedenstierna S., Halldin P., Siegmund G.P. Submitted for publication, 1-16
VI. Development of an active solid neck muscle FE model and its influence on neck injuryprediction. Hedenstierna S.Manuscript, 1-15
Papers
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62Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Flexion 15g: Passive CMM and active SMFE
Passive
Active
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63Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Extension 4g: Passive CMM and active SMFE
Passive
Active
Passive DMM
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64Sofia HedenstiernaDivision of Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health
Lateral 7g: Passive CMM and active CMM
Passive
Active
Passive DMM
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v(t)
Frontal impact
Muscle Activation
Degree of activation over time
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Activationtime
Duration
Paper II: EMG in multiple directions
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Peak headrot (deg)
DMM pas 80
CMM pas 67
CMM act 49
SMFEMM 46
Peak Head rotation relative T1