. . . . 3D-/4D-/Inkjet-Printed Flexible RF Sensors and Modules for Smart Automotive Applications Manos M. Tentzeris Ken Byers Professor in Flexible Electronics School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Email: [email protected]
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3D-/4D-/Inkjet-Printed Flexible RF Sensors and Modules for Smart
Automotive Applications
Manos M. Tentzeris
Ken Byers Professor in Flexible Electronics
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
COSMOS Computational Skins for Multifunctional Objects and Systems
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Strategic Needs
Vehicles connected to WiFi and providing cellular feeding WiFi hotpots connectivity for passengers
5G in Consumer Products: smartphones, IoTand Security
Security
imaging
Aircraft navigation radar
Mobile backhaul comm.(E-band: 70, 80, 90GHz)
5G network [*]
5G and mm wave
Increasing automotive, IoT, Smart City communication needs:• Higher automation levels,• Avalanche of wireless communication
traffic volume and massive growth • 10-100x higher data rates 4G LTE
Enable the functionality of: Enhanced Cognitive Intelligence Automated driving with safety Intelligent navigation In-car smartphone-like infotainment
(Information Society on the road) Predictive Maintenance Digitalization of transport and logistics (e.g.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS))
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Strategic Needs II
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X): Any communication involving a vehicle as a source or destination of a message:• Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V)• Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I)• Vehicle-to-Network (V2N)• Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P)
limitation (compared to 36 dBm for UHF RFID readers)
• Small cells (300-500m radius)
• Mm-wave• Beamforming
• Spatial multiplexing
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Internet of Things
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Enabling Technologies in the future
BGA
BGA
Filter AntennaCavit
Micro-BGA
Structure MCM-L
en LCP Puces digitales et MMICMEMS
Switch, inductanceÉ
MCM-L
Glass Digital & Analog IC
RF MEMS
Switch & Inductor
Hermetic Packaging
FPGA#1
FPGA#2
Transceiver
MUX/DEMU
X
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3D Integrated Platforms
Sensor node Comm. nodePower management
Nanowire Sensor
Multi-mode Nanowire Interface for Sensing/Energy Harvesting/storing
Nanowire Battery
Multi-mode Wireless Interface for Comm. and Energy Harvesting
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Wireless Interface for Comm/Sensor/Power
Nanowire Energy Harvest
Electronic Interface for Nanowire
RF/Digital Substrate
Si-CMOS+ Substrate
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Main Challenges for Automotive FHE
Explore novel designs, materials, processes and 3D packaging structures and RF components to build 5G-enabled modules that accommodate V2X, IoT, SS, SC applications with superiority over LTCC and organic packages in terms of:
• First time reported Gigabit backscatter data rates (> 4 Gbps)
• Extreme energy efficiency < 0.15 pJ/bit
• 3-4 orders of magnitude beyond current RFIDs
J. Kimionis and M.M. Tentzeris, “Millimeter-wave Backscatter: A Quantum Leap for Gigabit Commu- nication, RF Sensing, and Wearables,” in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) 2017, Honolulu, HI, USA, Jun. 2017. S. Daskalakis, J. Kimionis, A. Collado, M.M. Tentzeris, and A. Georgiadis, “Ambient FM Backscattering for Smart Agricultural Monitoring,” in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) 2017, Honolulu, HI, USA, Jun. 2017.
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High-datarate backscatter
mm-Wave advantages
• Miniaturization
• High antenna gains
• 5G frequencies
• FCC high power boundaries
• Huge bandwidth
• Backscatter OFDM
• Real-time data transmission
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Smart Computational Skins
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Van-Atta reflect-array: Advantages
• Unique combination of properties
• Arbitrarily high RCS (fully scalable)
• Largely angle independent monostatic response
• Cross-polarized response
• Reader system consequences
• High frequency operable (unused bands)
• High gain, compact, reader antennas (long range)
Operational advantages Unprecedented (angle independent) reading range (1km+)
Extremely high clutter-induced-interference isolation
Compactness
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Printed mm-Wave Chip-less RFID/Humidity Sensor
• Fully printed mm-wave passive system inkjet-printed Van-Atta reflect-array, consisting of 25 patch antennas on a surface Range finder, RFID, and humidity sensor
• Over a range of 140° variation of the angle of incidence of the interrogation signal, the RCS varied only by 10 dB, even for flexed configurations
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25-Patch Van-Atta reflect array printed on Kapton. The area similar to a credit card or
traditional RFID cardResonance frequency shifts from 27–31.5 GHz with
100–0% relative humidity, respectivelyTesting environment. Max range was limited by
Measured sensitivity of rGO sensors (green) and reference NH3 concentration (blue)
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Flexible SIW Microfluidics Sensors
• Wearable sensing platform
• Ultra flexible
• 3D printed
• Low cost
• Customized
• Flexible
• Sensing capability
• Microfluidics liquid sensing
Wenjing Su, Zihan Wu, Yunnan Fang, Ryan Bahr, Markondeya Raj Pulugurtha, Rao Tummala, and Manos M. Tentzeris, "3D Printed Wearable Flexible SIW and Microfluidics Sensors for Internet of Things and Smart Health Applications", IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2017, accepted
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Mathematically Inspired 3D printing
• Modified Surface for improved electrolessdeposition of pure copper
• Voronoi Tessellation
• Leads to low cost, easily applicable to any design for exposed sensors
• Fractal 3D Antenna
• Near impossible to fabricate without additive manufacturing (AM).
• Demonstrates multiple resonances for a multi-band antenna
Ryan Bahr, Yunnan Fang, Wenjing Su, Bijan Tehrani, Valentina Palazzi, and Manos M. Tentzeris, "Novel Uniquely 3D Printed Intricate
Voronoi and Fractal 3D Antennas", IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2017, accepted
• Converts Wireless Power in air due to cell and TV signals into usable DC• Antenna: Converts E-field in air to RF sine wave• RF Charge Pump: Converts RF Sine Wave and steps it up to higher DC Voltage • Charge Tank 100uF Capacitor: Stores harvested RF Power • Power Management Unit: Works with Microcontroller firmware to • BATTERY-LESS
Inkjet Printed version
on paper
FR-4
version
R.Vyas et al., “A Battery-Less, Energy Harvesting Device for Long Range Scavenging of
Wireless Power from Terrestrial TV Broadcasts”, IEEE International Microwave
Symposium, June 2012
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RF energy harvesting for on-body communication/sensing
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• Wearable flexible backscattering capable on-body communication/sensing platform powered by energy harvester for two-way talk radio
Range Test
Maximum Range: 17 m
Different rooms with door
closed: 8 m
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RF/Solar Powered Smart Skins for Structural Health Monitoring
• Novel Antenna based smart skins detect strains and cracks in civil structures
• Remotely interrogated using novel RF reader
• Reader uses 2.9 GHz to remotely interrogate tag. Tag returns strain information using 5.8GHz for better strain sensitivity
• Uses Solar Powered Frequency doubling mechanism for long range
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Solar Powered Smart Skins for Structural Health Monitoring
• Latest prototypes show capability to detect 20 u-strain
• Range extended to 10 meters through the use of Solar Power
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3D-Printed Antenna with Arbitrary Embedded Cavity for Directional Strain Sensing
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ENERGY AND BANDWIDTH EFFICIENT SENSORS
• Sensor front-ends for increased spectral efficiency
• Nanowatt-microwatt operation
• Low bias voltage 0-2V
• Can be directly interfaced to low-power microcontrollers for sensing and communication
Vbias
PIN diodeMicrostrip DC block
Term
L=270 nH
L=245 mil
W=43.19 mil C=470 pF
Z=50 Ω
RF block
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ENERGY AND BANDWIDTH EFFICIENT SENSORS• Wired and wireless measurements with software-defined radio receiver
• Significantly reduced bandwidth compared to rectangular pulses
• More than 35 dB out-of-band suppression compared to rectangular pulses
• Can fit more sensors in the band, or transmit higher data rates (Gb/sec) from single sensor/matrix of sensors
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InkJet Printed MCM Prototype
• Compact module utilizing inkjet printing for next gen inkjet printed MCM packaging
• CC2520 IEEE 802.15.4/ZIGBEE RF Transceiver
• CC2592 Range Extender
• Integrated 2.4 GHz PIFA Antenna
• Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) Substrate
• 0402 SMD components (1x.5 mm)
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Demonstrated Prototype
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4D-Printed Origami-Enabled Sensor Node
• Origami systems – able to fold and reconfigure to deploy in field and alter performance
• Shape memory polymers (SMPs) allow for reconfigurability with the influence of external stimuli (heat, current, etc)
• SMP (TangoBlack/VeroWhite blend) hinges exposed to thermal treatment (50~60 °C) allowing for folding and shaping, holds shape when returning to ambient
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Multi-Port Wireless Harvesting
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Flexible Waveguides & Interconnects/ 3D Antenna “Tree” /
4D “Origami” Broadband Flexible FSS / Zero-Power Wearables [to be announced in IEEE IMS 2017, June 2017]