39 A study of Platyplectrus Ferriere (Hymenoptera-Eulophidae) in mainland China

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A study of Platyplectrus Ferrière(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) inmainland ChinaChao-Dong Zhu a & Da-Wei Huang Corresponding author aa Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing,100080, ChinaVersion of record first published: 25 May 2010.

To cite this article: Chao-Dong Zhu & Da-Wei Huang Corresponding author (2004): A studyof Platyplectrus Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in mainland China , Journal of NaturalHistory, 38:17, 2183-2209

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A study of Platyplectrus Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) inmainland China

CHAO-DONG ZHU and DA-WEI HUANG*

Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080,

China

(Accepted 14 March 2003)

This paper reviews the Chinese species of Platyplectrus Ferriere. Twelve validspecies are recognized from mainland China and a key to species is provided.Trichoplectrus Erdos (1951) is newly synonymized with Metaplectrus Ferriere(1941) and three new combinations are proposed: Metaplectrus szepligetii(Erdos) from Platyplectrus, Platyplectrus bussy (Crawford) from Euplectrus andP. politus (Lin) from Metaplectrus. Four species of Platyplectrus were knownpreviously from China: P. politus (Lin), P. odontogaster (Lin), P. papillata Linand P. medius Zhu and Huang. Six species, P. bussyi (Crawford), P. laeviscuta(Thomson), P. natadae Ferriere, P. orthocraspedae Ferriere, P. pannonica (Erdos)and P. viridiceps (Ferriere) are newly recorded from China and re-described.Five new species, P. pulcher, P. setulosus, P. peculiaris, P. obtusiclavatus and P.variflagellum are described and compared with related species. Several species arealso newly recorded from other regions: P. orthocraspedae Ferriere from theAfrotropical region, P. bussyi (Crawford) and P. laeviscuta (Thomson) from theAustralian/Pacific region, P. laeviscuta (Thomson) from the Oriental region andP. viridiceps from the Palearctic region.

KEYWORDS: Taxonomy, Platyplectrus, review, new species, new combination, newsynonym, China.

Introduction

Zhu and Huang (2000) revised the Chinese species of Euplectromorpha Girault.

In that paper, they discussed the relationships between genera of Euplectrini, gave

a key to the genera of Euplectrini and provided a checklist that included all species

transferred from Euplectromorpha to Platyplectrus. In the key to Chinese genera,

Platyplectrus was differentiated from Metaplectrus by following three features:

(1) hind tibia with two spurs, of which both more than 1.6 times as long as

basitarsomere; (2) hind basitarsomere much longer than second tarsomere; and (3)

propodeum without plicae. Recent examinations of more materials from many

Journal of Natural HistoryISSN 0022-2933 print/ISSN 1464-5262 online # 2004 Taylor & Francis Ltd

http://www.tandf.co.uk/journalsDOI: 10.1080/00222930310001618903

*To whom correspondence is addressed; e-mail: [email protected].

JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 2004, 38, 2183–2209

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other countries have showed that these features are not truly differential. Most

species of Platyplectrus have an elongate hind basitarsomere, much longer than the

second tarsomere, but it is at most 0.7 times the length of the second tarsomere in

one species from Australia. Many species of Platyplectrus also have the hind tibial

spurs much longer than the basitarsomere, sometimes extending beyond the second

tarsomere, but some species have the spurs at most 1.2 times the length of the

basitarsomere. Recently, the senior author also discovered that some species of

Metaplectrus lack plicae on the propodeum. Thus, we consider the number of hind

tibial spurs, one in Metaplectrus and two in Platyplectrus, to be the only stable

character to distinguish between the two genera. Both genera differ from Euplectrus

by having sublateral grooves on scutellum (Boucek, 1988; Zhu and Huang, 2000) or

by having the area between paired scutellar setae distinct from the area lateral to

the setae.

The Old World fauna of Platyplectrus includes three species previously recorded

from the Afrotropical region and we newly record P. orthocraspedae Ferriere, which

is previously recorded only from the Oriental region, from South Africa and

Tanganyika. Girault, Dodd and Ferriere have described 10 species from the

Australian/Pacific region and in this paper we newly record P. bussyi (Crawford)

and P. laeviscuta (Thomson) from this region. Lin (1963) described Metaplectrus

politus from Taiwan. He did not mention in this text how many hind tibial spurs

this species possessed, but his drawing (Lin, 1963: figure 104) showed two. We

examined many specimens from his collection in Taiwan Agricultural Research

Institute (TARI), but could not locate type material of the species. Based on his

drawing, we transfer this species to Platyplectrus as P. politus (Lin) comb. nov. We

also described five new species from South China and newly record P. laeviscuta

and P. pannonica (Erdos) from China. Thus, Platyplectrus is most diverse in

the Oriental region (table 1). Ten species of Platyplectrus are recognized in

the Palearctic region. Erdos (1951) described Euplectromorpha szepligetii from

Hungary, as the type species of Euplectromorpha (Trichoplectrus). Boucek and

Graham (1978) subsequently recognized Trichoplectrus as a valid genus, but Boucek

(1988) latter transferred E. szepligetii to Platyplectrus. Recently, the senior author

examined the type material of E. szepligetii, deposited in Hungarian Natural

History Museum (HNHM), and discovered this species has only a single hind tibial

spur. We therefore transfer the species to Metaplectrus, as M. szepligetii (Erdos)

comb. nov. and synonomize Trichoplectrus with Metaplectrus syn. nov. In total, 44

species of Platyplectrus are recognized world-wide (table 1).

In this paper, we review the species of Platyplectrus from mainland China and

recognize 12 species. Three other species currently recorded only from Taiwan

(table 1) are not included in the study. For the original description of some species

which are too brief and incomparable, we re-describe them newly recorded from

mainland China.

Material and methods

Depositories. This study is based on specimens from the following collections:(1) Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS); (2) the Natural

History Museum, London, UK (BMNH); (3) Insect Collection, Taiwan Agricul-

tural Research Institute (TARI); (4) Systematic Entomology, Faculty of Agricul-

ture, Hokkaido University (SEHU); and (5) Canadian National Collection of

2184 Chao-Dong Zhu and Da-Wei Huang

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Table 1. Checklist of world Platyplectrus Ferriere.

Afrotropical region1. P. capensis Ferriere, 1941 South Africa2. P. ornatus Ferriere, 1941 South Africa; Tanzania

P. orthocraspedae Ferriere, 1941{ South Africa; Tanganyika3. E. pallida Boucek, 1966 Ivory Coast

Australian/Pacific region4. P. aereiceps (Girault, 1915) Australia: Queensland5. P. aligheri (Girault, 1927) Australia: Queensland

P. bussyi (Crawford, 1911) Australia6. P. cadaverosus (Girault, 1928) Australia: Queensland

P. laeviscuta (Thomson, 1878){ Australia7. P. magniventris (Girault, 1915) Australia: Queensland8. P. malandaensis (Girault, 1913) Australia: Queensland9. P. nigrifemur (Girault, 1913) Australia: Queensland

10. P. rugulosus (Girault, 1928) Australia: Queensland11. P. salomonis (Ferriere, 1941) Solomon Islands12. P. variegatus (Girault, 1915) Australia: Queensland, New

South Wales13. P. variicolor (Dodd, 1917) Australia: Queensland

Nearctic region14. P. americana (Girault, 1917) USA: Maryland

Oriental region15. P. bussyi (Crawford, 1911){ India; Indonesia; Vietnam; China:

Guangxi16. P. coracinus Wijesekara and Schauff Sri Lanka17. P. flavus Wijesekara and Schauff Sri Lanka18. P. gannoruwaensis Wijesekara and Schauff Sri Lanka19. P. kuriani (Chandy Kurian, 1954) India

P. laeviscuta (Thomson, 1878){ Malaysia; Papua New Guinea;Vietnam; China: Fujian, Guangxi,Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Hainan,Taiwan, Yunnan, Tibet

P. medius Zhu and Huang{ China: Hainan20. P. melinus Wijesekara and Schauff Sri Lanka21. P. natadae Ferriere, 1941 Sri Lanka; China: Hainan22. P. odontogaster (Lin, 1963) China: Taiwan23. P. orthocraspedae Ferriere, 1941{ Indonesia; Maldives; China: Hainan,

Guangxi; VietnamP. pannonica (Erdos, 1966){ China: Hunan, Yunnan, Tibet

24. P. papillata Lin, 1963 China: Taiwan25. P. peculiaris sp. nov. China: Taiwan; Malaysia26. P. philippinensis (Ashmead, 1904) Philippines27. P. politus (Lin, 1963), Comb. nov. China: Taiwan28. P. pulcher sp. nov. China: Hubei29. P. rugosus (Crawford, 1915) Philippines30. P. setulosus sp. nov. China: Fujian31. P. taprobanes (Gadd, 1945) Sri Lanka32. P. truncatus Wijesekara and Schauff, 1994 Sri Lanka33. P. viridiceps (Ferriere, 1940){ India; Indonesia; Malaysia; Vietnam;

China: Fujian, Hubei, Hainan,Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan

34. P. variflagellum sp. nov. China: Fujian35. P. obtusiclavatus sp. nov. China: Yunnan

Palaearctic region36. P. babarabicus (Myartseva, 1989) Turkmenistan

A study of Platyplectrus Ferriere 2185

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Insects (CNC), Ottawa, Canada. Others include United States Natural History

Museum (USNM) and Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM).Methods. Morphological terms follow Gibson (1997). Description Language

of Taxonomy (DELTA) by Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz et al. (1993 onwards,

1999 onwards) were used to record and store all results of observation, produce

description, and make conventional keys and interactive keys to species. How-

ever, the description has been modified manually. Countries marked with an

asterisk (*) under ‘distribution’ in the species treatments indicate new records.

Genus Platyplectrus Ferriere

Platyplectrus Ferriere, 1941: 20. Type species: Platyplectrus natadae (Ferriere).Autoplectrus Gadd, 1945: 336. Type species: Autoplectrus taprobanes Gadd; by

monotypy. Synonymized by Boucek, 1988: 634.

Diagnosis. Propodeum not areolate, with one strong median carina (figures 5,

21, 32); scutellum with sublateral grooves straight, or curved inwards sub-

basally, or curved inwards to meet with each other posteriorly (figures 5, 20, 31,

32, 42, 43, 60, 62, 64, 68); hind with two tibial spurs, with at least one longer

than basitarsomere in most cases (figure 10); notauli distinct, reaching scutoscu-

tellar suture (figures 5, 20, 31, 43).Remarks. Boucek (1988) listed Trichoplectrus as another synonym of Platy-

plectrus, but for the reasons given above, we treat it as a synonym of Metaplec-

trus. Anelli present in all studied species of Platyplectrus from China, but it is

absent in one Sri Lankan species (Wijesekara and Schauff, 1994).Study of Chinese Platyplectrus revealed several external morphological features

useful for distinguishing between the species, genera of Euplectrini, and between the

tribes Euplectrini and Elachertini. At the species level, the following differentiating

features appear stable and easy to use: (1) occiput rounded off (figures 3, 27, 50, 53,

56, 63) or distinctly margined with a transverse carina (figures 55, 57, 59, 61, 65); (2)

post-occipital carina present (figures 3, 14) or absent (figures 27, 39); (3) pronotum

rounded off into neck (figures 6, 20, 33, 44, 68) or with distinct transverse carina

(figures 6, 49, 54); (4) scutellum smooth (figures 5, 31, 43) or sculptured (figure 21);

(5) scutellum with sublateral grooves straight till the posterior end (figure 5) or

Table 1. (Continued).

37. P. bouceki (Erdos, 1966) Czech Republic; Hungary; Italy;Moldova; Turkey

38. P. chlorocephalus (Nees, 1834) Czech Republic; Germany; Poland39. P. japonicus (Ashmead, 1904) Japan40. P. laeviscuta (Thomson, 1878){ France; Hungary; Italy; Japan;

Moldova; South Korea; Spain;Sweden; UK

41. P. medius Zhu and Huang{ South Korea; Japan42. P. orientalis Yefremova and Myartseva, 1993 Turkmenistan43. P. orthocraspedae Ferriere, 1941{ China: Beijing44. P. pannonica (Erdos, 1966){ France; Germany; Hungary; Italy;

Spain; Yugoslavia; China: BeijingP. viridiceps (Ferriere, 1940){ China: Beijing

{Species occurs in more than one region.


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posteriorly curved inwards to meet medially (figures 20, 31, 32, 42, 43, 60, 62, 64,

68); (6) sublateral grooves on scutellum narrow (figures 5, 31, 32, 43, 62, 64, 68)

or broad (figures 20, 21, 60); and (7) petiole elongate (figures 8, 9, 47) or transverse

(figure 24), or even not apparent. There are also some other features that differ

FIGS 1–12. P. laeviscuta (Thomson). (1) Frontal view of head. (2) Frontal view of lowerface. (3) Posterior view of head. (4) Posterior view of mouth parts. (5) Dorsal view ofmesosoma. (6) Lateral view of mesosoma. (7) Ventral view of mesosoma. (8) Ventralview of petiole. (9) Dorsal view of petiole. (10) Apex of hind tibia. (11) Dorsal view ofmetasoma and petiole. (12) Forewing.


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between species, but which require very careful examination with a high-quality

light microscope or scanning electron microscope (SEM). For example, sublateral

grooves on scutellum maybe smooth or sculptured at bottom (figure 21). At the

generic level, differential features include: (1) lateral flaps present at mouth corners

FIGS 13–24. P. orthocraspedae Ferriere. (13) Frontal view of head. (14) Posterior view oflower face. (15) Frontal view of lower face. (16) Female antenna. (17) Male antenna.(18) Male scape. (19) Anelli. (20) Dorsal view of mesosoma. (21) Dorsal view ofposterior part of scutellum, dorsellum and propodeum. (22) Ventral view ofpropleuron. (23) Ventral view of mesosoma. (24) Dorsal view of metasoma.


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of Platyplectrus (figures 2, 15, 26, 38), Aroplectrus and Euplectrus, but absent from

studied Euplectromorpha (see Zhu and Huang, 2000: figure 9); (2) ventral plaque

present at inner margins of antennal scape of some males of Platyplectrus (figure 18)

and many males of Euplectrus (see Gonzalez, 1984). Features from both the lateral

and ventral parts of the mesosoma, especially the carinae on the ventral parts

of propodeum (figures 7, 23, 34, 35, 45, 46), support a closer relationship of

Euplectrini with Elachertini than to Eulophini and Ophelimini (Zhu and Huang,

2001). Besides, there are some other features which have proved to be useful in

recent comparative morphological study (unpublished data), but these characters

FIGS 25–36. P. setulosus sp. nov. (25) Frontal view of head. (26) Frontal view of lower face.(27) Posterior view of head. (28) Posterior view of mouth parts. (29) Antenna. (30)Anelli. (31) Dorsal view of mesosoma. (32) Dorsal view of posterior part of scutellum,dorsallum and propodeum. (33) Lateral view of mesosoma. (34) Ventral view ofmesosoma. (35) Ventral view of propodeum. (36) Apex of hind tibia.


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have to be observed from the posterior part of head (figures 3, 4, 14, 27, 28, 39),

lateral part of body (figures 6, 33, 44) or ventral part of body (figures 7, 8, 22, 23,

34, 35, 46). Thus, with sufficient materials, we pulled the head and the legs apart

FIGS 37–48. P. viridiceps (Ferriere). (37) Frontal view of head. (38) Frontal view of lowerface. (39) Posterior view of head. (40) Female antenna. (41) Anelli. (42) Dorsal view ofposterior part of scutellum, dorsellum, propodeum, petiole and part of metasoma. (43)Dorsal view of mesosoma. (44) Lateral view of mesosoma. (45) Ventral view ofmesosoma. (46) Ventral view of propodeum. (47) Lateral view of petiole. (48) Apex ofhind tibia.


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from the body and treated each part for SEM observations. As we did SEM

observations on only parts of the studied species, we did not include these

morphological characters in the diagnosis or description of each species. However,

we include them in the plates for future comparisons.Recent examination of Platyplectrus from all over the world demonstrates

considerable variation in structure of the sublateral grooves on scutellum. In some

instances, when the scutellum is strongly rugose, rugulose or reticulate, there is no

FIGS 49–59. (49–52) P. bussyi (Crawford). (49) Dorsal view of head and pronotum. (50)Lateral view of head and antenna. (51) Dorsal view of scutellum. (52) Hind leg.(53–54) P. laeviscuta (Thomson). (53) Lateral view of head and antenna. (54) Dorsalview of pronotum and mesoscutum. (55, 56) P. pannonica (Erdos). (55) Lateral view ofhead and antenna. (56) Dorsal view of head. (57, 58) P. obtusiclatatus sp. nov. (57)Lateral view of head and antenna, pronotum. (58) Lateral view of propodeal mediancarina. (59) P. peculiaris sp. nov., lateral view of head and antenna.


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delimitation between the grooves and the area lateral to the grooves. However, the

area between the paired scutellar setae always differs from the area lateral to the

setae in Platyplectrus, unlike in Euplectrus. For this reason, we transfer Euplectrus

bussyi to Platyplectrus.Distribution. All except for Neotropical regions.

FIGS 60–66. (60) P. peculiaris sp. nov., dorsal view of mesoscutum, scutellum, dorsellum andpropodeum. (61, 62) P. pulcher sp. nov. (61) Lateral view of head and antenna. (62)Dorsal view of scutellum. (63, 64) P. setulosus sp. nov. (63) Lateral view of head andantenna. (64) Dorsal view of scutellum. (65, 66) P. variflagellum sp. nov. (65) Lateralview of head and antenna. (66) Hind leg.


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Key to species of Platyplectrus in China

1 Occiput rounded (figures 3, 27, 39, 50, 53, 56, 63, 68) . . . . . . . . . 2– Occiput sharply margined (figures 55, 57, 59, 61, 65) . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 Pronotum without distinct transverse carina anteriorly (figures 33, 44, 68) . . . 3– Pronotum with distinct transverse carina anteriorly (figures 6, 49, 54, 57) . . . . 5

3 Mesosoma and head completely dark; mid lobe of mesoscutum with setae all over

the dorsum (figures 31, 43, 68); mid lobe of mesoscutum mostly without

longitudinal median carina (figures 5, 31, 43, 54, 57, 68) (except P. orthocraspedae);

post-occipital carina absent (figures 27, 39, 50, 53, 59, 61, 63, 65) . . . . . 4– Mesosoma and head at least partly yellow (figure 57); mid lobe of mesoscutum

without setae at least medially (figures 5, 20, 54) or anteriorly and posteriorly; mid

lobe of mesoscutum with longitudinal median carina (figure 20); post-occipital

carina present (figures 3, 14, 57). . . . . . P. medius Zhu and Huang, 2002

4 Dark parts on head metallic green; propodeal median carina at least translucent

along margins, thus appearing yellow; clava 1.9–3 times as long as broad

(figures 40, 67); axillae bare (figure 43) . . . . . P. viridiceps (Ferriere, 1941)

FIGS 67–70. P. viridiceps (Ferriere). (67) Antenna. (68) Dorsal view of body. (69) Hind leg(material from Hubei). (70) Hind leg (material from Beijing).


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– Dark parts on head not metallic or green; propodeal median carina concolorous

to other parts of the propodeum; clava around 1.2–1.6 times as long as broad

(figures 29, 63); axillae with setae (figures 31, 64) . . . . P. setulosus sp. nov.

5 Head and mesosoma at least partly dark; hind legs at least partly dark; mid lobe

of mesoscutum without longitudinal median carina (figure 5); mid lobe of

mesoscutum with raised reticulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6– Head and mesosoma completely yellow; hind legs completely yellow; mid lobe of

mesoscutum with longitudinal median carina (figure 20); mid lobe of mesoscutum

with engraved reticulations (figure 20) . . . . P. orthocraspedae Ferriere, 1941

6 Clava 1.9–3 times as long as broad; scutellum smooth (figure 5); funicular segments

all longer than broad; funicle with segments not becoming shorter and broader

towards clava simultaneously. . . . . . . . P. laeviscuta Thomson, 1878– Clava around 1.2–1.6 times as long as broad (figure 50); scutellum sculptured

(figure 51); funicle with F1 and F2 slightly longer than broad, other segments

transverse; funicle with segments becoming shorter and broader apically . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . P. bussyi (Crawford, 1911), comb. nov.

7 Pronotum without distinct transverse carina anteriorly; post-occipital carina absent;

scape yellow; axillae sculptured; scutellum sculptured; propodeal median carina not

elongate tongue-like (see figures 5, 20, 21, 32, 42) . . . . . . . . . . 8– Pronotum with distinct transverse carina anteriorly (figure 57); post-occipital carina

present (figure 57); scape at least partly dark; axillae smooth; scutellum smooth;

propodeal median carina raised into translucent, elongate tongue-like (figure 58) .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

8 Head completely dark; hind legs at least partly dark; pedicel dark; axillae with setae;

area lateral to the sublateral grooves sculptured . . . . . . . . . . . 9– Head at least partly yellow; hind legs completely yellow; pedicel yellow; axillae bare;

area lateral to the sublateral grooves smooth . . . . . . . . . . . 10

9 Dark parts on head not green; clava obtuse (figure 65); mesosoma at least partly

yellow; dark parts on head non-metallic; flagellum with at least base of 1st funicular

segments paler than others . . . . . . . . . P. variflagellum sp. nov.– Dark parts on head green; clava acute (figure 55); mesosoma completely dark; dark

parts on head metallic; flagellum concolorous . . . P. pannonica (Erdos, 1966)

10 Clava 1.9–3 times as long as broad; mid lobe of mesoscutum at least partly dark;

axillae at least partly dark; scutellum with longitudinal median carina (figure 60);

scutellum with several transverse carinae originating from median carina to

grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. peculiaris sp. nov.– Clava around 1.2–1.6 times as long as broad; mid lobe of mesoscutum completely

yellow; axillae completely yellow; scutellum without longitudinal median carina

(figure 62); scutellum without transverse carinae originating from median carina to

grooves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. pulcher sp. nov.

11 Clava acute, 1.9–3 times as long as broad; pronotum dark between transverse carina

and neck; mid lobe of mesoscutum completely yellow; scutellum with sublateral

grooves broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. natadae Ferriere, 1941– Clava obtuse (figure 57), around 1.2–1.6 times as long as broad; pronotum mostly

dark, with two symmetrical yellow patches on dorsum (figure 57); mid lobe of

mesoscutum at least partly dark; scutellum with sublateral grooves narrow . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. obtusiclavatus sp. nov.

P. bussyi (Crawford, 1911), comb. nov.(figures 49–52)

Euplectrus bussyi Crawford, 1911: 279. Holotype ”, India (USNM, not

examined).


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Diagnosis. Head completely dark. Funicle with segments becoming shorter

and broader apically, with F1 1.0–1.1 times as long as broad, other segments

transverse. Clava medially broader than funicle, about 1.2–1.6 times as long as

broad. Pronotum with longitudinal, parallel, short carinae attaching to transverse

carinae. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with raised reticulation. Scutellum without

sublateral grooves. Propodeal median carina not raised.Description. Head completely black; occiput rounded off; post-occipital carina

present. Scape and pedicel yellow. Flagellum concolorous. Funicle with F1

slightly longer than broad, other segments transverse, with F4 samely separated

from F3 and clava, and distinctly four-segmented, with segments becoming

shorter and broadened apically; F1 1.0–1.1 times as long as broad. Clava medi-

ally broader than funicle, acute, around 1.2–1.6 times as long as broad.Mesosoma completely black. Pronotum with distinct transverse carina

anteriorly, with longitudinal, parallel, short carinae attaching to transverse carinae.

Mid lobe of mesoscutum with raised reticulation, without setae at least medially or

anteriorly and posteriorly, with at least some additional, weaker setae besides

strong ones, without longitudinal median carina. Axillae smooth and bare.

Scutellum without longitudinal median carina, reticulate, without sublateral

grooves. Reticulations on scutellum, large and strong, raised all over the

dorsum. Dorsellum smooth. Dorsellum without tooth-like structure directing

posteriorly. Propodeum completely smooth, with median carina concolorous to

other parts, which is Y-shaped and not raised, without short carinae attached.

Petiole around 1.5 times as long as wide, smooth.

Hind coxae completely dark. Hind femora dark on dorsal margin, or mostly

dark, except for base and apex yellow. Hind tibiae yellow, with one spur more than

1.5 times length of the first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the first segment at least as

long as the second, yellow.Variation. Specimens from Australia and Vietnam differ from the paratype

examined by having funicle all yellow, slightly broadening apically, as well as

the hind femora mostly dark.Material examined. 1”, China: Guangxi, Napo, Baihe, 9 April 1998 (Zhu

Chao-dong) (IZCAS); 2””, Australia: Queensland, Gordonvale nr Mulgrave

River, 30 March 1991 (J. D. Pinto) (SEHU); 1„, Vietnam: Ha Tay, Bavi, Tan

Linh, 22 December 2000 (Zhu Chao-dong) (IZCAS). Paratype ”, Indonesia:

Medan, Sumatra (L. P. du Bussy) (SEHU).Distribution. *China: Guangxi; *Australia; India; Indonesia; *Vietnam.

P. laeviscuta (Thomson, 1878)

(figures 1–12, 53, 54)

Euplectrus laeviscuta Thomson, 1878: 188. Lectotype designated by Hansson, 1991:

30, Sweden (LUZM, not examined).

Euplectromorpha laeviscuta (Thomson); Ferriere, 1941: 29; Boucek and Graham,

1978: 235;

Trichoplectrus laeviscuta (Thomson); Hansson, 1991: 30.

Diagnosis. Head completely dark; occiput rounded off; post-occipital carina

present (figure 3). Funicular segments all longer than broad, with segments not

becoming shorter and broadened towards clava simultaneously; clava 1.9–3 times


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as long as broad, medially same breadth as funicle. Mesosoma completely dark.

Pronotum with distinct transverse carina anteriorly, without longitudinal, paral-

lel, short carinae attaching to transverse carinae. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with-

out setae at least medially or anteriorly and posteriorly, with raised reticulation,

without longitudinal median carina. Scutellum with sublateral grooves sub-

parallel posteriorly, narrow (figure 5). Propodeal median carina concolorous with

other parts of the propodeum. Petiole 2.0–3.5 times as long as broad (figures 8,

9).Description. Head completely black; occiput rounded off; post-occipital carina

present. Scape and pedicel yellow. Flagellum concolorous. Funicle with all seg-

ments longer than broad, with F4 samely separated from F3 and clava, and dis-

tinctly four-segmented, with segments not becoming shorter and broadened

towards clava simultaneously; F1 1.7–4 times as long as broad. Clava medially

same breadth as funicle, acute, 1.9–3 times as long as broad.Mesosoma completely black. Pronotum with distinct transverse carina

anteriorly, without longitudinal, parallel, short carinae attaching to transverse

carinae. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with raised reticulation, without setae at least

medially or anteriorly and posteriorly, with at least some additional, weaker setae

besides strong ones, without longitudinal median carina. Axillae smooth and bare.

Scutellum smooth, without longitudinal median carina, with sublateral grooves

narrow, subparallel posteriorly. Area lateral to sublateral grooves smooth.

Dorsellum smooth, without tooth-like structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum

completely smooth, with median carina concolorous to other parts of the

propodeum, raised into a cup-shape but not too much anteriorly into a translucent,

elongate and tongue-shaped protuberance, without short carinae attached. Petiole

around 2.0 times as long as broad, with longitudinal carinae.

Hind coxae completely dark. Hind femora yellow, dark on dorsal margin. Hind

tibiae yellow; with one spur more than 1.5 times length of the 1st tarsomere. Hind

tarsi with the first segment at least as long as the second, yellow.Variation. Most specimens have only three to five pairs of setae on the mid lobe

of the mesoscutum, but some have additional weaker setae at the anterolateral

corners. Most specimens also have yellow legs with dark hind coxae, but some

have the hind legs dark along the dorsal margins. The three specimens from

same locality in Papua New Guinea have the hind femora varying from mostly

black to being dark only on the dorsal margins; these specimens also differ from

others by having the fore and mid coxae partly dark as well as the hind coxae

completely dark.Material examined. Material deposited in BMNH: 1” without head, G.

Sandon (Jansson), det. Ruschka (1924), det. Ferriere as Euplectromorpha laevis-

cuta Thomson; 1„, on Quercus robur Richmond, 21 July 1975, det. Z. Boucek

as Euplectromorpha laeviscuta (Th.) (1975). Chinese material deposited in

IZCAS: 1”, Fujian, Zhongguadun, 4 October 1980 (Huang Ju-chang); 1”,

Fujian, Guadun, June 1980 (Huang Ju-chang); 1”, Fujian, Xianfeng Mts, 26

June 1980 (Zhao Jing-wei); 1„, 2””, Fujian, Huanggang Mts, 27 June 1980

(Zhao Xiu-fu); 1„, 4””, Fujian, Huanggang Mts, July 1980 (Huang Ju-chang);

1„, Fujian, Huanggang Mts, July 1982 (Xu Jian-fei); 3””, Guangxi, Napo,

Dehu Nature Reserve, 18 June 2000, 1440 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi,

Napo, Dehu Nature Reserve, 19 June 2000, 1440 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”,

Guangxi, Napo, Dehu, April 1998; 1„, 1”, Guangxi, Napo, Xiahua, Guinong


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Mts, 22 June 2000, 1250–1620 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi, Longzhou,

Nonggang Nature Reserve, 16 June 2000, 325–875 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”,

Guangxi, Jinxiu, Shentang Mts, 28–29 June 2000, 1095 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 2””,

Guangxi, Jinxiu, 2 July 2000, 1095 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi, Shangsi,

Nanping, Changlong, 10 June 2000, 860 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi,

Napo, Baihe, 8 April 1998, 440 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi, Fangcheng,

Fulong, 20 April 1998, 720 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi, Napo, Dehu

Nature Reserve, 4–5 April 1998, 1440 m (Zhu Chao-dong) (coated with gold and

studied by SEM); 3„„, Guangxi, Napo, Dehu Nature Reserve, 5 April 1998,

1440 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1„, Guangxi, Napo, Dehu Nature Reserve, 4 April

1998 (Zhu Chao-dong); 2„„, Guangxi, Napo, Baihe, April 1998, 1100 m (Zhu

Chao-dong); 1„, 1”, Gansu, Zhugqu, 14 July 1999, 2350 m (Zhu Chao-dong);

1”, Henan, Songxian, Baiyun Mts, 16 July 1996 (Xiao Hui); 2„„, 3””, Hubei,

Hefeng, 1 August 1989, 1450 m (Huang Da-Wei); 1„, Hubei, Hefeng, 30 July

1989, 1200 m (Huang Da-Wei); 2„„, 2””, Hubei, Hefeng, 31 July 1989, 1400 m

(Huang Da-Wei); 1”, Hubei, Hefeng, 1 August 1989 (Huang Da-Wei); 1”,

Hubei, Lichuan, Xingdou Mts, 21 July 1989, 500 m (Huang Da-Wei); 1”, Hubei,

Xuan’en, 6 August 1989, 1100 m (Huang Da-Wei); 1„, Hubei, Xuan’en, 4

August 1989, 1000 m (Huang Da-Wei); 1„, 1”, Hubei, Badong, 11 August 1989,

1500 m (Huang Da-Wei); 2„„, Hunan, Sangzhi, 13 August 1989, 1350 m (Huang

Da-Wei). Chinese material deposited in TARI: 3„„, 4””, C. Taiwan, Nantou,

Meifeng, 22 May 1982, 2150 m (Chou L.-Y.); 25””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Mei-

feng, 26 August 1980, 2150 m (Lin K.-S. and Wang C.-H.); 9„„, 11””, C.

Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 24–26 June 1981, 2150 m (Lin K.-S. and Tang W.-S.);

1”, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 31 July to 2 September 1982, 2250 m (Chou

L.-Y. and Chou K.-C.) 6””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 15 July 1982, 2150 m

(Lin S.-C. and Lin C.-N.); 13””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 4–7 October

1982, 2150 m (Chou K.-C.); 10””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 2–4 June 1980,

2150 m (Chou L.-Y.); 1”, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 5–9 October 1980,

2150 m (Chen C.-C. and Chien C.-C.); 2””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 28–29

August 1981, 2150 m (Chou L.-Y. and Lin S.-C.); 2””, Hainan, Jianfeng Mts,

Erfengshan, 1 April 1984, 115 m (Li Chang-fang); 1„, 2””, Hainan, Jianfeng

Mts, 4 April 1984, 1350 m (Li Chang-fang); 2””, Yunnan, Lijiang, Yuhu, 24

July 1984, 2750 m (Li Chang-fang); 1„, 1”, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian, Machang,

August 1984, 3200 m (Li Chang-fang); 1”, Yunnan, Yongsheng, Liude, 9 July

1984, 2200 m (Li Chang-fang); 1”, Yunnan, Lanping, 22 August 1984, 2300 m

(Li Chang-fang); 1„, Yunnan, Longling, 20 May 1955, 1600 m (B. Bobofu); 1”,

Tibet, Bomi, Tangmai, 12 July 1997 (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Tibet, Co Nag, 7

July 1974 (Li Tie-sheng); 1„, Tibet, Yadong, 1 August 1981 (Chen Tai-lu).

External material deposited in HNMH: 1”, Hungary: Tompa, Koszegi erdo, 10

August 1959, on Quercus ceris L. (Erdos), det. by Erdos as P. laeviscuta

Thoms.; 1„, Izrael, Ein addi, 27 May 1965 (Erdos). External material deposited

in SEHU: 1”, Australia: Queensland, Gordonvale nr Mulgrave River, screen

sweep, riv. for., 30 March 1991 (J. D. Pinto); 7””, Australia: New South Wales,

Brown Mts, 50 km W. Bega, 28 January 1984, 1100 m (L. Masner); 6„„, 1”,

Australia: Queensland, Mt Glorius N. P., 28 February 1984, 630 m (L. Masner);

8„„, 5””, Australia: New South Wales, Toloom Scrub, 14 February 1984,

1000 m (L. Masner); 1”, Japan: Hokkaido, Naebo, Otaru, Shiribeshi, 25 June

1992 (M. Ohara); 1”, Japan: Hokkaido, Kutchan, Shiribeshi, 17 July 1992 (Y.


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Sakamaki et al.); 2””, Japan: Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt Hiko, 9–10 May 1989,

700 m (M. J. Sharkey); 1”, Japan: Kyushu, Fukuoka, Mt Tachibana, 17 August

1992 (K. Yamagishi); 3””, Japan: Shikoku, Omogokei, Omogo, Ehime, 15

August 1992 (E. Ikeda); 1”, Japan: Honshu, Ashu, Miyama, Kyoto, 16 July

1992 (S. Shiyake); 1”, Japan: Kyushu, Kumamoto, Mt Kurotake, 14 May 1989,

600–800 m (M. J. Sharkey); 1”, Malaysia: Malay. Pen., Pahang, Tanah Rata,

11–15 January 1990, 1460 m (J. R. Vockeroth); 2””, Papua New Guinea: Morobe

Prov., Wau, Mt Kaindi, 1150–2300 m, 13 March 1993, fogging tray under Aleur-

ites moluccana Willd. (Euphorbiaceae) (Y. Basset); 1”, Papua New Guinea:

Morobe Prov., Wau, Mt Kaindi, 1150–2300 m, 20–30 December 1992, fogging

tray under Castanopsis acuminatissima (A. DC.) (Fagaceae) (Y. Basset). External

material deposited in IZCAS: 1„, Vietnam: Hagiang, Vixuyen, Viet Lam, 10

December 2000 (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, South Korea: Chojeon-dong, Junjoo City,

17–18 July 1995 (Ku Quk-Seo).Distribution. *China: Fujian, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Hainan,

Taiwan, Yunnan, Tibet; *Australia; UK; Hungary; Italy; *Japan; Moldova;

*Papua New Guinea; *Malaysia; Sweden; *South Korea, Vietnam.

P. medius Zhu and Huang, 2002

Platyplectrus medius Zhu and Huang, 2002: 129–132.

Diagnosis. Head mostly yellow with dark patches; occiput rounded off; post-

occipital carina present. Clava 1.9–3 times as long as broad. Mesosoma mostly

yellow with dark parts; hind legs at least partly dark on coxae and tibiae. Pro-

notum rounded into neck, without distinct transverse carina anteriorly. Mid lobe

of mesoscutum with longitudinal median carina, without setae at least medially

or anteriorly and posteriorly. Scutellum with sublateral grooves broad. Petiole

not apparent.This species is very close to P. orthocraspedae. But latter species are always

yellow, while this species is different in having some dark markings on head,

pronotum and mesoscutum. One specimen from Hainan has much shorter median

carina on mid lobe of mesoscutum.Description. Head mostly yellow with occiput or area around ocelli black;

occiput rounded off; post-occipital carina present. Antennal scrobe concolorous

with other parts of face, yellow. Scape and pedicel yellow. Flagellum concolorous.

Funicle with all segments longer than broad, with F4 samely separated from

F3 and clava, and distinctly four-segmented, with segments not becoming shorter

and broadened towards clava simultaneously; F1 1.7–4 times as long as broad.

Clava medially same breadth as funicle, acute, 1.9–3 times as long as broad.Dark parts on mesosoma black. Pronotum dark medially or completely on

anterior half, yellow on posterior half, rounded into neck, without distinct

transverse carina anteriorly. Mid lobe of mesoscutum completely yellow, with

engraved reticulations, without setae at least medially or anteriorly and posteriorly,

with at least some additional, weaker setae besides strong ones, with longitudinal

median carina. Axillae completely yellow, reticulate and bare. Scutellum with area

between sublateral grooves completely dark to mostly yellow except for anterior

parts of scutellar grooves dark, without longitudinal median carina, reticulate, with

broad sublateral grooves united at middle point posteriorly. Reticulations on


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scutellum completely distinct and engraved all over the dorsum, regularly rounded.

Area between scutellar sublateral grooves completely yellow. Area lateral to

sublateral grooves smooth. Dorsellum differs from lateral area, which is dark

brown, smooth, without tooth-like structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum

predominantly dark brown with yellow patches, completely smooth, with median

carina at least translucent along margins, thus appearing yellow, raised into a cup-

shape but not raised too much anteriorly into a translucent, elongate and tongue-

shaped protuberance, without short carinae attached. Petiole not apparent.

Hind coxae yellow, completely dark, or partly dark. Hind femora yellow. Hind

tibiae yellow, with one spur more than 1.5 times length of the first tarsomere. Hind

tarsi with the first segment at least as long as the second, yellow.Material examined. External material deposited in IZCAS: Holotype ”, South

Korea: Suwon City, Kyungi Prov., 25 April 1994 (Ku Quk-seo). Paratypes 6””,

same data as holotype except date 26 June 1994 (including two studied by SEM

and coated with gold).Chinese material deposited in IZCAS: 1„, China: Hainan, Jianfeng Mts,

31 March 1984 (Li Chang-fang).

External material deposited in SEHU: 1”, Japan: Kyushu, Hisayama-machi,

Kasuya, Fukuoka Bref., 5 September 1991 (Y. Higashiura).Distribution. China: Hainan; South Korea; Japan.

P. natadae Ferriere, 1941

Platyplectrus natadae Ferriere, 1941: 21. Lectotype ” designated by Wijesekara and

Schauff, 1994: 31. Sri Lanka (BMNH, not examined).

Diagnosis. Head partly yellow; occiput sharply margined. Scape at least

partly dark; clava acute, 1.9–3 times as long as broad. Pronotum dark between

transverse carina and neck. Mid lobe of mesoscutum completely yellow and cov-

ered with setae all over the dorsum; scutellum smooth, with sublateral grooves

sub-parallel posteriorly, broad. Dorsellum different from lateral area, which is

dark brown. Propodeal median carina raised anteriorly into a translucent, elon-

gate and tongue-shaped protuberance. Petiole not apparent.Description. Head mostly yellow with occiput or area around ocelli black;

occiput sharply margined; occipital carina present and developed into translucent

lamina; post-occipital carina present. Antennal scrobe black. Scape dark on

dorsal margin. Pedicel dark. Flagellum concolorous. Funicle with all segments

longer than broad, with F4 samely separated from F3 and clava, and distinctly

four-segmented, with segments not becoming shorter and broadened towards

clava simultaneously; F1 around 3 times as long as broad. Clava medially same

breadth as funicle, acute, 1.9–3 times as long as broad.Dark parts on mesosoma black. Pronotum with yellow parts occurring more

than on posterior end, never translucent. Pronotum dark between transverse carina

and neck, with distinct transverse carina anteriorly, without longitudinal, parallel,

short carinae attaching to transverse carinae. Mid lobe of mesoscutum completely

yellow, with engraved reticulations, covered with setae all over the dorsum, without

longitudinal median carina. Axillae completely or mostly yellow with dark patch at

lateral corners, smooth and bare. Axillula completely dark. Scutellum smooth, with


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median, longitudinal, dark stripe, without longitudinal median carina, with broad

sublateral grooves sub-parallel posteriorly. Area between scutellar sublateral

grooves completely yellow. Area lateral to sublateral grooves smooth. Dorsellum

different from lateral area, which is dark brown, smooth, without tooth-like

structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum completely dark and smooth, with

median carina at least translucent along margins, thus appearing yellow, raised

anteriorly into a translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped protuberance, without

short carinae attached. Petiole absent.

Hind legs completely yellow. Hind coxae yellow. Hind femora yellow, dark on

dorsal margin. Hind tibiae yellow, with one spur more than 1.5 times length of the

first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the first segment at least as long as the second,

yellow.Material examined. Chinese material deposited in IZCAS: 1”, Hainan, Jian-

feng Mts, 4 April 1984, 1350 m (Li Chang-fang). External material deposited in

BMNH: 5””, Ceylon: Tailawakelle, July 1935, ex. Natada nararia (C. B. R.

King), including two paralectotypes; 1”, Ceylon, September 1931, ex. Natada sp.

(C. B. R. King).Distribution. *China: Hainan; Sri Lanka.Biology. Parasitoid of Natada nararia (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae).

P. obtusiclavatus sp. nov.

(figures 57, 58)

Diagnosis. Head with occiput sharply margined; post-occipital carina present

(figure 57). Scape at least partly dark; pedicel dark; funicular segments all longer

than broad; clava about 1.2 times as long as broad, obtuse. Pronotum mostly

dark, with two symmetrical yellow patches on dorsum (figure 57). Scutellum

smooth, with sublateral grooves narrow and not reaching posterior pair of

scutellar setae. Dorsellum completely dark, including area laterally. Propodeal

median carina raised anteriorly into a translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped

protuberance (figure 58).Remarks. This species is very similar to P. natadae in having transparent,

elongate, raised propodeal carina. But it differs from latter species by having a

longitudinal, dark strip on scutellum, completely dark dorsellum and hind coxae,

as well as F1 around 3 times as long as broad.Description. Head mostly yellow with occiput and area around ocelli black;

occipital carina present, developed into translucent lamina; post-occipital carina

present; antennal scrobe black. Scape dark on dorsal margin; pedicel dark; fla-

gellum concolorous, with all funicular segments longer than broad, not becoming

shorter and broadened towards clava simultaneously; F1 1.7 times as long as

broad; F4 samely separated from F3 and clava, and distinctly four-segmented.

Clava medially same breadth as funicle, obtuse, around 1.2 times as long as broad.Dark parts on mesosoma black. Pronotum with yellow parts occurring more

than on posterior end, never translucent. Pronotum mostly dark, with two

symmetrical yellow patches on dorsum, with distinct transverse carina anteriorly,

without longitudinal, parallel, short carinae attaching to the transverse carina. Mid

lobe of mesoscutum mostly dark, with large, median yellow patch posteriorly, with

engraved reticulations, covered with setae all over the dorsum, without median


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longitudinal carina. Axillae mostly dark, with yellow patch near to inner corners,

smooth and bare. Axillula completely dark. Scutellum with median, longitudinal,

dark stripe, without longitudinal median carina, smooth; sublateral grooves

narrow, not reaching posterior pair of scutellar setae. Area between sublateral

grooves completely yellow, differing from the area lateral to the grooves, which

latter area is smooth. Dorsellum completely dark including lateral area, smooth,

without tooth-like structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum completely dark and

smooth, with median carina at least translucent along margins, thus appearing

yellow, raised anteriorly into a translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped

protuberance, without short carinae attached. Petiole not apparent.

Hind coxae completely dark. Hind femora dark on dorsal margin. Hind tibiae

yellow, with one tibial spur more than 1.5 times length of the first tarsomere. Hind

tarsi with the first tarsomere fuscous, as long as the second.Material examined. Holotype ”, Yunnan, Lijiang, Ludian, Machang, July

1984, 3200 m (Li Chang-fang) (IZCAS).Distribution. China: Yunnan.

P. orthocraspedae Ferriere, 1941(figures 13–24)

Platyplectrus orthocraspedae Ferriere, 1941: 21. Lectotype ”, Indonesia, Java

(BMNH, not examined).

Diagnosis. Head completely yellow; occiput rounded off; post-occipital carina

present (figure 14). Funicular segments all longer than broad; F1 1.7–4 times as

long as broad (figures 16, 17). Mesosoma and hind legs completely yellow. Pro-

notum with distinct transverse carina anteriorly. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with

longitudinal median carina, without setae at least medially or anteriorly and pos-

teriorly, with engraved reticulations (figure 20). Scutellum with sublateral grooves

broad, curved inwards posteriorly to meet with each other medially (figures 20,

21). Petiole less than 1.5 times as long as wide (figure 24).Variation. As this species is completely yellow, the sculpture of the scutellum

is very vague to completely smooth. Studied males have more elongate funicular

segments (figure 17) than females do (figure 16). On about upper half, the male

has the sensory organs at inner margin of scape (figure 18).Description. Head completely yellow; occiput rounded off; post-occipital

carina present. Scape and pedicel yellow. Flagellum concolorous. Funicle with

all segments longer than broad, with F4 samely separated from F3 and clava,

and distinctly four-segmented, with segments not becoming shorter and broa-

dened towards clava simultaneously; F1 1.7–4 times as long as broad. Clava

medially same broad as funicle, acute, 1.9–3 times as long as broad.Mesosoma completely yellow. Pronotum with distinct transverse carina

anteriorly, without longitudinal, parallel, short carinae attaching to transverse

carinae. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with engraved reticulations, without setae at least

medially or anteriorly and posteriorly, with at least some additional, weaker setae

besides strong ones, with longitudinal median carina. Axillae smooth and bare.

Scutellum without longitudinal median carina, smooth, reticulate, with broad

sublateral grooves united at middle point posteriorly. Reticulations on scutellum


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vague and engraved all over the dorsum, regularly rounded. Area lateral to

sublateral grooves smooth. Dorsellum smooth, without tooth-like structure directing

posteriorly. Propodeum completely smooth, with median carina raised into a cup-

shape, not raised too much anteriorly into a translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped

protuberance, without short carinae attached. Petiole transverse, smooth.

Hind legs completely yellow, with one spur more than 1.5 times length of the

first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the first segment at least as long as the second.Material examined. Paralectotype deposited in BMNH: 1”, Java: October

1936, det. Z. Boucek. 3””, Maldives: Maandhoo Is., 13 March 1997 (sp. no. 97/

2), emg. larvae of lep. (97/1) on coconut palm, IIE 23603, det. J. LaSalle. Chi-

nese material deposited in IZCAS: 1”, Beijing, Bada Ling, 16 May 1984 (Huang

Da-Wei); 1”, Beijing, Xiangshan, 3 October 1978 (Mao Jin-long); 1”, Beijing,

Shidu, August 1983 (Liao Ding-xi); 3„„, 1”, Hainan, Qiongshan, 5 July 1998

(Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi, Napo, Baidou, Baiwai, 540 m, 10 April 1998

(Zhu Chao-dong); 1„, Guangxi, Napo. Baihe, 9 April 1998 (Zhu Chao-dong);

4””, Hainan, Ya, 8 September 1981 (Yao Ruo-qian); 1„, 2””, Vietnam: Ha Tay,

Bavi, Tan Linh, 22 December 2000 (Zhu Chao-dong).Distribution. *China: Beijing, Hainan, Guangxi; *South Africa; *Maldives;

*Tanganyika; *Vietnam; Indonesia.

P. pannonica (Erdos, 1966)

(figures 55, 56)

Euplectromorpha pannonica Erdos, 1966: 398. Holotype ”, Hungary (HNHM,

examined).Platyplectrus pannonica (Erdos); Boucek, 1988: 635.

Diagnosis. Head with dark parts metallic green; occiput sharply margined,

without occipital carina; post-occipital carina absent. Antenna with pedicel dark,

flagellum with segments concolorous; clava acute. Pronotum rounded into neck,

without distinct transverse carina anteriorly. Mesosoma completely dark. Mid

lobe of mesoscutum covered with setae all over the dorsum. Axillae with setae.

Scutellum with sublateral grooves broad, grooves reticulate at bottom, and the

area lateral to the grooves sculptured; reticulations transverse on anterior part,

regularly rounded on posterior part on scutellum.Description. Head completely metallic green. Occiput sharply margined; occi-

pital or post-occipital carina absent. Scape yellow; pedicel dark. Flagellum con-

colorous. Funicle with all segments longer than broad, with F4 samely separated

from F3 and clava, and distinctly four-segmented, with segments not becoming

shorter and broadened towards clava simultaneously; F1 1.7–4 times as long as

broad. Clava medially same breadth as funicle, acute, 1.9–3 times as long as

broad.Mesosoma completely black. Pronotum rounded into neck, without distinct

transverse carina anteriorly. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with engraved reticulations,

covered with setae all over the dorsum, without longitudinal median carina. Axillae

reticulate, with more than two setae. Scutellum without longitudinal median carina,

reticulate, with broad sublateral grooves united at middle point posteriorly.

Reticulations on scutellum completely distinct and engraved all over the dorsum,


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transverse on anterior part, regularly rounded on posterior part. Area lateral to

sublateral grooves engravely reticulate. Dorsellum smooth, without tooth-like

structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum completely smooth, with median carina

at least translucent along margins, thus appearing yellow, raised into a cup-shape,

not raised too much anteriorly into a translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped

protuberance, without short carinae attached. Petiole transverse and smooth.

Hind coxae completely dark. Hind femora yellow, dark on dorsal margin, or

mostly dark, except base and apex yellow. Hind tibiae yellow, with one spur more

than 1.5 times length of the first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the first segment at least

as long as the second, yellow.Variations. The male paratype of this species has sensory plates on each funi-

cular segment protruding beyond each segment. Specimens from Hunan have the

basal half of the hind coxae dark, but paler apically; while those from Yunnan

have hind femora mostly dark.Material examined. Type material deposited in HNMH: Holotype 1”, Hungary:

Bakonv, 22 October 1955, on Quercus cerris L. (Erdos) (Hym. Typ. No. 4721,

Mus. Budapest). Paratypes 1”, Hungary: Nadap, 14 November 1951, on fakereg

alol (bark) (Kaszab) (Hym. Typ. No. 4726, Mus. Budapest); 2””, Hungary:

Velencei-h, Nadap, 14 November 1951, on fakereg alol (bark) (Kaszab) (Hym.

Typ. No. 4725 and 4727, Mus. Budapest); 1”, Hungary: Velenci-h. Nadap 14

November 1954 (Kaszab), on fakereg alol (Hym. Typ. No. 4713 Mus. Budapest).

Allotype 1„, Hungary: Budapest, Biro, 1929 (Erdos) (Hym. Typ. No. 4722, Mus.

Budapest). Chinese material deposited in IZCAS: 1”, Beijing, Changlingxiao, 5

September 1984 (Huang Da-Wei); 2„„, 18””, Hunan, Hanshou, 15 August

1982, ex. Cifuna locuples Walker [Lymantriidae] (Liao Ding-xi); 5„„, 1”,

Yunnan, Lijiang, Baishui, 17 July 1984, 2800 m (Li Chang-fang); 1„, Yunnan,

Deqen, 4 August 1984, 2300 m (Li Chang-fang); 2„„, 1”, Yunnan, Lijiang,

Lidiping, 14 August 1984, 3400 m (Li Chang-fang); 1”, Tibet, Zayu, 19 July

1997 (Zhu Chao-dong). Determined material deposited in BMNH: 1”, France:

B. Du Rhone, 24 July 1991 (Fonscolombe); 1”, Spain: Calella d. Costa (Barce-

lona), July 1971 (Z. Boucek).Distribution. *China: Beijing, Hunan, Yunnan, Tibet; Germany; Hungary;

Italy; Yugoslavia; France; Spain. Newly recorded from China.

P. peculiaris sp. nov.

(figure 60)

Diagnosis. Head with occiput sharply margined; post-occipital carina absent.

Antenna with pedicel yellow; clava 1.9 or 3 times as long as broad, obtuse. Axil-

lae sculptured. Scutellum with longitudinal median carina, with several transverse

carinae originating from median carina to grooves. Dorsellum yellow, but dark

on posterior margin. Propodeal median carina with attached short carinae.

Petiole not apparent. Hind legs completely yellow.Description. Head mostly yellow with occiput and area around ocelli black;


absent. Antennal scrobe concolorous with other parts of face, yellow. Scape and

pedicel yellow. Flagellum concolorous. Funicular segments all longer than broad,

with F4 samely separated from F3 and clava, and distinctly four-segmented,


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with segments not becoming shorter and broadened towards clava simulta-

neously; F1 1.7–4 times as long as broad. Clava medially same breadth as funicle,

obtuse, 1.9 or 3 times as long as broad.Dark parts on mesosoma black. Pronotum with yellow parts occurring more

than on posterior end, never translucent. Pronotum dark medially or completely on

anterior half, yellow on posterior half, rounded into neck, without distinct

transverse carina anteriorly. Mid lobe of mesoscutum yellow with broad, black

patch on anterior two-thirds medially, with engraved reticulations, covered with

setae all over the dorsum, without longitudinal median carina. Axillae mostly dark,

yellow laterally, reticulate, bare. Axillula completely yellow. Scutellum completely

yellow, with longitudinal median carina, from which carina, several transverse

carinae originated from and reached broad sublateral grooves, which grooves

united at middle point posteriorly. The area lateral to the sublateral grooves

smooth. Dorsellum smooth, yellow, but dark on posterior margin, without tooth-

like structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum completely smooth, with median

carina, mostly yellow, with dark patch along median carina. Propodeal median

carina with short carinae attached, at least translucent along margins, thus

appearing yellow, anteriorly raised into a cup-shape but not too much as a

translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped protuberance. Petiole not apparent.

Hind legs completely yellow. One hind tibial spur more than 1.5 times length of

the first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the first segment at least as long as the second.Material examined. Holotype ”, Malaysia: Bomeo Sabah, Mt Kinabalu Nat.

Park, Proing Hot Springs, 13 May 1987, 480 m (A. Smetana) (CNC); paratype

”, ES. Taiwan, Taitung, Chihpen, 15–17 November 1981 (Chou L.-Y. and Lin

T.) (TARI).Distribution. China: Taiwan; Malaysia.

P. pulcher sp. nov.(figures 61, 62)

Diagnosis. Head with antennal scrobe concolorous with other parts of face,

yellow; occiput sharply margined; post-occipital carina absent. Pedicel yellow.

Clava about 1.2 times as long as broad, obtuse. Pronotum rounded into neck.

Mid lobe of mesoscutum and scutellum completely yellow. Axillae sculptured.

Reticulations transverse on scutellum. Hind legs completely yellow.Description. Head mostly yellow with occiput and area around ocelli black;


absent. Antennal scrobe concolorous with other parts of face, yellow. Scape and

pedicel yellow. Flagellum concolorous. Funicular segments all longer than broad,

not becoming shorter and broadened towards clava simultaneously, with F4

samely separated from F3 and clava, and distinctly four-segmented; F1 1.7 times

as long as broad. Clava medially same breadth as funicle, obtuse, around 1.2

times as long as broad.Dark parts on mesosoma black. Pronotum with yellow, narrow, transverse

marking posteriorly, which part appears to be translucent, rounded into neck,

without distinct transverse carina anteriorly. Mid lobe of mesoscutum completely

yellow, with engraved reticulations, covered with setae all over the dorsum, without

longitudinal median carina. Axillae completely yellow, reticulate and bare. Axillula


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completely yellow. Scutellum completely yellow, without longitudinal median

carina or transverse carinae originating from median carina to grooves, reticulate.

Scutellum with sublateral grooves broad, crenulate, extending beyond posterior pair

of setae, united at middle point posteriorly. Reticulations on scutellum completely

distinct, transverse and engraved all over the dorsum. The area lateral to the

sublateral grooves smooth. Dorsellum completely dark including lateral area,

smooth, without tooth-like structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum completely

dark and smooth. Propodeal median carina at least translucent along margins, thus

appearing yellow, raised into a cup-shape but not too much as a translucent,

elongate and tongue-shaped protuberance. Petiole transverse, smooth.

Hind legs completely yellow. One hind tibial spur more than 1.5 times length of

the first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the first segment at least as long as the second.Material examined. Holotype ”, Hubei, Xuan’en, 5 August 1989, 1000 m

(Huang Da-Wei) (IZCAS).Distribution. China: Hubei.

P. setulosus sp. nov.

(figures 25–36, 63, 64)

Diagnosis. Head with dark parts not green; occiput rounded off; post-occipital

carina absent. Pedicel yellow; clava around 1.2–1.6 times as long as broad. Funi-

cular segments all longer than broad. Mesosoma completely dark. Pronotum

rounded into neck, without distinct transverse carina anteriorly. Axillae with

setae. Mid lobe of mesoscutum with engraved reticulations, covered with setae

all over the dorsum. Scutellum smooth. Scutellum with sublateral grooves

narrow. Propodeal median carina not raised, concolorous to other parts of the

propodeum. Petiole not apparent. Hind femora yellow.Description. Head completely black; occiput rounded off; post-occipital carina

absent. Scape yellow; pedicel yellow; flagellum concolorous. Funicular segments

all longer than broad, with segments not becoming shorter and broadened

towards clava simultaneously, with F4 samely separated from F3 and clava, and

distinctly four-segmented; F1 1.7–4 times as long as broad. Clava medially same

breadth as funicle, acute, around 1.2–1.6 times as long as broad.Mesosoma completely black. Pronotum rounded into neck, without distinct



smooth, with more than two setae. Scutellum without longitudinal median carina,

smooth, with sublateral grooves narrow, united at middle point posteriorly. The

area lateral to the sublateral grooves smooth. Dorsellum smooth, without tooth-like

structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum completely smooth, with median carina

concolorous to other parts of the propodeum, not raised, Y-shaped, without short

carinae attached. Petiole not apparent.

Hind coxae completely dark. Hind femora and hind tibiae yellow. Hind tibial

with one spur more than 1.5 times length of the first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the

first segment at least as long as the second, yellow.Material examined. Holotype ”, Fujian, Fuzhou, 9 May 1956, ex. larva of

Limacodidae (Zhao Xiu-fu). Paratypes 10””, same data as holotype.Distribution. China: Fujian.


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Biology. Parasitoid of larva of Limacodidae.

P. variflagellum sp. nov.

(figures 65, 66)

Diagnosis. Head completely dark; occipital carina present; post-occipital

carina absent. Scape yellow; pedicel dark; clava 1.9 times as long as broad,

obtuse; flagellum with at least some funicular segments different in colour. Axil-

lae with setae. Reticulations on scutellum regularly rounded. The area lateral to

the sublateral grooves sculptured. Dorsellum areolate. Petiole not apparent.This species is very close to P. coracinus Wijesekara and Schauff. But it differs

from the latter species by having hind femora at least gradually darkened towards

apex at apical half.Description. Head completely black; occipital carina present, developed into

translucent lamina, post-occipital carina absent. Scape yellow; pedicel dark.

Funicular segments with segments not becoming shorter and broadened towards

clava simultaneously, with each longer than broad, with F4 samely separated

from F3 and clava, and distinctly four-segmented; F1 about 3.6 times as long as

broad, at most paler on basal half than on other parts and other segments.

Clava medially same breadth as funicle, obtuse, 1.9 times as long as broad.Dark parts on mesosoma black. Pronotum rounded into neck, without distinct

transverse carina anteriorly, with yellow, narrow, transverse marking posteriorly,

which part appears to be translucent. Mid lobe of mesoscutum completely dark,

with engraved reticulations, covered with setae all over the dorsum, without

longitudinal median carina. Axillae completely dark, reticulate, with more than two

setae. Axillula completely dark. Scutellum completely dark, without longitudinal

median carina, with broad sublateral grooves united at middle point posteriorly.

Reticulations engraved all over the scutellum, regularly rounded. The area lateral

to the sublateral grooves engravely reticulate, not crenulate as in latters’ bottom.

Dorsellum completely dark including lateral area, areolate, without tooth-like

structure directing posteriorly. Propodeum completely dark and smooth. Propodeal

median carina at least translucent along margins, thus appearing yellow, raised into

a cup-shape but not too much as a translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped

protuberance, without short carinae attached. Petiole not apparent.

Hind coxae completely dark. Hind femora mostly dark, except for base and

apex yellow. Hind tibiae yellow. Hind tibial spurs with one spur more than 1.5

times length of the first tarsomere. Hind tarsi yellow, with the first segment at least

as long as the second.Material examined. Holotype ”, Fujian, 20 October 1979 (Huang Ju-yi).Distribution. China: Fujian.

P. viridiceps (Ferriere, 1941)(figures 37–48, 67–70)

Euplectromorpha viridiceps Ferriere, 1940: 136. Lectotype ”, designated and

transferred into Platyplectrus by Wijesekara and Schauff, 1994: 33 (BMNH, not

examined).


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Diagnosis. Head completely metallic green; occiput rounded off; post-

occipital carina absent (figure 27). Pedicel yellow. Mesosoma completely dark.

Pronotum rounded into neck, without distinct transverse carina anteriorly

(figure 31). Scutellum with sublateral grooves narrow (figures 31, 32). Mid lobe of

mesoscutum covered with setae all over the dorsum, without longitudinal median

carina (figure 31). Axillae bare. The area lateral to the sublateral grooves

smooth. Propodeal median carina at least translucent along margins, thus

appearing yellow (figure 32). Petiole around 2.0 times as long as broad.Variation. The scutellum of this species varied from being smooth to vaguely

reticulate. Specimens from Beijing, Sichuan with hind tibiae and basal tarsal seg-

ments pale yellow; those from Fujian, Hubei, Hainan with hind tibiae apically

and tarsi completely dark; specimens from Taiwan and Yunnan even with hind

femora reddish brown. Determined specimens from Java with flagellum varied

from pale yellow to yellowish brown, hind femora reddish brown, tarsi from

pale yellow to fuscous.Description. Head completely metallic green; occiput rounded off; post-occipi-

tal carina absent. Scape and pedicel yellow. Flagellum concolorous. Funicle with

all segments longer than broad, with F4 samely separated from F3 and clava,

and distinctly four-segmented, with segments not becoming shorter and broa-

dened towards clava simultaneously; F1 1.7–4 times as long as broad. Clava

medially same breadth as funicle, acute, 1.9–3 times as long as broad.Mesosoma completely black. Pronotum rounded into neck, without distinct



smooth, reticulate, bare. Scutellum without longitudinal median carina, smooth,

reticulate, with narrow sublateral grooves united at middle point posteriorly.

Reticulations on scutellum vague and engraved all over the dorsum, regularly

rounded. Area lateral to sublateral grooves smooth. Dorsellum smooth or with

engraved reticulations, without tooth-like structure directing posteriorly. Propo-

deum completely smooth, with median carina at least translucent along margins,

thus appearing yellow, raised into a cup-shape, not raised too much anteriorly into

a translucent, elongate and tongue-shaped protuberance, without short carinae

attached. Petiole around 2.0 times as long as broad, with longitudinal carinae.Hind coxae completely dark. Hind femora dark on dorsal margin. Hind tibiae

yellow, mostly yellow, with apex (one-fifth to one-sixth) dark, with one spur more

than 1.5 times length of the first tarsomere. Hind tarsi with the first segment at least

as long as the second, fuscous, or yellow.Material examined. External material deposited in BMNH: 2„„, 5””, includ-

ing one paralectotype, M. Java, ex. Artona catoxantha, 1939 (J. v. D. Vecht).

Chinese material deposited in IZCAS: 1„, 1”, Beijing, Changlingxiao, 5 Septem-

ber 1985 (Huang Da-Wei); 1”, Fujian, Mali, 5 October 1980 (Huang Ju-chang);

2””, Fujian, Fuzhou, Hongtang, 10 April 1983 (Tang Yu-qing); 1”, Fujian,

Tongmu, 12 April 1982 (Huang Ju-chang); 1”, Fujian, Tongmu, 5 May 1985

(Huang Ju-chang); 1„, Fujian, Tongmu, 8 October 1979 (Huang Ju-chang); 1”,

Fujian, Jianyang, July 1981 (Zhao Jing-wei); 1”, Fujian, 20 October 1979

(Huang Ju-chang); 2””, Guangxi, Jinxiu, Shengtang Mts, 28–29 June 2000,

1895 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi, Shangsi, Naping, Qukun, 11 June 2000,

410 m (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Guangxi, Jinxiu, 2 July 2000, 1093 m (Zhu Chao-

dong); 1„, 7””, Guangxi, Dasin, 29 March 1998 (Zhu Chao-dong); 1„, 1”,


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Guangxi, Napo, Dehu Nature Reserve, 4 April 1998, 1440 m (Zhu Chao-dong);

1”, Guangxi, Napo, Dehu Nature Reserve, 5 April 1998, 1440 m (Zhu Chao-

dong); 3„„, Guangxi, Napo, Baihe (Zhu Chao-dong); 1„, Guangxi, Chonzuo,

Nalong, 20 April 1998 (Zhu Chao-dong); 1”, Hubei, Shengnongjia, 18–25

August 1995 (Li Qing-tian); 1”, Hainan, Wuzhi Mts, 26 April 1984, 1867 m (Li

Chang-fang); 1„, Hainan, Jianfeng Mts, 31 March 1984 (Li Chang-fang); 1”,

Sichuan, Xiyang, 17 July 1989, 1250 m (Yang Long-long); 1”, Yunnan, Deqen,

Tuguancun, 7 August 1984, 2800 m (Li Chang-fang); 1„, Yunnan, Funing,

Bo’ai, 13 April 1998, 260 m (Zhu Chao-dong). Chinese material deposited in

TARI: 1„, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Tungpu, 18–23 November 1981, 1200 m (Lin T.

and Tang W.-S.); 2””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 7–9 May 1981, 2150 m (Lin

K.-S. and Lin S.-C.); 1”, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 15 July 1982, 2150 m

(Lin S.-C. and Lin C.-N.); 5””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 5–9 October 1980,

2150 m (Chen C.-C. and Chien C.-C.); 2””, C. Taiwan, Nantou, Meifeng, 24–26

June 1981, 2150 m (Lin S.-C. and Tang W.-S.); 1„, 1”, C. Taiwan, Nantou,

Meifeng, 2–4 June 1980, 2150 m (Chou L.-Y. and Chen C.-C.); 1”, C. Taiwan,

Nantou, Meifeng, 26 August 1980, 2150 m (Lin K.-S. and Wang C.-H.). External

material deposited in IZCAS: 3„„, Vietnam: Ha Tay, Bavi, Tan Linh, 22

December 2000 (Zhu Chao-dong).Distribution. *China: Beijing, Fujian, Hubei, Hainan, Sichuan, Taiwan,

Yunnan; India; Indonesia; *Vietnam.Biology. Parasitoid of Artona catoxantha (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae).

Acknowledgements

This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China

(NSFC grant No. 30000016), and partly by the CAS Innovation Program. The

senior author was funded by the project KSCX2-1-06A from CAS for the collecting

trip in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. He was also supported by the Special Fund for

Developing Talents in Basic Sciences from NSFC, which was allotted to IZCAS, to

travel in Vietnam. Dr John LaSalle helped greatly in sorting out the Chinese

Eulophidae. Dr Michael E. Schauff gifted us valuable papers on Euplectrini. Dr

Csaba Thuroczy and Dr George Melika helped greatly when the senior author

stayed in Hungary to study Erdos’ types. We wish to express our sincere thanks to

the late Dr Liang-yih Chou of the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute for

kindly loaning many materials from the TARI collection. With Dr Eiji Ikeda’s help,

we also had a large loan of Euplectrini from Hokkaido University. We would

like to thank Madam W. Y. Yang from Tsinghua University and the following

individuals from the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for

developing SEM photographs and preparing for plates: Madam Ya-lin Gan, Shi-wen

Li, Mr Wen-hao Li and Yan-feng Yu.

References

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BOUCEK, Z. and GRAHAM, M. W. R. DE V., 1978, British check-list of Chalcidoidea(Hymenoptera): taxonomic notes and additions, Entomologist’s Gazette, 29, 225–235.

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39 A study of Platyplectrus Ferriere (Hymenoptera-Eulophidae) in mainland China

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