-
Initial Environmental Examination August 2012
PAK: Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Investment Program, Tranche 3
Pakpattan Canal and Suleimanki Barrage Improvement Project Prepared
by Punjab Irrigation Department, Government of Pakistan for the
Asian Development Bank.
-
Initial Environmental Examination
PAKPATTAN CANAL
INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) REPORT
July 2012
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE INVESTMENT PROGRAM INITIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION
Pakpattan Canal
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
........................................................................................................
1-1 1.1 GENERAL
............................................................................................................
1-1 1.2 PROJECT DETAILS
.............................................................................................
1-1 1.3 BACKGROUND
...................................................................................................
1-1 1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
.....................................................................................
1-2 1.5 PROJECT LOCATION
.........................................................................................
1-2 1.6 PROJECT CATEGORIZATION
............................................................................
1-3 1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT
.........................................................................
1-5 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
.........................................................................
1-5 1.9 METHDOLOGY OF PERFORMING THE STUDY
................................................ 1-5 1.10 AREA OF
RESPONSIBILITIES
........................................................................
1-6
2. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK POLICY
......................................... 2-1 2.1 REGULATORY
REQUIREMENTS IN PAKISTAN
................................................ 2-1 2.2 NATIONAL
CONSERVATION STRATEGY
.......................................................... 2-1 2.3
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY
..................................................................
2-1 2.4 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
...................................... 2-2
2.4.1 Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental
Reports, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 1997
.....................................................................
2-2 2.4.2 Guidelines of Public Consultation, Pakistan Environmental
Protection Agency, May, 1997
...................................................................................................................
2-2
2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES
................ 2-2 2.5.1 Provincial EPA
...............................................................................................
2-2 2.5.2 Provincial Departments of Forestry and Wildlife
............................................. 2-2 2.5.3 Local
Government and Municipalities
............................................................. 2-2
2.5.4 Social & Environmental Management Unit (SEMU)
........................................ 2-3 2.5.5
Environment-Related Statutes
........................................................................
2-3
2.6 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GUIDELINES
...................................................... 2-4 2.7
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS) 2000
............... 2-5 2.8 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
......................................................................
2-7
3. THE PROJECT
..........................................................................................................
3-1 3.1 GENERAL
............................................................................................................
3-1 3.2 CULTIVATED COMMAND AREA (CCA)
.............................................................. 3-1
3.3 PAKPATTAN MAIN CANAL
.................................................................................
3-1 3.4 NEED OF THE PROJECT
....................................................................................
3-2 3.5 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
.............................................................................
3-2
3.5.1 Proposal for Rehabilitation & Up-grading Works
............................................. 3-2 3.6 WORK BASE
AREA
.............................................................................................
3-6 3.7 BORROW AREA
..................................................................................................
3-6 3.8 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT / SOURCE
..............................................................
3-6
4. ENVIORNMENTAL BASE LINE CONDITION
............................................................ 4-1
4.1 GENERAL
............................................................................................................
4-1 4.2 PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE (AOI)
............................................................. 4-1
4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
................................................................................
4-3
4.3.1 Physiography and Soil
....................................................................................
4-3 4.3.2 Soil Types
......................................................................................................
4-4
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4.3.3 Surface Salinity
..............................................................................................
4-4 4.3.4 Seismicity Data
..............................................................................................
4-5
4.4 HYDROLOGY
......................................................................................................
4-6 4.4.1 Surface Water
................................................................................................
4-6 4.4.2 Flood Record
.................................................................................................
4-8 4.4.3 Groundwater
................................................................................................
4-10
4.5 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
..........................................................................
4-14 4.5.1 Flora
.............................................................................................................
4-14 4.5.2 Fauna
...........................................................................................................
4-15
4.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION
......................................................................
4-19 4.7 SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
...........................................................................
4-21 4.8 GENDER ISSUES AND ANALYSIS
...................................................................
4-31
5. STUDY OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
....................................................................
5-1 5.1 NO PROJECT OPTION (WORST CASE SCENARIO OPTION)
........................... 5-1 5.2 CONSTRUCTING NEW CANAL
..........................................................................
5-2 5.3 REHABILITATION OF EXISTING CANAL SYSTEM (SELECTED OPTION
FOR DETAIL DESIGN)
...........................................................................................................
5-2 5.4 CONCLUSION
.....................................................................................................
5-2
6. PUBLIC CONSULTATION
.........................................................................................
6-1 6.1 GENERAL
............................................................................................................
6-1 6.2 CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY
....................................................................
6-1
6.2.1 Stakeholder Identification
...............................................................................
6-1 6.2.2 Consultation Process and Technology
........................................................... 6-2
6.3 OBJECTIVES ACHIEVED WITH THE PUBLIC CONSULTATION
....................... 6-4 6.4 CONSULTATION AND DISCUSSION DURING
IMPLEMENTATION................... 6-2
6.4.1 Public Hearing
................................................................................................
6-2 6.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
......................................................................
6-4
6.5.1 Management Responsibilities
.........................................................................
6-4 6.6 SOCIAL COMPLAINTS REGISTER
.....................................................................
6-7
7. IMPACT ASSESSMENT, MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
............ 7-8 7.1 POTENTIAL IMPACT SOURCES
........................................................................
7-8 7.2 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING DESIGN PHASE
.............. 7-11
7.2.1 Weed in Canal Water
...................................................................................
7-11 7.2.2 Damage to Canal Banks
..............................................................................
7-11
7.3 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
... 7-12
7.3.1 Physical Environment
...................................................................................
7-12 7.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
..........................................................................
7-21
7.4.1 Damage to Biological Resources and Disturbance of Wildlife
....................... 7-21 7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
..........................................................................
7-22
7.5.1 Impacts of Land
Acquisition..........................................................................
7-22 7.5.2 Impacts on Local Population due to Migrating Labour from
other Parts of the Country 7-23 7.5.3 HIV/AIDS and other
Communicable Diseases
.............................................. 7-23 7.5.4 Existing
Services & Employment (Positive Social Impacts)
.......................... 7-24
7.6 OPERATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT (O&M) PHASE
....................................... 7-24 8. ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN
...............................................................
8-1
8.1 MITIGATION PLAN
..............................................................................................
8-1 8.2 MITIGATION OF ADVERSE IMPACTS AT DESIGN PHASE
............................... 8-1 8.3 MITIGATION OF ADVERSE
IMPACT AT CONSTRUCTION PHASE .................. 8-2 8.4 MONITORING
PLAN
............................................................................................
8-2 8.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
......................................................................
8-3
8.5.1 Management Responsibilities
.........................................................................
8-3 8.6 COMMUNICATION AND DOCUMENTATION
...................................................... 8-7
8.6.1 Data Recording and Maintenance
..................................................................
8-7
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
8.6.2 Storage of Information
....................................................................................
8-8 8.6.3 Meetings
........................................................................................................
8-8 8.6.4 Reports
..........................................................................................................
8-8 8.6.5 Photographic Record of the Project Area
..................................................... 8-10 8.6.6
Record Register
...........................................................................................
8-10
8.7 WASTE DISPOSAL PLAN
.................................................................................
8-11 8.7.1 Domestic Waste
...........................................................................................
8-11
8.8 Construction Waste
............................................................................................
8-11 8.9 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN
.......................................................................
8-13 8.10 Closure of Roads
............................................................................................
8-13 8.11 Strengthening Embankments Works
...............................................................
8-14 8.12 Diversion Channels
.........................................................................................
8-14 8.13 OUTLINE OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND CONTINGENCY PLAN
........ 8-14 8.14 HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT (HSE) PLAN
...................................... 8-15 8.15 TREE PLANTATION
PLAN.............................................................................
8-16 8.16 BORROW AREAS RESTORATION PLAN
..................................................... 8-18 8.17
LAND ACQUISITION PROCEDURE
.............................................................. 8-18
8.18 RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN
...........................................................................
8-18 8.19 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COST
.................................................... 8-20
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Effluent Discharge Standards Applicable to the
Works
Table 2.2: Gaseous Emission Levels
Table 2.3: Noise Emission Levels
Table 3.1: Source of Raw Material
Table 4.1: Percentage Surface Salinity Statistics
Table 4.2: Water Quality Parameters (WAPDA STANDARD)
Table 4.3: Peak Discharge of Prominent Years in River Sutlej at
Suleimanki Barrage
Table 4.4: Shallow Groundwater Quality
Table 4.5: Respondents Family Members
Table 4.6: Respondents Age Group
Table 4.7: Housing Characteristic of the Respondent
Table 4.8: Access to Education Facilities
Table 4.9: Social Amenities
Table 4.10: Profession/Business
Table 4.11: Household Income
Table 4.12 Household Expenditures
Table 4.13 Average Land Holding Size of the Family
Table 4.14 Cultivator Status
Table 4.15 Respondents age group
Table 4.16 Respondents language
Table 4.17 Marital Status
Table 4.18 Respondents Educational Level
Table 4.19 Source of Water for Domestic Use
Table 6.1 List of Officials Contacted
Table 6.2 Grievance Resolution Process
Table 7.1 Evaluation of Environmental & Social Impacts
Table 8.1 Environment & Management Cost
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Pakpattan Canal Command Area
Location Map
Figure 4.1: Overall Environmental Study Area Map
Figure 4.2: Physiography of Canal Command Area
Figure 4.3: Seismic Zones of Pakistan
Figure 4.4: Flood Inundated Area near the Canal Head
Regulator
Figure 6.1: Cities and Towns along the Pakpattan Canal LIST OF
PLATES Plate 4.1: Existing Livestock Pond along the Canal
Plate 4.2: Livestock Damage the Canal Banks
Plate 4.3: Occasional Finding of Fruit Trees (above is Mango
Tree)
Plate 4.4: Fishing Contractor Catching Fish in Upper Pakpattan
Canal
Plate 4.5: Meeting with the Officials of NGO in Vehari
Plate 4.6: A View of meeting with the cotton pickers
Plate 5.1: Public Consultation along Khadir Branch (near town
Sahka)
Plate 5.2: Stakeholder Consultation at Water Management Office,
Vehari
Plate 6.1: Public Consultation along Khadir Baranch (near town
Sahka)
Plate 6.2: Stakeholder Consultation at Water Management Office
Vehari
LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 4.1: Environmental Test Results
Appendix 7.1: ABDs Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA)
Checklist
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
vii
ABBREVIATION
ADB Asian Development Bank
AOI Area of Influence
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
CCA Cultivable Command Area
CMS Conservation of Migratory Species
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
COSHH Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
EC Electrical Conductivity
EMMP Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPAs Environmental Protection Agencies
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
GCA Gross Cultivated Area
GRC Grievance Redress Committee
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IWT Indus Water Treaty
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
NCS National Conservation Strategy
NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards
NOC No-Objection Certificate
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PCIP Pakpattan Canal Improvement Project
PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
PEPC
PHS
Pakistan Environmental Protections Council
Public Health and Safety
PID Punjab Irrigation Department
PMO Project Management Office
PMU Project Management Unit
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate
SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio
SCARP Salinity Control and Reclamation Project
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
viii
SEMU Social & Environmental Management Unit
SFA Social Frame Work Agreement
SMO SCARPS Monitoring Organization
SOP Survey of Pakistan
SSOP Soil Survey of Pakistan
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WHO World Health Organization
WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
S- i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction For Pakpattan Canal Improvement
Project (PCIP) an Environmental Assessment (EA)
Report has been prepared to ensure the following objectives:
ADBs Environment Safeguards Policy Statement
The applicable environmental administrative and legal frame work
on the project
Environmental & social base line data of the project area of
influence (AOI)
Assessment of potential environmental impacts and determining
mitigation measures
of expected adverse impacts
A basic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Framework (inclusive
of all major
environmental aspects and risk based assessment plan) has been
developed and the
envisaged EMP implementation cost estimated. The EMP will be
revised, upgraded and
further details will be provided for each construction contract
of the canal rehabilitation and
upgrading work.
The base line data was developed and analyzed to identify
potential environmental impacts
of the project. An Environmental Assessment Checklist
methodology was adopted to identify
the high risk activities and suggest their mitigation measures.
Where possible, eliminating
the risk by altering the scope or method of execution of work
was preferred rather than
minimizing the risk with control measures.
Legal and Administration Framework Policy
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 is the primary
legislation which applies to
environmental assessment studies in Pakistan. Under section 12
of the Act, a project
falling under any category specified in Schedule II (SRO
339(1)/2000) requires the
proponent to file an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) with
the concerned
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which in case of
Pakpattan Canal is EPA
Punjab.
Pakpattan canal passes through mainly agricultural lands and
does not pass through any
environmentally sensitive area along the canal in respect of the
sensitive habitat, wildlife or
cultural heritage. The nature and scope of the construction
works and the environmental
setting of the Project are such that no permanent adverse
environmental impacts are
anticipated. According to ADB Environment Policy the project is
categorized as category B
project. However, because the canal system serves more than
15,000 ha, the EIA (As per
section 12 of PEPA 1997) is mandatory for this project. All
project activities should be compliant
with NEQS and should establish monitoring and evaluation
systems.
Description of Project The project envisages mainly the raising
and strengthening of banks, rehabilitation of
bridges and other hydraulic structures along the canal. This
project is not a construction of
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
S- ii
new canal but a rehabilitation work leading to rehabilitation of
Pakpattan Canal ultimately
leading to optional and judicious water supply to agricultural
fields.
Description of the Environment
Baseline Conditions of the area of influence (AOI) have been
established considering the
current and proposed development activities as well as the
direct and indirect activities
connected with the AOI. The information utilized for the IEE was
collected by using GIS
technology, collection of primary data (air, water and soil),
stakeholder consultation including
Wildlife, Fishery, Forestry Departments, field visits carried
out by the environment team and
review of environmental data of previous projects carried out in
the area.
A strip of Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) land is available
along both banks of the canal
which would be utilized for Contractors facilities (contractor
camp, plant & equipment yard,
work base area etc). The ambient air quality was analyzed and is
found to be reasonably
clean and no obvious source of the air pollution is identified
during site visits. The climate of
the area is arid characterized by long hot summers and short
mild winters.
Most of the canal banks length is planted with trees. Kiker
(Acacia Nilotica) and Shesham
(Dalbergia Sissoo) are the main species of trees found along the
canal. The canal command
area is famous for producing valuable crops (wheat, cotton etc)
and fruits (mango, guava,
water melon etc).
The species of birds found in the area include pigeon, dove,
egret, quail etc. Common wild
mammals of the area include jungle cat, mongoose, jackal,
porcupine etc. some species of
reptiles and amphibians are found in the area e.g. snakes,
variety of lizards, frogs, and
toads,
The Socio Economic Survey was conducted with the objectives to
assess prevailing socio-
economic conditions of the related communities and to predict
the effects of the proposed
different alternatives of rehabilitation works. The canal
command area falls into four districts;
Okara, Pakpattan, Vehari and Lodhran. Approximately 80 % of
Canal command area falls
into two districts; Pakpattan and Vehari. Total of 400
respondents i.e., 200 males for socio-
economic survey and 200 females for gender development study,
were selected from
different project villages. The secondary data was collected
from available documents i.e.
District Population Census Report 1998 of four districts of the
project and maps related to
project area prepared by various Organizations / Departments.
The occupational /
professional status of the respondents of the project area has
been classified mainly into two
groups such as agricultural household and non-agricultural
household. The members of non
farm community were generally doing labour work, shop keeping,
government / private
employee, livestock, rearing business enterprises and receiving
some remittances from
abroad.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
S- iii
The population of project area is totally based on rural setup.
Average farm size in the canal
command is 2.7 ha (6.8 acres). The villages are formed of
permanent settlements.
Habitation was classified according to the type of structure
into three categories, i.e. Pacca
(concrete or brick structure), Kacha (Mud houses) Semi Pacca
(mixed structure). A
significant majority of project households have electricity at
their homes and only 2 percent
community has landline telephone facility. Use of mobile phones
has greatly increased as a
way of communication. None of respondents was enjoying the
facilities of Sui Gas and
drainage system in project area. Hand pumps are the major source
of water in villages and
farmhouses, while the water supply systems are provided in
cities.
The average literacy ratio in the project area analyzed from
survey findings was 54% and the
literacy rate among the male members was higher (59 percent)
than the females (41
percent) of the study area.
The PCIP will (i) ensure that the water supply to the
distribution system in the entire canal
command area is secure; and the project will result in an 8.6%
increase in farm income as a
result of the proposed intervention. A total of about 189,503
farm families or almost 2 million
people will benefit from the PCIP.
Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Most of the adverse environmental and social impacts of the
Project will be associated with
the construction phase. Except for temporary resettlement during
construction no permanent
resettlement is needed. Other impacts associated with the
construction phase will be
temporary, reversible, phased over a period of time, localized
and manageable.
Most of the length of canal bank (path along the canal) and
access roads in the project area
are unpaved and may cause dust pollution during traffic
movement. Air quality shall be
controlled by regular spraying of water on unpaved paths. All
vehicles, machinery,
equipment and generators used during construction activities
will be kept in good working
condition to minimize the exhaust emissions. Cutting &
burning trees and shrubs as a fuel
shall be prohibited and clean source of energy would be provided
at the contractors camp
e.g. gas cylinders etc. Noise, air quality and water sources
shall be monitored periodically,
as specified in IEE report. All the work activities should be
restricted within the allowed
working hours.
No designated environmentally protected or archaeological site
falls within the direct project
area of influence or along the canal banks. The Project will not
have any significant impact
on fish, fishermen communities, wildlife and wildlife habitat.
However, monitoring measures
have been recommended to ensure that any unforeseen impacts can
be identified,
compared with baseline and mitigated during the implementation
stage. All forest, wildlife
and fisheries laws should be fully respected and abided by the
contractor and his work force.
No fire arms should be carried out by the contractors work
force.Tree cutting may require
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
S- iv
the construction of diversion channels or escape channels. Every
tree cut on site for the
execution of work shall be replaced with plantation of minimum
five new trees. The new
plantation would be protected during the contract implementation
from animals and daily
routine activities. Public parks will be developed along the
canal at suitable locations (away
from existing settlements, if any). This will raise the
aesthetic value of the area and provide a
picnic spot to the local community.
During construction, the Contactors work force is expected to be
largely available from the
local population, which will enhance the economic opportunities
for the locals of working age
group. Socio-economic conditions of the project area will
generally have positive impact due
to the project implementation entailing availability of jobs
during construction phase.
The Project will also improve some of the social infrastructure
as part of the repair and
rehabilitation of the irrigation structures and will reduce the
exposure of local communities to
flooding events and the associated social and economic damages.
The livelihoods of
farming communities will also improve through increased and
equitable canal water
availability and improved agricultural productivity through
improved agricultural practices and
road crossings. The representation of women and other vulnerable
groups will be ensured in
the Project benefits.
The noticeable adverse impact of the Project will be temporary
resettlement of affected
communities and relocation of some of the cultural sties that
lie within the canal right of way
(ROW). Detailed resettlement action plans to mitigate these
impacts will be prepared and
implemented before commencing the work on site. Resettlement
Framework and
representative Resettlement Action Plans have been prepared as
part of the feasibility study.
It is very important to protect the water sources during the
construction phase from
accidental spills of diesel or any chemical, as any spill could
percolate to the groundwater
through the sandy stratum at site. All the solid waste and
wastewater generated from the
project activities and contractor camp are to be disposed of
according to the waste disposal
plan, which would be a component of the EMP. If the groundwater
is to be used for the water
supply in the contractors camp then it would be required to
abstract water from sufficient
depth and confirm that it meets the WHO standards.
The EMP will also ensure reporting of all non-conformances and
their rectification within a
specified period of time
The proposed project will bring about net-positive benefits in
terms of improved water
resource management through assured water availability from the
Pakpattan Main Canal
and will increase agricultural production from the project
area.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
S- v
Continuous environmental monitoring will be carried out for the
entire construction phase, to
ensure due diligence of environmental performance.
Conclusion It is anticipated that all environmental and social
issues involved during the construction and
operational phase of the project are manageable, therefore it is
concluded that the project is
environmentally friendly, financially viable, economically
sustainable, generally neutral and
pro-poverty alleviation.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
1-1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL The province of Punjab is only one fourth of the
total area of Pakistan, yet its fertile land
yields are more than 50% of the total national agricultural
produce. One of the reasons for
such high agricultural production is the efficient use of water
resources through Punjabs
irrigation network. The Punjab irrigation network comprises 24
canals fed by 14
barrages/headworks and 9 major inter-river link canals,
irrigating more than 21 million acres
of land. Pakpattan Canal off takes from Sutlej River at
Suleimanki Barrage. There are two
barrages on Sutlej River; Suleimanki and Islam Barrage.
Suleimanki is the first barrage on
Sutlej after it enters into Pakistan.
Asian Development Bank (ADB) is providing assistance to improve
the management of
Punjab Water Resources and increase the agricultural
productivity of the province under the
Punjab Irrigation Agriculture Investment Program (PIAIP).
1.2 PROJECT DETAILS Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) is the
executing agency of the Punjab Irrigated
Agriculture Investment Program (PIAIP). Pakpattan Canal
Rehabilitation & Up-grading
(R&U) will be carried out under PIAIP. The consultancy of
the project including feasibility and
detailed design work was awarded to a joint venture of NESPAK,
AAB and DMC in April
2009.
This report comprises the Initial Environmental Examination
(IEE) study of the R&U of
Pakpattan Canal System. The IEE study takes into account the
natural environment (air,
water, land, flora & fauna), human health and safety. This
study evaluates the projects
potential environmental risks and impacts in its areas of
influence and outlines planning,
designing and implementation by preventing, minimizing,
mitigating or compensating for
adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts
throughout project
implementation.
The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the
projects potential positive
and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine
project alternatives where
adverse effects may be significant. The breadth, depth and type
of analysis in the social
assessment are proportional to the nature of the project and
scale of its potential effects,
positive or adverse, on the affected people.
1.3 BACKGROUND Pakpattan Canal and distribution network was
completed in June 1926. The canals design
discharge is 6,594 cusecs at head regulator built on the right
flank of Sulemanki Barrage.
Pakpattan Canal irrigates land in the districts of Okara,
Pakpattan, Vehari, and Lohdran on
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
1-2
the right side of the river Sutlej. The main Pakpattan Canal is
perennial and ceases to
operate for annual maintaining requirement during
December/January. The total gross
command area is about 1.4 million acres.
In 1960, under the Indus Water Treaty, India was given the
rights of the eastern rivers water,
including Ravi, Sutlej and Beas. Consequently upon the
construction of Bhakra/Nangal Dam
on river Sutlej and Pandoh & Pong Dam on Beas, discharge in
Sutlej was reduced
significantly. This entailed a significant work for conveying
water from western rivers through
link canals to overcome the shortfall in the eastern rivers.
Balloki-Suleimanki Link canal (B.S
Link) brings about 25,000 cusecs from Balloki barrage to feed
the canals off taking from the
Suleimanki Barrage.
With the construction of Sidhni Mailsi Bahawal Link (SMB Link)
canal Pakpattan main canal
was split into two parts i.e. Pakpattan Canal Upper (PC (U))
from RD 0-567 and Pakpattan
Canal Lower (PC (L)) from RD 568 to 667. Due to bifurcation, PC
(L) now draws its supplies
from SMB Link with a new head regulator at RD 195+171/R of SMB
Link.
1.4 PROJECT OBJECTIVES The system at present is facing many
maintenance problems like deteriorated condition of
80 years old structures with upstream and downstream erosion,
bermless reaches with
eroded banks and reduced free board. The system cannot take its
authorized discharge
safely and is being run by adopting a rotational program.
The project aims to upgrade water resources and irrigation
infrastructure of Pakpattan Canal
System and address the following main problems in this
project:
The decks of most of the road bridges on the canal have
deteriorated and are risky for
present traffic requirements.
Repair of regulation machinery and other hydraulic structure for
smooth operation of
the canals.
Raising & strengthening of banks.
Improve the efficiency of canal system ensuring fulfillment of
water requirement at the
tail end area.
1.5 PROJECT LOCATION Pakpattan canal off takes from river Sutlej
at right side of Suleimanki Headworks. Its
command area lies between 29o51 to 30o27 latitudes north and
72o12 to 73o38 longitudes
east. The canal command area is bounded by river Sutlej in the
south-east, boundary of
Lower Bari Doab Canal in the north and river Chenab in the west.
Approximately one million
acres of the canal command area falls in south-eastern part of
Punjab Province as shown in
Figure 1.1.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
1-3
1.6 PROJECT CATEGORIZATION According to ADB Safeguard Policy
Statement 2009 and Environment Policy 2002
guidelines, projects are to be categorized into three
environmental categories; A, B, or C. All
the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the project are
mitigable, temporary,
nature and localized. Also there is no environmentally sensitive
or archeological site falling
within project area of influence; therefore the project is
classified as Category B. This report
comprises the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the
proposed project to fulfill the
requirements according to ADBs, Safeguard Policy Statement
2009.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
1-4
Figure 1.1: Pakpattan Canal Command Area Location Map
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
1-5
1.7 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT The main objectives of the report
are as follows:
The application of environmental administrative and legal frame
work on the project
Develop Environmental Baseline Data for the project Area of
Influence (AOI), derive
land use and environmental maps.
Assessment of potential environmental Impacts and development of
mitigation
measures to cater for adverse impacts.
Preparation of framework of Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
and envisaged
EMP implementation cost for this project.
1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT This report is divided into
following chapters:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Legal and Administrative Framework Policy
Chapter 3 The Project
Chapter 4 Environmental Baseline Conditions
Chapter 5 Study of Project Alternatives
Chapter 6 Public Consultation
Chapter 7 Impact Assessment, Mitigation and Enhancement
Measures
Chapter 8 Environmental Management Plan
Appendices
1.9 METHDOLOGY OF PERFORMING THE STUDY The environmental and
social data were collected and analyzed for the overall
environmental study area. Data was collected during site visits
and stakeholder consultation
works. The concerned departments and institutions consulted are
Wildlife, Forestry &
Fishery Department, Water Management Office, Irrigation, SMO,
SEMU and Land
Reclamation Directorate of PID etc.
The base line data was developed and analyzed to identify
potential environmental impacts
of the Project. A risk based methodology was adopted to identify
the high risk activities and
suggest their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating
the risk by altering the scope
or method of execution of work was preferred rather than
minimizing the risk with control
measures. Public consultations were also undertaken including a
gender study to take into
account the public point of view about the project.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
1-6
1.10 AREA OF RESPONSIBILITIES The following experts were
involved for the preparation of this Initial Environmental
Examination Report:
Project Manager Tariq Altaf
Deputy Team Leader (Canals) Ehsan Ullah Sardar
Sub-Team Leader Mukhtar Ahmad
Environmental Specialist Ahsan Bela
Rural Sociologist Abdul Hameed
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-1
2. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK POLICY This chapter
provides an overview of the policy framework and national
legislation that
applies to the proposed Project. The Project is expected to
comply with all national
legislations and Asian Bank Guidelines relating to environmental
and social issues, and all
the required regulatory clearances will be obtained.
The environmental study includes primarily Pakistan
Environmental Protection Act 1997
(PEPA 1997), Pakistan IEE and EIA review regulations (2000) and
Asian Development Bank
SPS. All other laws and guidelines relevant to the project have
also been reviewed.
Synopses of relevant laws and guidelines are provided in this
chapter.
2.1 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN PAKISTAN Under section 12 (with
subsequent amendment) of the 1997 Act, a project falling under
any
category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339(1)/2000), requires the
proponent to file an IEE with
concerned federal agency (Pak-EPA). Projects falling under any
category specified in schedule
II require the proponent to file an EIA with the federal agency.
Within ten working days of the
lodging of IEE or EIA, the federal agency will confirm that the
document submitted is complete
for the purpose of review.
2.2 NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY The Pakistan National
Conservation Strategy (NCS) was approved by federal cabinet in
March
1992 and is the principal policy document on environmental
issues in the country. The NCS
outlines the countrys primary approaches towards encouraging
sustainable development,
conserving natural resources and managing resources. The NCS has
68 specific programs in
14 core areas in which policy intervention is considered crucial
for the preservation of
Pakistans natural and physical environment. The core areas that
are relevant in the context of
the proposed Project are pollution prevention and abatement,
conserving biodiversity and
preservation of cultural heritage.
2.3 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY The National Environmental
Policy provides an overarching framework for addressing the
environmental issues facing Pakistan, particularly pollution of
fresh water bodies and coastal
waters, air pollution, lack of proper waste management,
deforestation, loss of biodiversity,
desertification, natural disasters and climate change. It also
gives directions for addressing the
cross sectoral issues elaborating the underlying causes of
environmental degradation and
international obligations. The policy provides broad guidelines
to the Federal Government,
Provincial Government, Federally Administrated Territories and
Local Government for
addressing environmental concerns and ensuring effective
management of their environmental
resources.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-2
2.4 GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT The Pak-EPA has
published set of environmental guideline for conducting
environmental
assessment and the environmental management of different types
of development projects.
The guidelines relevant to the proposed Project are listed
below.
2.4.1 Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental
Reports, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 1997
The guidelines, targeted at project proponents, specify:
The nature of the information to be included in environmental
reports
The minimum qualification of the IEE/EIA conductors
appointed
The need to incorporate suitable mitigation measures during
project implementation
The need to specify monitoring procedures
The report must contain baseline data relating to the project
area, an interpretation of the data
and mitigation measures.
2.4.2 Guidelines of Public Consultation, Pakistan Environmental
Protection Agency, May, 1997
These guidelines deal with possible approaches to public
consultation and techniques for
designing an effective program of consultation that reaches out
to all major stakeholders and
ensure that their concerns are incorporated in any impact
assessment study.
2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES
2.5.1 Provincial EPA The Punjab Irrigation Department (PID) will
be responsible for providing the complete
environmental documentation required by the provincial EPA and
remain committed to the
approved project design. No deviation is permitted during
project implementation without the
prior and explicit permission of the EPA.
2.5.2 Provincial Departments of Forestry and Wildlife The
rehabilitation works are expected to involve some clearing of
vegetation that exists on
government land where labour camp and batching plants are to be
installed. Widening and
strengthening of the embankments may also involve some uprooting
of trees. All the trees
along the canal belong to Forest department. Plantation at the
irrigation rest houses and at the
barrages belongs to irrigation department. Wildlife department
nominates any sensitive wildlife
area as game reserve or highly sensitive area as wildlife
sanctuary. A competent person should
manage the work activities in wildlife sensitive areas to
minimize any adverse impacts on
wildlife habitat. However no environmentally sensitive area has
been identified within the direct
influence of the project activities.
2.5.3 Local Government and Municipalities The PID and its
contractors must ensure that the project meets the criteria of
district
governments as related to the establishment of construction
camps and plants, and the safe
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-3
disposal of wastewater, solid waste and toxic materials. The PID
will coordinate and monitor
environment-related issues.
2.5.4 Social & Environmental Management Unit (SEMU) Punjab
Irrigation Department (PID), under Punjab Irrigation and Drainage
Authority (PIDA),
established the Social and Environmental Management Unit (SEMU)
in December 2006 to
enable it to address the environmental and social issues in a
timely and effective manner during
operation, maintenance, rehabilitation, construction of new
canals and drains etc. SEMU has
developed checklists for canal rehabilitation works covering
construction or remodeling of J-
Head Spur / Dike / Flood Bund / Training Works, new canals, new
distributaries or lining of any
channel. SEMU may also be involved as an independent
environmental monitoring
organization during construction phase of this Project.
2.5.5 Environment-Related Statutes This section outlines
statutes apart from the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act,
1997,
which are relevant to the project.
The Forest Act, 1927 (and Provincial Acts and Rules)
The Act, inter alia, deals with the matters related with
protection and conservation of natural
vegetation/habitats. It empowers the concerned agency to declare
protected and reserved
forest areas and their maintaining. In spite of the fact that it
recognizes the right of people for
access to the natural resources for their household use, it
prohibits unlawful cutting of trees and
other vegetation from forest reserve area. The permission is
required prior to undertake any
tree cutting from the Forest Department of Punjab province. The
contractor will inform formally
to the Punjab Forest Department and PID at-least 1 month before
cutting any tree on site.
Provincial Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and
Management) Act,
Ordinances and Rules
In addition to empowering provincial wildlife department to
establish game reserves, parks, and
wildlife sanctuaries, these acts regulate the hunting and
disturbance of wildlife. This law will
help in eliminating any trespassing into protected areas.
Antiquities Act, 1975
The Antiquities Act relates to the protection, preservation and
conservation of
archaeological/historical sites and monuments. There are no
archeological site(s) or cultural
heritage site inside or in the AOI of the project. Nevertheless
if there is chance find during the
construction phase this law would provide due guidance.
Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001
These ordinances, issued following the devolution process,
establish regulations for land use,
conservation of natural vegetation, air, water, and land
pollution, the disposal of solid waste and
wastewater effluents, as well as matters related to public
health and safety. This law will help as
and when participatory management of irrigation system becomes
the order of the day.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-4
Factories Act, 1934
The clauses relevant to the project are those that are related
with the health, safety and welfare
of workers, disposal of solid waste and effluent, and damage to
private and public property.
The Factories Act also provides regulations for handling and
disposing of toxic and hazardous
materials. There are no factories / industries inside the
project area.
Land Acquisition Act 1894
Land Acquisition Act (LAA), 1894 is the primary law governing
land acquisition in Pakistan. For
the acquisition of land, the above-mentioned Act, rules and
regulations are followed whether
the acquisition is for Government of Punjab or any other agency.
Up to this stage no permanent
land acquisition has been anticipated in the design of the
project. Should there be a need for
temporary acquisition, this law would be helpful.
2.6 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GUIDELINES The Asian Development
Banks Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 and Environmental
Policy 2002 require that environmental considerations be
incorporated in to ADBs funded
project to ensure that the project will have minimal
environmental impact and be
environmentally sound. Occupational health & safety of the
local population should also be
addressed as well as the project workers as stated in SPS. A
Grievance Redress
Mechanism to receive application and facilitate resolution of
affected peoples concerns,
complaints, and grievances about the projects environmental
performance is also
established and provided in chapter-6.
Environmental Category
According to ADB guidelines, projects are to be categorized in
to the following environmental
categories; A, B, or C as given in the table below. Once the
project has been categorized,
the chief compliance officer must confirm it at the management
review meeting. At any stage
the category can be changed with the approval of the chief
compliance officer if further
studies and investigations reveal that the projects potential
impacts are worse, minimal or
negligible.
ADB Environmental Categories
Category A:
Criterion
Projects with potential for significant adverse environmental
impacts.
This is applicable in case of mega projects causing global or at
least regional impacts.
This types of project require a first class EIA to be produced
and implemented.
It is not applicable on this project.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-5
Category B:
Criterion
Projects judged to have some adverse environmental impacts, but
of lesser degree
and/or significance than those for category A projects.
This is applicable in case of projects with localized and
mitigable impacts. Rehabilitation
& Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal is a Category B project. The
project involves
rehabilitation and repair of an already existing structure
without causing any permanent
change in the surrounding environment. All impacts shall be
localised, limited and
mitigable. Such projects according to ADB require an IEE and EMP
only.
Category C:
Criterion
Projects unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. It is
not applicable on this
project
2.7 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS) 2000 The
NEQS 2000 specify the following standards:
1. Maximum allowable concentration of the Pollutants, (32
parameters) in emission and
liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland water.
2. Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two
parameters) in gaseous
emission from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from
vehicles.
3. Maximum allowable noise level from vehicles
4. Maximum allowable limits for Drinking Water
5. Maximum allowable limit for Ambient Air Quality
These standards apply to the gaseous emission and liquid
effluents discharged by campsite
and construction machinery. The standards for vehicles will
apply during the construction as
well as operation phase of the project. Precise standards for
air quality are not available
under NEQS, 2000. The National Environmental Quality Standards
(NEQS) 2000 specify the
following standards:
1. Discharge to inland waters:
The standard prescribes the maximum allowable concentration for
32 contaminants in the
municipal and liquid industrial effluents being discharged to
the environment.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-6
Determinants which will be relevant to the contractors activity
and discharges into inland
waters and their limits are listed in the following Table
2.1.
Table 2.1: Effluent Discharge Standards Applicable to the
Works
Determinant Limit
Temperature 40oC =
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-7
There are no prescribed limits for the concentrations of
microbiological determinants which
will be required to be met by any wastewater discharged from the
contractors work camps.
Appropriate international standards will be considered in the
Environmental Management
Plan.
2. Gaseous emission from industrial sources:
Maximum allowable concentrations of air based pollutants at
construction site are given in
Table 2.2:
Table 2.2: Gaseous Emission Levels
Determinant Limit
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 9 ppm (8 hours)
35 ppm (1 hour)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 140 ug/m3
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 100 ug/m3
3. Environmental Noise Levels
While no environmental noise levels are currently in place,
values have been submitted to
the Expert Advisory Committee on NEQS for consideration. The
levels which are being
proposed are summarized in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Noise Emission Levels
Category Daytime dB(A) (06:00 21:00) Night-time dB(A) (21:00
06:00)
Residential Area 55 45
Commercial Area 65 55
Industrial Area 75 70
Silence Zone 50 40
The Standard prescribed for maximum allowable noise levels for
road vehicles and
construction machinery is 85 dB (measured 7.5m from
vehicle/machinery).
2.8 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Pakistan is signatory to a number
of International Conventions, Protocols and
Understandings relating to the environment. Those relevant to
the project are described in
the following paragraphs.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
2-8
Convention on Biological Diversity
The Convention of Biological Diversity was the outcome of the
Earth Summit held in Rio-
de-Janeiro in 1992. The Convention binds the signatories to
respect, protect and conserve
the earth environment and bio-diversity through sustainable use
of natural resources. In all
development projects in Pakistan the protocols of this
convention are respected in letter and
spirit.
Ramsar Convention
The Convention on Wetland of International Importance,
especially on Waterfowl Habitats
held in Iran in 1972 at village Ramsar in Iran, places an
obligation on the signatories to
protect habitats of migratory waterfowl. There is no Ramsar site
within the canal command
area and AOI of the project.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
3-1
3. THE PROJECT
3.1 GENERAL Pakpattan canal off takes from right side of
Suleimanki Barrage with design discharge of
6594 cusec. With the construction of Sidhnai-Mailsi Bahawal Link
(SMB Link), the main
canal was split into two parts viz Pakpattan Canal Upper from RD
0+000 to 567+372 and
Pakpattan Canal Lower from RD 568+000 to RD 667+000. Pakpattan
canal lower draws its
supplies from Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal (SMB) link with a new head
regulator at RD 195+171 /
R of SMB Link. Gross Command Area (GCA) of Pakpattan canal is
1.4 lac acres whereas
Cultivated Command Area (CCA) is 1.29 lac acres which fall,
mainly in Pakpattan and
Vehari districts.
3.2 CULTIVATED COMMAND AREA (CCA) The Pakpattan Canal command is
located between River Sutlej on its south and Old Sukh
Beas Nallah running along boundary of Lower Bari Doab Canal in
its north. In the eastern
side it starts from the edge of the eastern border of Pakistan
with India at Suleimanki
Barrage. The total length is approximately 134 miles extending
up to Lodhran district from
the Suleimanki Barrage. The command area width varies and at
places reaches up to 26
miles. The 90% command area falls in districts Pakpattan and
Vehari. The remaining 10 %
area is in Okara and Lodhra districts.
3.3 PAKPATTAN MAIN CANAL The whole main canal is divided into
two parts viz Pakpattan Canal Upper from RD 0 to 568
and Pakpattan Canal Lower from RD 568 to 667. The upper canal
and its associated
distribution system feed from Suleimanki Barrage and Lower
section draws its supplies from
SMB Link with a new head regulator at RD 195 of SMB Link. The
design discharge of
Pakpattan canal lower is 940 cusecs. Due to addition of
additional area the canal was
allowed to run with a discharge of 1160 cusecs.
Khadir branch is the main branch off taking from Pakpattan upper
at RD 112 with design
discharge of 2230 cusecs and irrigates area falling namely in
Pakpattan and Vehari districts.
Two Link Canals are connected with Pakpattan Upper Canal. MP
(Motgomery Pakpattan)
Link was constructed to deliver 1000 cusecs of supplies from
LBDC (Lower Bari Doab
Canal) to Pakpattan Canal at RD 266. Water is run up to RD 406
Pakpattan Canal Upper,
from where it passes into Pakpattan-Islam Link for use at Islam
Barrage i.e. non-perennial
feeding to Upper Bahawal Canal and Qaim Canal.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
3-2
3.4 NEED OF THE PROJECT The system at present is facing many
maintenance problems like deteriorated condition of
80 years old structures with upstream and downstream erosion,
bermless reaches, eroded
banks, insufficient free board, vulnerability to breaches,
accumulation of silt and debris and
water storage at tails etc. The damages mainly occurred due to
the event of 1988 flood. The
flood caused breaching in RMB at Suleimanki Barrage and flows
routed back to the river
through breaches in Pakpattan Canal, which resulted in
uncontrolled supplies in the canal.
Due to this excessive discharge, serious damages mainly
downstream of all the
falls/regulators and other structures have taken place. No major
rehabilitation works were
carried out during the life time, consequently the main canal
has become less efficient.
Pakpattan Main Canal is unable to run with its authorized
discharge safely and is being run
by adopting a rotational program.
It is proposed under PIAIP Project to rehabilitate and upgrade
the Pakpattan Canal System.
3.5 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT The project envisages mainly the
raising and strengthening of banks, rehabilitation of
bridges and other hydraulic structures along the canal. This
project is not a construction of
new canal but a rehabilitation work leading to rehabilitation of
Pakpattan Canal ultimately
leading to optional and judicious water supply to agricultural
fields.
3.5.1 Proposal for Rehabilitation & Up-grading Works
- Structures in dilapidated condition to be reconstructed, while
others to be
rehabilitated.
- Stilling basin for fall structures to be reconstructed to
dissipate energy properly.
- To restore PC (U) section, studs/spurs are to be constructed
where channel
banks are eroded and section widened.
- New VR Bridges to facilitate local peoples of the area when
required.
- Foot Bridges will be constructed when required.
- Outlets in bad condition to be reconstructed/
rehabilitated.
- Banks of channels to be raised to cater for required free
board.
- Cattle Ghats to be rehabilitated in order to protect channel
section in the area
having substantive number of cattle.
- To minimize embayment near structures brick masonry protection
to be provided
u/s & d/s of structures.
- Defective and worn out gates and hoisting arrangement to be
replaced.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
3-3
- Gates will be provided at Head of distributaries and minors
where they do not
exist.
- New distribution complex to be constructed at the tail of PC
upper for efficient
feeding of the tail distributaries.
- The analysis accommodation facilities along the canal for the
irrigation staff and
Rest Houses need renovation.
- Operator / Gauge Reader Huts need renovation or
rehabilitation.
The works include civil, mechanical and electrical works. The
possible components of the
works are as follow: -
Hydraulic Design of Main Canal
Pakpattan Canal Upper was originally designed for a discharge of
6594 cusecs by Kennedy
Theory with bed width 180 ft, FSD 12 ft which was revised in
1972, and designed by lacey
theory having bed width 195 ft, FSD 10 ft using Lacey silt
factor of 0.86. It is proposed to
tighten the section of the canal from last design 195 ft bed
width to its original bed width 180
ft, and an increase in water depth by 2 ft. It will help to
remove the silt bed to its original
level.
Falls and Cross Regulators on Pakpattan Canal
In order to reduce the D/S embayment and erosions consultants
will check the structure
hydraulically and modify according to the design requirements
during detail design stage. All
fall / x-regulator will be redesigned to control the flow
conditions. Step drop structures are
proposed to be replaced with glacis type fall structure and
stilling basin.
Embayment Down Stream of Structure
Bank erosion and embayment downstream of structures is a common
problem of Pakpattan
Canal System. Previously stone pitching was provided on the
eroded bank to restrict further
embayment. However bank erosion shifted to the end of stone
pitching and canal
embayment moved further. In order to restrict turbulent wave
formation, proper transition is
being proposed to protect canal banks from erosion.
Cattle Ghats on Pakpattan Main Canal
Mostly banks are eroded due to trespassing where there is
populated area near the canal.
Previously to protect banks from erosion, cattle ghats were
constructed which are in bad
shape. Therefore, to protect banks from erosion it is proposed
to rehabilitate the existing
cattle ghats.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
3-4
Head Regulators of Distributaries
Gates and hoisting arrangement need to be repaired for the
proper functioning of the canal
system. Therefore it is proposed to construct/rehabilitate the
head regulators and where ever
required gates and hoisting arrangement will be replaced.
Bank Strengthening
Bank strengthening is required in various reaches of Pakpattan
Canal. Most of the channels
in the distribution system have insufficient free board.
Therefore, it is proposed to attain
proper shape of the channel prism and strengthening of channel
banks.
Protection Down Stream and Upstream of Structures
During condition survey it was found that embayment exists
upstream and downstream of
structures in main canal as well as in distributaries and
minors. It is proposed to provide
brick side protection works in the canal prism near structures
as per requirements.
Platforms for Regulation at Head Regulators
Most of the channels head regulators need deck platforms with
railing and stairs; platforms
will be constructed of appropriate width and height where
required. Slab widths at some
head regulators of the distributaries with already are to be
increased for proper regulation.
Killa Bushing
Killa bushing will be provided to convert the channel section to
its design parameters. Berms
developed by the Killa bushing will also increase the safety of
canal.
Removal of Sarkanda
Sarkanda growth is common along the main canal and causes
obstruction to flow. For
altering smooth flow in channel, sarkanda is proposed to be
removed.
Tail Reach of Pakpattan Canal (Upper)
Due to split-up of PC discharge is reduced in tail reach of
PC(U) and the channel is
meandering in wider section. To attain proper shape of the
channel section it is proposed to
be redesigned and straightened for the actual flow.
Tail Distribution Complex
Four distributaries 9L, 7R, 6R and 10L off-take from PC(U) at RD
546+830, 547+475,
547+581 and 567+382 respectively. As per discussion with field
supervisory staff and
concerned officials, regulation problems exist there. It is
proposed to construct a combined
distribution complex at RD 546+830 on PC (U) to regulate flows
into distributaries.
Discharge D/S of RD 546+830 is reduced to 12.04 cusecs, it is
proposed that the tail of the
PC (U) be curtailed at this point and a distributor complex be
constructed and it may be
renamed as 10L Disty instead of PC (U)
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
3-5
Proposed Plan for Tail Distributor Complex to Cater Regulation
Problem at Tail of PC (U)
Village Road Bridges
Village Road Bridges, which are damaged or in dilapidated
condition on Pakpattan Main
Canal and will be reconstructed/rehabilitated. New Village Road
Bridges are also proposed
to be constructed to facilitate local people and avoid damage to
the canal system.
Rehabilitation of Gauge Reader Huts
In order to increase the work efficiency and facilitate the
irrigation staff, Gauge Reader Huts
are proposed to be reconstructed / rehabilitated. Presently most
of the huts are not in livable
condition.
Renovation of Rest Houses and Residences of Field Staff
Most of the Rest Houses and residences for the field staff were
constructed during 1st and
2nd quarter of 20th century. No major rehabilitation work has
been undertaken since then.
Most of these rest houses are not in satisfaction condition. To
facilitate the supervisory staff
these rest houses/residences are proposed to be rehabilitated
under PIAIP Project. These
rest houses can be used as FOs headquarter or meeting point in
future. Boundary walls are
proposed to be constructed to ensure security as most of the
rest houses do not have
boundary walls.
Diversion Channels
Diversion channels will be constructed (where required) to
maintain the routine canal flows.
PID land is available along the canal and no private land will
be acquired for this activity. The
excavated material will be back filled at the completion of
project and land will be restored to
its original condition.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
3-6
3.6 WORK BASE AREA The work base area and all the access roads
will be located within the PIDs land. Therefore
no private land acquisition is required to establish the work
base area and access roads.
Modification and maintenance of the surface of the bunds and
access roads will be
undertaken to ensure dust free environment of the area.
3.7 BORROW AREA PID owned and private land may be required for
the contractors facilities (offices, residential
areas, material/plant/equipment yard, batching plant (if
required) etc). The locations of these
facilities will be suggested during detail design stage
according to environmental point of
view. A strip of land, approximately 50 ft. wide, along the
canal belongs to PID. This land
should be preferred for developing contractors facilities.
Irrigation rest houses are located
along the canal, which could be developed and utilized by the
contractor.
It is envisaged that private land may also be required to obtain
some fill material. Most of the
land found along the canal is agricultural land and may be used
borrow area, if required,
after obtain Engineers approval. However the land would be
restored for agricultural or other
desirable purpose at the completion of the project.
3.8 MATERIAL REQUIREMENT / SOURCE The civil works will require
the following materials
Cement, Crush, Sand, Plastisizer, Air Entraining Agents, Steel
Reinforcement, Epoxy and
Grouting material, and earth work.
The material associated with Mechanical Works of the Project is
Gates, Hoisting System, Cables, Motors, Gear Box and Welding
Materials
Table 3.1: Source of Raw Material
Sr. No. Raw Material Availability Source
1 Earth Material (soil) Available locally, borrowed from the
lands temporarily acquired for the purpose.
2 Aggregate (crush) Available at many sources, such as: Quarries
at Sakhi Sarwar (160 miles), Margalla Hills (320* miles) and
Sikhanwali (220* miles), Sargodha (230* miles). The choice will
however will depend upon the quality and suitability of the rock
material of the construction of the hydraulic structures.
3 Rip-rap material Available from the three locations indicated
above.
4 Sand Though available locally, the construction grade would
need to be acquired from Chenab River bed (100* miles) or other
approved site.
5 Water for preparation of Ample useable (at most of the
locations)
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
3-7
Sr. No. Raw Material Availability Source
concrete groundwater aquifer is available along the canal. The
contractor will install tube well within PID land at the agreed
location with consultants environmentalist and Project Management
Staff.
6 Water for compaction of embankments
Canal water can be used for this purpose with the permission of
regulating authorities and supervision consultants
7 Cement Portland cement is locally available from the two
factories situated at Daud Khel (250* miles). However, the cement
of other grades is available within the country for the factories
at D.G.Khan (260* miles), Karachi (800* miles), Chakwal (300*
miles), Islamabad (281* miles), Wah (365* mile) etc.
8 Reinforcement steel Available from re-rolling mills at Lahore
(94* miles).
9 Mechanical parts of the Gates
Could be manufactured at Heavy Mechanical Complex at Taxilla
(365* miles), Factories at Lahore (94* miles) and Gujranwala (160*
miles) and /or imported from abroad.
* All distances are given from Pakpattan Canal Head
Regulator.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-1
4. ENVIORNMENTAL BASE LINE CONDITION
4.1 GENERAL The data were collected regarding the physical
environment, biological environment and
social aspects of the study area during stakeholder consultation
and technical visits
conducted by the environment team.
4.2 PROJECT AREA OF INFLUENCE (AOI) The area of project
influence referred as Area of Influence (AOI) is the area likely to
be
affected by the project, including all its ancillary aspects
such as canals, sites for proposed
diversion channel(s), escape channel(s), relocation and access
roads, borrow and waste
disposal areas and labour camps as well as unplanned
developments induced by the
project.
Although the major construction activities remain restricted to
the construction site which is
along the canal and its distributaries, yet the situation in
which construction related activities
could extend beyond the construction site include:
a) The Labour camp site, batching plant, material storage
depots, equipment
and machinery yards
b) Borrow areas for soil materials
c) Construction of haul tracks in order to transport
construction material
d) Impact of accidental canal closure on canal command area
The canal command area falls in four districts; Okara,
Pakpattan, Vehari and Lodhran out of
which the major part is covered in districts Pakpattan and
Vehari. Other main cities/towns
located along the canal are Arifwala, Burewala, Mailsi, Luddan,
Tibba Sultanpur, Gaggo,
Sahuka, Machiwal, Karampur, Shaikh Fazal and Thingi.
Overall environmental study area map is given in Figure 4.1.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-2
Figure 4.1: Overall Environmental Study Area Map
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-3
4.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Physical environment consists of the
environmental parameters covering physiography and
soil condition, water quality (surface and groundwater), ambient
air quality and climate.
4.3.1 Physiography and Soil
The physiography of the canal command area is indicated on
Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2: Physiography of Canal Command Area
H I N D
U
K U
S H
RA N
G E
K A R AK O R A M
R A
D E O SA I
M T S L A
D A
K H
R A
N G
E
Z A
S K
A R
M T
N S
.
H A
ZA
R A
G R E A T
H I M
A L
A Y
AR
A N
G E
K A
I L A
S
R A N G E
P I R P A
N J
A L
R A
S I W
A L I K
R A
N G
E
H I
N D
UR
A S
S A F E D K O H
S A L T R A
.
T O
B A
K A KA R
C E
N T
R A
LB R
A H U
I
R A
.
R A S
K O
HR A
S I N J A R A I
C H A G AI H.
S U L A
I M
A N
R A
.
S A H A
NR
A.
C E N T R A L M A K R
A N
R A
.
M A K R A N K O S T R A. H A
L A
B A
B
H
K I
R T
H A
RR
A.
MILES 50 0 50 100 150 MILES
S C A L E
MOUNTAIN RANGE
DESERT
L E G E N D
INDUS PLAINS
A f
g h
a n
i s
t a
n
China
I r a n
Arabian Sea
I n
d i
a
FA
TA
Indu
s Rive
r
In
du
s R
ive
r
J helum
River
Chen
ab R
iver
Ravi
Rive
r
Sutle
j Rive
r
Hu
b River
Ha
ng
ol
Riv
er
Zh
ob
Riv
er
Da
sh
at
Riv
er
Disputed TerritoryJammu & KashmirIslamabad
Lahore
Quetta
Karachi
In
du
s R
ive
r
Peshawar
Gawader
GilgitAgency
Project Area
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-4
The main land form units which exist in the Pakpattan canal
command area are:
- Recent Flood Plain
- Sub-Recent Flood Plain
- Miscellaneous Land Types
Recent Flood Plain covers about 12% of canal command area. It is
further spilt into category
level plains (about 9%), bars and levees (about 3%). It lies
along the right bank of river Sutlej
as a continuous strip and along the left bank of Sukh Beas in
discontinuous patches. It is
partly subjected to inundation during high floods. Sub-Recent
plain lies between recent flood
plain and Pleistocene river terrace. It occupies approximately
80% of the canal command
area and consists of level plain bar and levees. The remaining
miscellaneous land consists
of roads, cities, industry, built-up area, canals etc.
4.3.2 Soil Types
The proposed Project area forms a part of the vast Indus plain,
which is a part of the Indo-
Gangetic depression. This depression is of a synclinal nature.
Synclinorium depression is a
fore deep downward of the Himalayan foreland of variable depth,
converted into flat plains
by the simple process of alluviation. The alluvial deposits are
underlain by rocks of
Precambrian age. The soil of the level area is generally medium
to coarse texture. Bar and
levees have medium to coarse material. In sub-recent flood plain
the soils of the bar and
levees are relatively coarser while those of channels / basin
are predominantly clayey1.
4.3.3 Surface Salinity
SCARPS Monitoring Organization (SMO) undertakes the study to
identify the saline area in
Pakpattan canal command area. Portable digital conductivity
meter was used to measure
the EC of 0-15cm soil. A total of 746 surface samples were
tested for salinity categorization.
Four categories namely, non-saline (S1 (EC up to 4dS/m)),
slightly saline (S2(EC between 4
to 8dS/m)), moderately saline (S3(EC between 8-15dS/m)) and
strongly saline (S4(EC above
15dS/m)) were recognized and mapped. The percentage of saline
area found within the
canal command area is summarized in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Percentage Surface Salinity Statistics
1 data obtained from Reconnaissance Soil Survey Report of
Sahiwal and Multan areas prepared by Soil Survey of Pakistan
Class Percentage
Non Saline (S1) 90
Slightly Saline(S2) 1
Moderately Saline (S3) 1
Strongly Saline (S4) Negligible
Miscellaneous Land Type 8
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-5
4.3.4 Seismicity Data
Earthquake in non-cohesive soil may cause serious problems. In
extreme cases liquefaction
can occur if
Relative density is low
Initial confining pressure (overburden) is low
Earthquake intensity is high
Duration of ground shaking is long
National Seismic Monitoring Centre of Pakistan issued the
seismic zone map for Pakistan,
as shown in Figure 4.3. Pakpattan canal command area falls in
low hazard area and low risk
associated with the infrastructure found in this area.
Figure 4.3: Seismic Zones of Pakistan
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-6
4.4 HYDROLOGY The main source of water within the AOI can be
divided into surface water and groundwater. 4.4.1 Surface Water
Pakpattan canal system is the main source of the surface water
within the canal command
area. There are some seasonal nallahs which run during the
monsoon period but due to lack
of any collection and storage infrastructure, it is too scant
and unreliable to be of any
agricultural or other use. Pakpattan canal is a perennial canal
and closes only for cleaning
purpose. The main canal is divided into two parts; Upper
Pakpattan and Lower Pakpattan
canal. The Upper canal off-takes from river Sutlej at Suleimanki
Barrage and Lower canal
feed through SMB Link canal. M.P Link canal is another source of
upper Pakpattan canal
and brings about 1000 cusecs of water from L.B.D.C.
Pakpattan-Islam Link canal off-take
from upper Pakpattan at RD 406 and takes about 1000 cusecs of
Upper Pakpattan canal
water to Islam Barrage to accommodate the discharge of Upper
Bahawal and Qaim Canal.
The discharge capacity of the Upper Pakpattan canal at the head
regulator (Suleimanki
Barrage) is 6,594 cusecs.
Irrigation Standards Guideline of FAO Paper 29, Hanson et al.,
1999 and WAPDA, are used to interpret
infiltration issues resulting from the use of Pakpattan Canal
waters for irrigation. FAO has
defined infiltration as a function of both Sodium Adsorption
Ratio (SAR) and Electrical
Conductivity (EC) whereas WAPDA Standards (described in table
4.2) define infiltration as a
function of SAR and or Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) only.
Table 4.2: Water Quality Parameters (WAPDA STANDARD)
Human Consumption The canal water analysis indicates that water
quality does not meet the WHO drinking water
standards and is not fit for human consumption for drinking
without any treatment (results
attached in appendix 4.1)
Recreation Use The canal can be used for recreational activities
i.e. bathing, water sports etc as the canal
water quality meets the available standard for recreational
purposes (results included in
appendix 4.1) USA Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2003
defines maximum limit
of E-coil equal to 126 per 100ml for freshwater for recreational
use.
Symbols Usable Marginal Hazardous
EC x 106 S/cm 0 1500 1500 3000 > 3000
RSC (meq/l) 0 2.5 2.5 5.0 > 5.0
SAR (mg/l) 0 10 10 18 > 18
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-7
Water Pond for Livestock Lined ponds recently constructed along
Pakpattan Upper are not working properly. The
ponds were designed to accommodate the livestock and minimize
canals bank damage
from the livestock. The pond water is supposed to be replaced
with the canal water through
the installed pipe work on regular basis. But it seems that the
pipes are blocked or were
wrongly designed. The ponds remain filled with dirty water and
add the nuisance to the local
environment e.g. odor, mosquitoes breeding place etc. Also, in
some cases, the pond water
escaped to the adjacent agricultural land through the cracks in
the structure and damaged
the crop. Most of the ponds are damaged and not safe to be used
by livestock.
Plate 4.1: Existing Livestock Pond along the Canal
As the constructed ponds do not serve the purpose, animals use
the canal water and
damage the canal banks.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-8
Plate 4.2: Livestock Damage the Canal Banks
4.4.2 Flood Record
Under Second Flood Protection Sector Project (FPSP-II), flood
risk maps for 5 year and 50
year return period were developed for Sutlej River; part of the
map shown in Figure 4.4. The
map indicates the potential area inundated during flood. This
information will be used to
prepare the flood protection plan and contractors facilities set
up e.g. labour camp, batching
plant, plant & equipment yard etc during detailed design and
project implementation phase.
Five (5) years and fifty (50) years flood calculated at
Suleimanki barrage from the statistical
analysis are approximately 125,000 cusecs and 350,000 cusecs
respectively. The historical
record of major flood pass through the Suleimanki barrage is
summarized in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Peak Discharge of Prominent Years in River Sutlej at
Suleimanki Barrage
Years Discharge through
weir (Cusecs) Through Breaches in Flood Embankment
Total (Cusecs)
1942 325,000 Nil 325,000 1943 309,000 Nil 309,000 1947 360,000
Nil 360,000 1950 332,000 Nil 332,000 1955 422,000 175,000 597,000
1988 400,000 100,000 500,000 1995 302,000 Nil 302,000
The most recent flood that caused breach in RMB at Suleimanki
barrage and damaged
Pakpattan upper and Khadir branch occurred in 1988. There was no
flood in 2010 as the
flood only occurred in western rivers (Rivers Sindh, Jehlum and
Chenab).
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-9
Figure 4.4: Flood Inundated Area near the Canal Head
Regulator
Legend
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-10
4.4.3 Groundwater
Unconfined aquifer can be found as shallow as five 5m depth from
ground level at some
places along the canal. The aquifer constitutes loose sand of
high permeability. Hand pumps
and tubewells are the two most common sources of groundwater
within the canal command
area. Groundwater is mainly used for drinking and agriculture
purposes.
Groundwater Quality in Canals Command Area The secondary data
for groundwater quality has been collected from Directorate of
Land
Reclamation and SMO offices for canals command area. The
groundwater was classified on
the basis of laboratory analysis arranged by SMO for Electrical
Conductivity (EC), Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
during 2003-04. For ease in
description, the groundwater has been expressed as usable,
marginal and hazardous for
irrigation as determined by the adverse value of any of the
above mentioned three
parameters. The classification criteria used is not intended to
be strict in relation to the
effects of irrigation water on soil and crop growth which can be
truly adjusted according to
environmental factors such as climate, type of soil, crops grown
and management practices.
SMO also carried out testing for pH and EC in the field by using
digital portable pH and EC
meters and sent all the water samples to the laboratory for
detailed chemical analysis. The
samples were analyzed for pH, soluble cations, soluble anions,
dissolved salts, EC, SAR
and RSC. These parameters are used for the classification of
water as usable, marginal and
hazardous. The parameters associated with these classifications
are as follow:
Usable EC < 1500 S/cm; SAR 18mg/l; RSC >5 meq/l
Using the above parameters, 609 water samples were collected out
of which 345 were from
hand pumps and 264 from shallow tubewells (SMOs publication No.
29). The results are
summarized in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4: Shallow Groundwater Quality
Source Shallow Water Quality
Usable (%) Marginal (%) Hazardous (%)
Hand pumps 61 30 9
Tubewells 75 21 4
Water quality of tubewells is relatively better than that of
hand pumps mainly because the
depth of extraction is deeper in case of tubewells.
-
Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Pakpattan Canal IEE Report
4-11
Depth of Water Table SCAPRs Monitoring Organization (SMO) is
engaged in monitoring the water table depth in
Indus Plain bi-annually i.e. during pre-monsoon and post-
monsoon through a network of
piezometers and tubewells. On the basis of data collected by SMO
during 2002-03, it was
found that water table was not encountered within 300cm of depth
from grou