36059072 English Grammar in Turkish

8/8/2019 36059072 English Grammar in Turkish

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ADVANCED

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

IZMIR-2003

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GRAMMATICAL TERMINOLOGY

abstract noun Soyut isim.Fiziksel varl olmayan ,dnce temelindeki eylere ad olanszckler: doubt; height; geography.active Passive formda olmayan broken, was told, will be helped breaks, told, will help gbiiminde olan fiiller. Etkin fiiller(edilgin deil) Aktif fiillerde zne genellikle fiildeki eylemiyapan ya da ondan sorumlu olan kii ya da eydir.Adjective Sfat.green, hungry, impossiblegibi eyleri,insanlar ve olaylar niteleyenzzckler.Sfatlar isim ya da zamirleri nitler. a green apple; Im hungry.adjective clause Cmlede bir sfatla ayn ilei stlenen ve ( genellikle bir bal cmle ile takdimedilen) cmlecik. a clause (introduced by a relative pronoun)Karlatrn: a hungrybaby (hungrysfattr); a baby that wants to eat(1that wants to eat bir sfat cmleciidir).

adjectival participle clause Bir sfatla ayn ilevi yerine getiren birparticiple clause tir..Anybody wanting to eatshould help themselves now.adverb tomorrow, once, badly, there, also gibi bir eyin nerede,ne zaman nasl olduunuanlatmakta kullanlan szckler. Zarf. which is used to say, for example, when, where or howsomething happens. Deiik ilevlere sahip ok sayda zarf bulunmaktadr.

adverb clause Bir zarf ile ayn ileve sahip olan cmlecik.Zarf cmlecii. Karlatrn: ill seeyou tomorrow (tomorrow zaarftr).Ill see you when you get back(when you get backbir zarfcmleciidir.).Dier rnekler:Itelephoned Robin because I didnt know what to do(nedensel zarfcmlecii).Ask me if youneed anything(koulsal zarf cmlecii).adverb particle up. out gibi birphrasal verbin paras olan szckler: clean up, sold out, telloffadverb phrase Bir zarf ile ayn ilevi stlenen cmlecik. on Tuesday; in the bathroom.

adverbial Bir zarf ile ayn ilevde olan szck grubu; adverb phrase ya da adverb clause ileaynadverbial participle clause Bir participle ile verilen zarf cmlecii. Not knowing what to do, Itelephoned Robin.affirmative Olumlu cmlecik.KArlatrn:I agree (olumlu).I dont agree (olumsuz).affix anti-American, anticommunist, postwar,postnata, older, younger, greenish, mannishszcklerinde anti-, post-, -erve-tsh szcklri eklerdir. (Anti- post-n-ekler; -erve-ish son-ekler.)agent Pasif bir cmlede agent hareketi kimin ya da neyin yaptn bildiren elemandr. . Thispicture was probably painted by a pupil of Rubens.anaphora I put the money back in my pocket gibi bir cmlede, in the moneydaki the adl,money szcnn daha nce kullanldn anlatr. nceki kullanmlara gnderi yapan bu tradl(ya da zamir) kullanmlarna anaphora, ya da anaphoric reference aaad verilir.antecedent Kendisi ile bir bal zamir ya da bal cmleciin baland szckler denir. Theres the child who broke my window cmlesindethe child ifadesi who (broke my window)ifadesinin antecedentidir.anticipatory subject, anticipatory object preparatory subject, object.ile aynapposition Harry, my brother-in-law, is a policeman gibi bir cmlede,zneye her hangi biredat ya da balala balanmam olan my brother-in-law bir appositiondur.article Adl.A, an ve thearticles gibi szckler. Alan belirsiz adllar; th ise belirli adldr.aspect Fiiler,ngilizcede rnein bir eylemin devam edip etmediini, bir eylemin belirli birzamanda olup olmadn, tamamlanp tamamlanmadn gsterebilmek zere yaplandrlrlar.Fiillerin bu tr kullanmlarna aspectad verilir. (Karlatrn: it was raining; it had rained.assertive some, somebodygibi olumlu cmlelerde kullanlan szckler.Dieer trcmlelerde,genellikle bunlarn yerine any, anybodykullanlr. some, somebody etc are calledassertive forms olarak; any, anybody ise non-assertive forms olara aklandrlr. Diernon-assertive forms :yet; ever.



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attributive isimlerin nne gelen sfatlar attributive positionkonumdadrlar. a green shirt; mynoisy son.Bknz.predicative position.auxiliary verb be, have, do gibi zaman oluturmak iin dier fillerle yardmc olarak She waswriting. Where haveyou put it? Bknz. modal auxiliary verbs.bare infinitive to olmayan mastar. Let mego.base formbir fiilin en basit biimi,go; work; remember.case Bir cmlede isim ve zamirlerin fonksiyuonlarn gstermek zere deiik biimlerde iism vezamirlerin kullanlmas. Ive me, ya da who ve whom, case farkllklardr;Johns, the earthsgibi biimler isimlerin possessive caseya da genitive case leridir.clause Bir zne ve bir fiil ieren genellikle cmlenin kalan ksmna bir balala balanancmlecik. Mary said that she was tired. clause szc bazen participle ve infinitivelerieren(zne ve bala olmakszn). yaplara da verilen bir isimdir. Not knowing what to do, Itelephoned Robin. I persuaded her to try a new method.cleftsentence it ya da whatkullanarak ierisindeki paralardan birine daha fazla nem verilencmle.. It was you that caused the accident. What I need is a beer.collective noun abir grubu ieren tekil kelime.family; team.colloquial colloquial bir szck ya da ifade, zen gsterilmeksizin yaplan samimi, gndelik

konumalarda kullanlan szcktr.Hows life? Wheres the loo ( the toilet)?common noun car; idea; electric guitargibi genel eylerin ad olan szckler.comparative -er ekiyle (older; fasterya da also the structuremore + adjective/adverb yapsile oluturulan ve ayn biimde kullanlan karlatrma szc. (more useful; more politely).complement (be, seem ve baz dier fiillerle yaplan ve zne hakknda daha fazla bilgi vermeilevindeki cmle paras. Youre the right person to help. She looks very kind. The Presidentappointed Bristow his confidential adviser.compound Bileik isim.fiil,isim,sfat,zamir gibi elemanlar bileik szck yapmak zerebirletirilirler. verb, adjective, preposition, bus-driver; get on with; one-eyed; in spite of.concession, concessive Bir cmlenin ana fikrine zt olan bir eyi anlatmak iin kullanlan withalthough ya da may)gibi szcklerle oluturulan yaplara denir.Although Spurs did not play aswell as usual, they had no difficulty in winning. She may be an annoying person, but she has a lotof character and energy.concord Bazen znenin tekil ya da oul olmashe thinks, but they think ya da znenin birinci,ikinci ya da nc ahs olmasna gre fiillerin yaps deiir I am, you are, he isznenin fiille bu biimde uyarlanmasna 1concorde ad verilir.concrete noun Fiziksel olarak var olan ve duyularmzla anlalan eyler verilen isim. Maddiisim. cloud; petrol; rasp berry.conditional (1) modal yardmc fiiller kullanlarak yaplan fiil biimi. birinci ahsta wouldyadashould I uould run; she would sing; I should think. 2~ a clause or sentence containing ifya da benzeri bir szck kullanan ve ou zaman koullu fiil yaps kullanan cmlecik ya dacmle.If you try youll understand. I should be surprised if she knew. What would you have doneif the train had been late?conjunction a word like and, but, although, because, when, if, which can be used to join clausestogether.I rangbecauseI was worried about you.Continuous progressiveile ayncontraction a short form in which a subject and an auxiliary verb, or a verb and the word not, are

joined together into one word.Im; wholl; cant.conversational colloquialile aynco-ordinate clause Bir cmlenin oluturulmasnda edeerde bir, iki ya da daha fazla cmlecikBir co-ordinate clause bir baka cmlecikte zne,nesne,tamlama ya da zarf ilevi stlenmez.ShallIcome to your place or would you like to come to mine? Its cooler today andtheres a bitof a wind.Baknz.subordinate clause.co-ordinating conjunction birbiriyle ilikili cmlecikleri balamakta kullanlan bir bala.(rn.and, but, or)copula bir zneyi bir nesneye balarken kullanlan basit biimdeki be fiiliMy mother is inJersey.count noun or countable noun a noun car, dog, ideagibi oul bi.imi olan a/anbgibi belirsizadllar alabilen saylabilir eylere ad olan szck.Baknz. uncountable noun.dangling participle hanging participle. ile ayn



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declarative questionbir ifade ile ayn gramer yapsna sahip,dz biimdeki soru cmlesi. Thatsyour girl-friend?defective verb bir normal fiilin sahip olduu btn biimleri alamayan like can, ought, must,abide gibi fiillercanina mastar ve participle biimi, ought ve mustn mastar biimi veparticiple ekli, abide n past participle yoktur ). Modal yardmc fiiller defectivedirler.defining relative clauseidentifying relative clauseile ayn.degree quite, rather, very, toogibi derece ifade edenzarflardemonstrative adjective/pronoun this/these; that/those.

dependent clause subordinate clause ile aynbal cmlecik.determiner Normalde isim cmlelerinin banda bulunan a/an, the, my, this, each, either,several, more, both, allgibi szcklerdirect object Bakmz. object.direct speech dorudan bildirim cmlesi ,anlatann kendi szleriyle ve ifade ve zaman ile dierelemanlar deitirmeden aktard cmle.. She looked me straight in the eyes and said, This ismy money.See also reported speech.discourse marker on the other hand; frankly; as a matter of fact gibi daha nce sylenenler ile

cmlenin geri kalann balayan szck gruplardouble negative zellikle anlam basir bir negatif anlam olduunda ayn cmlecikte iki olumsuzszcn kullanlmas, I shouldnt be surprised if we didnt have some rain. You aint heardnothingyet(sub-standard).duration Bir eylemin gerekletii zaman sresi. Sreyi ifade etmek zere for kullanlabilir.dynamic fly; shout; plan gibi durumlar deil eylemleri aklayan fiiller: Srekli zamanlarlakullanlabilirler. Baknz.stative verbsellipsis (sfat elliptic) szckleri parann btnnden anlam verecek ekilde ihmal etme.. (Its a)Nice day, isnt it? It was better than I expected (it would be).emphasisbir cmlye ya da bir szce zel nem ykleme (rnein daha yksek sesle okuyarakya da vurgulayarak okuma, ya da zel bir szck srasna koyarak soru eklinde ifade etme)emphatic pronoun myself, yourself, himself gibi bir isim ya da zamiri vurgulamak iinkullanlan szckler . Ill tell him myself. I wouldnt sell this to the King himself.Baknz.

reflexive pronouns.ending -er, -ing, -edgibi gramatik son-ekfinite sonlu bir fiil biimi,bir zne ile kullanldnda bir zaman oluturacak durumdaki fiilifadesibreaks, broke, is singing, has been Btn cmleler en az bir finite fiil biimi ifadeeder. Baknz. non-finite.first person Baknz.person.formal the style used when talking politely to strangers, on special occasions, in some literarywriting, in business letters, etc. For example, commence is a more formal word thanstart.Frequencyoften; never; daily; occasionally. gibi bir eyin hangi sklkta olduunu ifade edenzarflarfronting zel bir vurgulama yapmak iin cmlenin bir ksmn n tarafa yerletirmekJackI like,but his wife 1 cant stand.future (orfuture simple) tense will/shall ile yaplan fiil zaman.Gelecek zaman . I shall arrive.Will it matter?

future perfect tense a shall/will+ have +past participle biiminde kurgulanan gelecek zamanIll have finishedby lunchtime.future progressive shall/will+ be + . . .-ing.ile yaplan zaman. Ill be needing the car thisevening.gender masculine,feminine ve ntr ya da insan ve insan-olmayan arasndaki ayrm gsterengramatik biimler. he, she, it; who, which.genitive Sahiplik,iyelik gstermek iin s ya da s, biiminde kurgulanan szckler. Also calledpossessive, the earthsgravity; birdsnests.gerund Bir fiilin -ing biimi. Isim olarak(rnein bir edattan sonra ya da cmlenin znesiolarak) kullanlr. Smoking is dangerous. You cant get there by walking.gradable Pretty, hardya da cold derecelendirme sfatlar: Bunlar az ya da ok (more or less ) pretty, hard veya cold olan eyleri derecelendirir. rather, very gibi derecelendirme zarflar.Perfectya da deadderecelendirmne szckleri deildir: Az ya da ok mkemmel veya ldenden sz etmeyiz nk.we do not usually say that something is more or less perfect, or very dead.



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grammar farkl anlamlar ifade etmek zere szcklerin deitirilme ve bir cmle oluturmakzere bir araya getirilme kurallar.hanging participle cmlede her hangi bir znesi bulunmayan participle . Looking outof thewindow, the mountains seemed very close .Yanl anlama olasl bulunduundan bu yaplardankanlmaldr.head sim cmlesinin ba ,dier szckler tarafndan nitelenen bir isimdir (e g car in the bestsports car ever made). Bir fii-cmleciinde cmleciin temeli fiildir In a verb phrase, the head isthe main verb (cmlenin sonundaki ).rfnein She should never have been invited cmlesindekiinvitedhypothetical hypotetic durumlar ifade etmekte genellikle koul cmlecikleri kullanlrDier bir deile, olmayabilecek, ya da gerek olmayan durumlarda What would you do if youhad three months free?identifying relative clause niteledii ismi taanmlayan bal cmlecik-dier bir deile, bizekimden ya da neden sz edildiini anlatan cmlecik. Theres the woman who tried to steal yourcat. (who tried to steal your catcmlecii kadn niteler bu bize hangi kadnn kastedildiinianlatr .Baknz non-identifying relative clause.idiom szckleri bir anda tek tek ele alarak elde edilemeyen,zel anlam ifade eden bir szck

grubu.get on with; off his head; over the moon.imperative emir kipi.Bring me a pen. Havea good holiday.indefinite article a/an.Indirect object Baknz.object.indirect speech reported speech ile ayninfinitive bir fiilin bir baka fiilden sonra, cmlenin zne ya da nesnesinden,bir isim ya dasfattan kullanlan temel,mastar biimi(genellikle toile birlikte), I want to go home. Its easy tosing. Ive got a plan to start a business. To err is human, to forgive divine.infinitive particle to, fiilin mastar ekiinformal gndelik,sradan konumada ,kiisel mektuplarda kullanlan,kizbar biimde konumakiin zel bir neden olmadndatercih edilen biim the. Get genellikle informal konumadakullanlr; startise commenceden daha formaldir.-ingform the form of a verb ending in -ing(especially when used like a noun). finding; keeping;running; firing. See alsogerund, present participle.

Initial balangta. Sometimes cmlenin ilk konumunda kullanlabile bir zarftr. Sometimes Iwish I had never been born.instrument (bir passive cmlede) kendisi ile bir eyin ara durumundaki isim cmlecii.yapldIt was written with a ball-pointpen.Intensifying daha gl, daha empatik hale getiren szckler. Very ve terribly bu tr zarflardr.interrogative soru kipi. Interrogative words and structures are used for asking questions.Bir sorucmlesinde ana fiilden nce bir yardmc fiil kullanlr. (rn.Can you swim ?). What, who vewhere soru szckleridir.intransitive Bir nesne alamayan ve ya da passive biimde kullanlamayan fiil.Geisiz fiil.smile; fall; come; gointroductory subject, introductory oblect preparatory subject, objectile aynInversion Fiilin zneden nce geldii yap. Have you seen John? Under no circumstances arevisitors allowed to feed the animals.irregular Normal kurallar izlemeyen.Dzensiz fiil.Bu tr fiiller ed ekiyle biten participlee

lara sahip deildirler.(e gswam, fallen); children kuarl ddzensiz bir ouldur.lexical verb yardmc fiil olmayan fiiller, look; overtake; disturb( will ya da can alabilirler ).lexis szckler,szck haznesivocabulary

main clause Baz cmleler bir ana cmlecik ve bir ya da daha fazla bal cmleciklerierirler.Bir bal cmlecik subordinate clause ana cmleciin bir paras ilevindedirler (birzne,nesne ya da zarf gibi) Where she is doesntmatter. (Bal cmlecik olan Where she isifadesi cmlenin znesi durumundadr) I told you thatI didnt care. (Bal cmlecik olan that Ididnt care ana cmleciin direk nesnesi ilevindedir.) Wherever you go,youll find Coca-cola.(Bal cmlecik,Wherever you go ana cmlede bir zarf ilevi grmektedir) Youll find Coca-cola anywhere.) ile karlatrnz. Baknz.subordinate clause.

main verb cmlenin ana cmleciine temel oluturan fiil. Running into the room, shestartedto



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cry cmlesinde started ana fiildir.manner durum zarf.well, suddenly, fast gibi bir eylemin nasl olutuunu anlatan zarflar.mass noun uncountable nounile aynmid-positionbir zarfn, cmlede zne ile ana fiil arasnda bulunmas durumu.I definitelyagreewith you.modal auxiliary verb can, could, may, might, must, will, shall, would, should, oughtve needgibi yardmc fiiller. Dare, used to ve had better de bazen bu grupta ele alnrlar.modification or qualification bir eyin anlamn deitirme. SfatlarnAdjectives nnegeldikleri ismi niteledikleri sylenebilir. are said to modify or qualify the noun they refer to;Zarflar,fiilleri,sfatlar ve dier zarflar ve btn cmleyi nitelerler.negative erisinde fiille birliktenotszcnn de kullanld olumsuz cmle..I dont know.nominal relative clause cmlede zne,nesne ya da tamamlayc olarak ilev gren (genelliklewhat ile takdim edilen) bir bal cmlecik. (usually introduced by what. I gave him what heneeded.non-assertive Baknz. assertive.non-finite Bir zaman oluturmak iin bir zne ile birlikte kullanlamayan fiil. to break, breaking,broken, being broken. Baknz.finite.

non-defining relative clause non-identifying relative clauseile ayn.non-identifying relative clause nne geldii ismi tanmlamayan bal cmlecik. (zaten kimdensz edildiini bildiimiz iin). Theres Hannah Smith, who tried to steal my cat. (bal cmlecikolan who tried to steal my cat kiiyi tanmlamyor. nk zaten Hannah Smith kullanlarakbelirtilmi.) Baknz. identifying relative clause.non-restrictive relative clause non-identifying relative clauseile aynnoun eylere ad olan ve belirli ya da belirsiz bir adl alan oil, memory, armgibiszckler.sim.ahs isimleri ve (George) ve yer isimleri (Birmingham) zel isim adn alr.nouns, orproper names;zel isimler .Bunlar genellikle adl almazlar.noun clause sim cmlecii.Cmlenin znesi ya da nesnesi olabilen cmlecik.Lucy told me whyshe was worried.noun phrase ( article + adjective + noun) yapsnda olan ve cmlenin znesi,nesnesi ya datamamlaycs olarak ilev gren. the last bus.

number tekil ve oul arasndaki okluk fark.house ve house

;

mouse ve mice

; this ve these nicelik farklarn gsterir.

object Nesne.Aktive bir cmlede normal olarak fiilden sonra gelen isim ya da zamir. directobjectfiildeki eylemden etkilenen ey ya da kimseyi anlatr, Take the dog for a walkthe dogdirek nesnedir. indirect objectgenellikle direct objectyi alandr. Ann gave me a watchdolayl nesne me olup, dolaysz nesne a watchdr.participle Baknz present participle ve past participle.participleclause cmlecik yapsnda fakat bir finite fiil almayp sadece birparticiple ierenifade.Discouraged by his failure, he resigned from his job. Having a couple of hours to spare, Iwent to see a film.passive Edilgin fiil yaps. be + past participlebiiminde oluturulur. (is broken, was told, willbe).Passive bir fiilin znesi,genellikle fiildeki eylemden etkilenen kii ya da eydir. The subjectof a passive verb is usually the person or thing that is affected by the action of theverb.Karlatrnz: They sent Lucas to prison for five years (active);Lucas was sentto prison

for five years (passive).past participle broken, gone, stopped gibi perfect tense ve passiveleri bir sfat oluturanfiil yaps.past perfect tense withhad past participleyapsnda bir fiil biimi. I had forgotten. Thechildren hadarrived. I had been working.Ithad been raining. lk ikisi past perfect simple sonikisi,(had been + .. -ing) past perfect progressivernekleridir.past progressive tense was/were + .. .-ingbiiminde oluturulan bir fiil yaps. 1 was going.They were stopping.past simple Herhangi bir yardmc fiil kullanmakszn yaplan gemi zaman. tense I stopped.You heard. We saw.perfect have past participle ile oluturulan bir fiil yaps. 1 have forgotten; she had failed;having arrived; to have finished.perfect conditional should/would have + past participle yaps.I should!would have agreed.He would have known.



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perfectinfinitive to have + past participle. to have arrived; to have gone.perfective Baz gramer kitaplar I have arrivedorhe has been working biimindeki bir yapy perfect tense biiminde adlandrmaz. (nk fiil sadece zaman deil fakat bir tamamlanma yada bir sonu gibi bir dnceyi de anlatmaktadr because.Bu kitaplar sz konusu yap iinperfective aspectterimini kullanr.person Gramer olarak konuan (first person) ve kendisine konuulan (second) ve kendisihakknda konuulan (thje third person ) ahslar ya da eyler arasndaki fark belirtme yolu.am,are ve is arasndaki farklar ahs farkllklardr.personal pronouns ahs zamirleri.I, me, you, he, him etc.phrase Bir grup olarak ilev gren iki ya da daha fazla szck . the silly old woman; would havebeen repaired; in the country.phrasal verb :ki paradan oluan fiil. Ana fiilden sonra bir article alan fiiller. fill up; run over;take in.plural oul.Birden ok ey ya da ahslar ifade etmekte kullanlan gramer biimi. we; buses;children; are; many; these.Baknz.singular.possessive Sahiplik ya da iyelik gsteren biim.Johns; our; mtne.possessive pronoun (zamir szcn biraz farkl bir anlamda kullanarak, my, your, her

szckleriyle, mine, yours, hers szckleri possessive pronouns (iyelik zamirleri) olarakadlandrlabilir. My, your, her bazen possessive adjectives iyelik sfatlar olarak da adlandrlr.postmodlfier niteledii szckten sonra gelen niteleyici szck. invitedin The people Invited allcame late.Baknz.premodifier.predicate Cmlenin znesi hakknda sylenen eyler-dier bir deile zne dnda kalan cmleksm.Predicative be, seem, look gibi fiilerden sonra gelen sfatlar predicative positionkonumadadr denir. She looks happy. The house is enormous. Baknz. attributive.prefix anti-American, anticommunist, co-operate, coownership szcklerinde ana szcktennce gelen ek.n-ekBaknz.affix, suffix.premodltier Niteledii isimden nce gelen niteleme szc. invited in ,an invitedaudience.Baknz.postmodifier.preparatory subject, preparatory object Bir cmlenin znesi mastar ya da bir cmlecikolduunda bunu genellikle cmlenin sonuna koyar ve preparatory subject olarak(also called

anticipatory ya da introductory subjectde denir)kullanrz. Its important to get enough sleep.There de bir tr preparatory subject (genellikle there isyapsnda ) olarak kullanlabilir.Buayrca baz cmlelerde preparatory objectolarak da kullanlabilir. He made it clear that hedisagreed.preposition off, of, intogibi bir isim ya da zamir den nce gelen szckler.Edat.prepositional verb a verb that has two parts: a base verb and a preposition. insist on; care for.present participle the -ing ekiyle biten (zellikle fiil zaman oluturmak zerekullanldnda), ya da sfatsalve zarfsal ifadelerdeki ing ile biten yap. or in adjectival oradverbial expressions). She was running. Openinghis newspaper, he started to read. I hate thenoise ofcryingbabies. (Adnn belirtmesine ramen anlamnn present olmas gerekmez)present perfect tense have or has + past participle yapsnda olan bir fiil zaman. I haveforgotten. The children have arrived. Ive been working all day. Its been raining.lk iki rnek present perfect simple son iki rnek ( have been + . . .-ing) present perfect progressivernekleridi.

present progressive tense am/are/is + . . .-tngile yaplan bir fiil zaman Im going. She Iastaying for two weeks.present simple tense Herhangi bir yardmc fiil kullanmakszn yaplan present tense.He goesthere often. I know. I likechocolate.preterlte past tense ile aynpro-form metinden ne anlama geldii anlalabildiinde baz trden her hangi bir kelimeninyerine kullanlabilen szck.Dobirpro-form fiildir ; you, it, one isimler ve zamirler iin pro-form szcklerdir. there ve thenyer ve zaman zamir ifadeleri iin pro-form durlar.progressive (or continuous) A verb form made with be + . . .-ing (to be going; we werewondering) fiil zaman.progressive Infinitiveto be going; to be waiting trnden bir fiil yapspronoun it, yourself, their gibi daha ak isim ya da isim-cmlecii yerine kullanlan zamirler.(the cat, Peters self, the familys).pronounszc kendisinden sonra gelen zcn anlamn



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da ierdiinde drlen ya da kullanlmayan szcklerin yerine geen belirleyici(determiner)iin de kullanlmaktadr. Which bottle would you like?ill take both. (Both burada bothbottles iin kullanlmakta olup bu kullanma da zamirsel kullanm denilebilirproper noun ahs,yer ya da organizasyonlara ad olan ve normalde adl almayan zel isim.Andrew; Brazil; Marks and Spencer.qualify Bknz modification.quantifiermany, few, little, several, plenty, a lot gibi bir isim cmlesinde kullanlan ve ne kadarya da katane den sz edildiini anlatan szckler.question tag an isnt it? ya da dont you? Gibi onaylama sorusu.. its a nice day, Isnt it?reciprocal pronouns each other, one another.reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, himself (nesne olarak kullanlan) gibi zamirler. I cutmyself shaving this morning. Baknz. emphatic pronoun.Regular Dzenli,normal kurallar izleyen. Hoped; bir dzenli past tense,cats bir dzenliouldur. Baknz. irregular.reinforcement tag zne ve fiili tekrarlayarak (ve kuvvetlendirip,vurgulayarak) kullanlan bir ekyap. Youre a real idiot,you are.relative clause who ya da which gibi bir bala zamir ile takdim edilen cmlecik. Bal

cmlecik.Baknz.identifying relative clause; non-identifying relative clause.relative pronoun who, whom, whose, which ve that gibi (ve bazen what, when, where ve whyda dahil olmak zere iki cmlecii balamakta kullanlan zamirler.Bala-zamir.(Ayn anda hembala hem de zamir levi grrler)Is this the child that was causing all that trouble?reply question a question Birquestion tag yapsnda olan ve rnein ilgiyi, hayreti bel,irtmekiin soruyu tekrarlamay temel alan bir soru ifadesi. Ive been invited to spend the weekend inLondon.Have you, dear?reported speech Birisinin syledii bir sz cmlenin ierisine alarak bildirilen(bu nedenle ilksyleyenin kurduu szck sras ve zamanlar deiirilen) kendi cmlemizin bir paras yaparakaktardmz ifade.Karlatrn :He said Im tired(lk syleyenin szleri aynen direct speechbiiminde veriliyor); He said that he was tired (lk syleyenin szleri kendi cmlemizin birparas yaplyor)restrictive relative clause identifying relative clauseile aynsentence Bir ifade,bir emir,bir soru ya da bir bildirim ieren szckler grubu.Bir cmle,bir ya da

daha fazla cmlecik ierir,ve en azndan bir zne ile bir fiile sahiptir. Yazda, byk harflebalayarak nokta,soru iareti ya da nlemle biter.sentence adverb Btn bir cmleyi( ya da niteleyiciyi) ,iermek zere kullanlan zarf Compare:Frankly, I think youre making a big mistake. He answered my questions very frankly.Birincicmlede frankly birsentence adverb ; ikincisinde answered fiilini niteliyor.s genitive a Johns, the earths, our parentsgibi sile yaplan ifadeler.short answer Bir zne ve bir yardmc fiil ile yaplan yantlama cmlesi. Whos ready formore?lam.simple tense sreklilik iermeyen zaman.I went; she wants; they have arrived.singular tekil kii ya da eyleri ya da saylamaz bykl ifade etmekte kullanlan grameryaps. Tekil. me, bus, water, is, much, this. See alsoplural.slang genellikle belirli gruplar arasnda, resmi olmayan biimde ve szcklerin gerekanlamlarna baka anlamlar ykleyerek uygulanan konuma biimi.Argo.thick(= stupid); lose

ones cool(= get upset).split infinitive: Bir zarfn to ve fiilto easily understand. (ou zaman yanl kabul edilir.)standard Bir dilin eitimli kiiler tarafndan ya da lkedeki etkili bireyler tarafndan konuulanbiimi. Im not ifadesi standart ngilizcedir. I ainthem Amerikan hem de ngilizngilizcesinde standart deildir.statementbir bilgi aktaran cmle ya da ifade.Im cold. Philip stayed out all night.stative Normalde sreklicontinious zamanlarla kullanlan fiil.Bunlarn ou eylem deil durumifade ederler: remember; contain; know.stress Vurgulama. Cmlenin nemli olduu dnlen ksmnn daha deiik yollarla ifadeedilmesi the (yksek sesle ve/veya daha kaln sesle)strong form Baz szckler iki ekilde sylenir: yaval ve dikkatle strong formsubjectNormal bir cmlede fiilden nce gelen isim ya da zamir. zne.Genellikle fiilde belirtileneylemin kim ya da ne tarafndan yapldn anlatr(Aktif bir cmlede) Helenbroke anotherglass today. Oilfloats on water.



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subject-tag zneyi tekrarlayan ya da vurgulayan bir ifade. Shes an idiot, that girl.subjunctive Belirli yaplarda kullanlan bir fiil biimi(ngilteredeok genel deil) a verb form(not very common in British English) If I were you, ...Its important that he be in formedimmediately.subordinate clause Bir baka cmleciin paras ilevindeki cmlecik. (rnein ana cmleciinznesi,nesnesi ya da zarf )I thought that you understood. What I need is a drink. Ill follow youwherever you go. See also clause, main clause.subordinating conjunction that, what, wherevegibi bal cmlecii ana cmlecie balamaktakullanlan balalar .He askedwhatI meant.Baknz. co-ordinating conjunction.substitution pro-form larn kullanm. Could you open the wine?Ive already done so.sub-standard Standart dile uygun olmayan ve yanl kabul edilen sylemler.I aint ready. Shedont agree. He already done it.suffix eating, working, hopeful,beautiful gibi szcklerdeki -ingve -ful gibi son-ekler.Baknzaffix, prefix.superlative -est son-ekiyle yaplan ve en st durumu ifade eden sfatlaroldest, fastestalsomost+ adjective/adverbyapsnda da olabilirler. ( most intelligent, most politely).

swearword Kt,sylenmesi yasak ve ayp szckler. (Fuck!). Baknz.taboo word.syntax szklerin ve cmleciklerin cmleye dntrlme yollar ile ilgili kurallar.taboo word Belirli bir konuyla ilgili (rn.seks) ve rahata her yerde sylenemiyecek aypszckler. Bknzswearword.tag Ksa ifade,anlatm. Bir cmlenin sonuna eklenmi olan (verb +pronoun subject yapsndakiifade. . She doesnt care, does she? See also question tag, reinforcement tag, subject tag.Temporal Zamanla ilikili.When, while, until zamansal zarflardr.tense a verb form which shows the time of an action or event, will go (future); is sitting(present);saw (past).third person Baknz.person.to-infinitiveto ile yaplan infinitive. a difficult carto stafl.transitive Bir zne alabilen fiiller.eat (a meal); drive (a car); give (a present.Bknz.intransitive.uncountable noun (ormass noun) oul hali olmayan ve normalde a/an adllar ile

kullanlmayan isimler.Saylamaz okluklara ad olan szckler. mud; rudeness; furniture.verbask, wake, play, be, can,gibi bir cmlecik oluturmak zere bir zneyle birlikte kullanlanve edim ifade eden szckler.Fiil. Bir ok fiil bir durum ya da bir eylem ifade eder. Most verbsrefer to actions or states. Bknz: lexical verb, auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary verb.verb phrase Bir ka paradan oluan fiil. would have been forgotten.weak form Baknz:strong form.zero plural Tekil haliyle ayn olan dzensiz oul biimi..fish; sheep; aircraft.



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APPENDIX B

Present Perfect Continuous

YAPIPresent Perfect Continuous

[HAS / HAVE] + [BEEN] + [VERB+ing]

RNEKLER:

I have been waiting here for two hours.

She has only been studying English for two years.

NOT: Present Perfect Continuous (has been studying) gibi birden den fazla paral fiilzamanlar kullanrken zarflar genellikle ilk ve ikinci parann arasnda kullanlr (has onlybeen studying).

KULLANIM 1 Gemiten imdiye kadar olan sre

Present Perfect Continuous zaman gemite balam ve imdiye kadar devam etmi bireylemi anlatmakta kullanrz. . "For five minutes", "for two weeks", ve "since Tuesday"; past

perfect continious zamanla kullanlabilecek zamansal srelere rnektirler. Present Perfect

RNEKLER:

They have been talking for the last hour.

She has been working at that company for three years.

James has been teaching at the University since June.

KULLANIM 2 Yakn zamanda,son zamanda,

Present Perfect Continuous zaman, for five minutes", "for two weeks", and "sinceTuesday" bir zamansal sre olmakszn da kullanabiliriz. Zamansal sre olmadnda bu

zaman, yakn zamanda,son zamanda (lately) anlam verir. Bu anlam vurgulmak iin de ouzaman "lately" ya da "recently" szckleri cmleye girer.



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RNEKLER:

Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

She has been watching too much television lately.

Mary has been feeling a little depressed.

NEML

Present Perfect Continuous tensein "yaknda" ya da "son zamanda " anlam verdiiniunutmamaldr. Eer Present Perfect Continuous Tensei "Have you been feeling alright?",gibi bir soruda kullanrsak , kiinin hasta ya da salksz grndn sylemi oluruz.

"Having you been smoking?"sorusu, kardakinde sigara kokusu olduunu ima eder .Buzaman soruda kullanmakla bir eylemin sonularn grdnz,kokusunu aldnz,iittiinizya da hissttiiniz imasnda bulunmu olursunuz. Bu zaman yanl kullanarak birisini kkdrmek olana(ya da tehlikesi) her zaman hatrlanmaldr.

NEML Sreksiz fiiller / Kark Fiiller

Sreksiz fiillerin hi bir zaman srekli zamanlarlacontinious tenses kullanlamayacaunutulmamaldr. Yine, kark Fiillerden bazlar da continious Tenselerle kullanlamaz. Bugibi istisnai fiillerle Present Perfect Continuous anlam vermek iin Present Perfectkullanmak zorunludur

RNEKLER:Sam has been having his car for two years. YANLI

Sam has had his car for two years.DORU

ACTIVE / PASSIVE Present Perfect ContinuousRNEKLER:

Recently, John has been doing the work. ACTIVE

Recently, the work has been being done by John. PASSIVE

NOT:Present Perfect Continuous passive biimde ok ender kullanlr.



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Future Continuous

NEML Zaman cmleciklerindeclauses Futur yoktur.Dier bt future trleri gibi Future Continuous zaman; "when", "while", "before","after", "by the time", "as soon as", "if" ve "unless" szckleriyle balayan cmlelerdekullanlamaz. Bu derste,zaman cmleciklerindekki btn fiiller italik yazlmtr.

RNEKLER:

While I am finishingmy homework, she is going to make dinner. DORU

While I will be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. YANLI

BM:Future Continuous

[WILL BE] + [VERB+ing]

RNEK:

When your plane arrives tonight, I will be waiting for you.

[AM / IS / ARE] + [GOING TO] + [VERBing]

RNEK:

When your plane arrives tonight, I am going to be waiting for you.

NOT:Future Continuous oluturmak iin anlam fark olamkszn ya da kk bir anlamfarkyla "will" ya da "going to" kullanmak olanakldr.

KULLANIM 1Gelecekte tamamlanm bir eylem

Future Continuouskullanldnda bir eylemin gelecekte kesilecei anlatlr.Bukesmeinterruption genellikle simple future ile ifade edilen bir eylemdir. Bunun gerek birkesinti ya da tam zamannda bir kesinti olduu unutulmamaldr.

RNEKLER:



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I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.

While I am working, Steve will make dinner. ("while." Bulunduu iin "am working"kullanldna DKKAT)

I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contactme.

He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.

NOT: Zaman cmlecikleriyle future tense kullanlmaz bu nednle, "While I am working... ."demeniz gerekir. Sayfann bandaki uyarya baknz.

USE 2 Kesinti iin belirli bir zaman

Yukarda aklanan KULLANIM 1 de the Future Continuous un bir Simple Future ilekesilebilecei sylenmiti. Buna karlk, kesme iin belirli bir zaman da kullanabilirsiniz.However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

RNEKLER:

Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to be eating dinner.

At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.

NEML

Simple Future da, belirli zaman, eylemenin ne zaman balayacan gstermek iinkullanlr. Future Continuousda ise belirli bir zaman yalnzca eylemi keser.

NEML:

Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to eat dinner.I am going to start eating at 6 p.m.

Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to be eating dinner.I am going to start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 p.m. .



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KULLANIM 3

Paralel Eylemler

Ayn cmlede iki eylemli bir Future Continuous kullanyorzsanz, bu her iki eylemin de

ayn anda ortaya kacan anlatr. Bunlara paralel eylemler deriz.

EXAMPLES:

I am going to be studying while he is making dinner.

While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.

Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

KULLANIM 4Atmosfer

Ingilizcede gelecekteki atmosferi anlatmak iin ou zaman paralel eylemler kullanlr.

RNEKLER:

When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Othersare going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza and several people are going to bedrinking beer. They always do the same thing.

NEMLSreksiz fiiller / kark Fiiller

Sreksiz fiillerin her hangi bir srekli zamanla kullanlamayaca unutulmamaldr.Aynekilde,baz kark fiiler de srekli zamanlarla kullanlamazlar. Bunlarda Future Continuous anlamu verebilmek iin Simple Future kullanlmaldr.

RNEKLER:Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. YANLI

Jane will be at my house when you arrive. DORU



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ACTIVE / PASSIVE BMLER: Future Continuous

RNEKLER:

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dog. ACTIVE

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dog will be being washed by John. PASSIVE

Future Perfect Continuous

NEML Zaman cmleciklerinde Future Perfect Continuous kullanlamaz.

Dier btn future biimleri gibi, Future Perfect Continuous ;"when," "while," "before,""after," "by the time," "as soon as," "until," "if" ve "unless" gibi zaman cmlecikleriylekullanlamaz. Bu derste zaman cmlecikleri bulunan btn fiiller italik yazlmtr.

RNKELER:

I won't tell the student the answer until he has been workingon the math problem for morethan an hour. DORU

I won't tell the student the answer until he will have been workingon the math problem for

more than an hour. YANLI

BMFuture Perfect Continuous

[WILL HAVE BEEN] + [VERB+ing]

RNEK:

I will have been waiting for two hours when her plane finally arrives.

[AM / IS / ARE] + [GOING TO HAVE BEEN] + [VERB+ing]

RNEK:

I am going to have been waiting for two hours when her plane finally arrives.

NOT:NOT:Future Perfect Continuous oluturmak iin anlam fark olamkszn ya dakk bir anlam farkyla "will" ya da "going to" kullanmak olanakldr.



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KULLANIM 1 Geleceekteki bir eyden ncekizaman

Gelecekteki belli bir ana ya da belli bir olaya kadar bir eylemin devam edeceini gsemekiin Future Perfect Continuous kullanlr. "For five minutes," "for two weeks" ve "sinceFriday" gibi ifadelerin hepsi Future Perfect Continuous ile kullanlabilirler. Eylemingemite bitmesi dnda, bu zamann Present Perfect Continuous ve Past PerfectContinuous ile ilikili olduuna dikkat ediniz.

RNEKLER:

They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Tony arrives.

She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.

James will have been teaching at the University for more than a year by the time he leaves forAsia.

KULLANIM 2Gelecekteki bir eyin nedeni

Gelecekteki bir dier eylemden nce Future Perfect Continuouskullanmak neden/sonuilikisini gstermenin en iyi yoludur.

RNEKLER:

Jason will be tired when hegets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.

Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to havebeen studying English in the United States for over two years.

NEML

"for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday" gibi srelerin kullanlmamas halindebir ok ngilizce konuan Future Continuous kullanmn seer.Anlamda da biraz farkllkvardr. Aadakileri karlatrn.

RNEKLER:

I will be reading when my roommate returns.

The reading will be interrupted.(Okuma kesilecek)



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I will have been reading for an hour when my roommate returns.The reading will stop just before my roommate returns.(Okuma,aoda-arkada gelmeden nce

bitecek)

ACTIVE / PASSIVEFuture Perfect Continuous

RNEKLER:

The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it isfinished. ACTIVE

The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time itis finished. PASSIVE

NOT:Past Perfect Continuous un passive biimleri ok kullanlmaz

PastContinuous

BMPast Continuous

[WAS / WERE] + [VERB+ing]RNEKLER:

I was studying when she called.

I was carefully picking up the snake when it bit me.

NOT:NOT:Past Continuous (has been studying) gibi iki paral fiil zamanlar kullanrkenzarflar genellikle ilk ve ikinci parann arasnda kullanlr (was carefully picking).

NEML

Dier dersleerimizde de akland gibi cmlecikler(clause) anlam olan fakat tam bir

cmle olmayan ifadelerdir.Baz cmlecikler, "...when she called " or "...when it bit me."Cmlelerinde olduu gibi when ile balar .Buna karlk Past Continuous cmlelergenellikle while ile balar . While ;"during the time."(srasnda,esnasnda) anlamna gelir.Aadaki rnekleri inceleyin. kisi de ayn anlam vermektedir.

RNEKLER:

I was studying when she called.

While I was studying, she called.



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KULLANIM 1Gemite kesilmi,bitmi bir eylem

Gemite bir sre devam ederek bitmi bir eylemi anlatmak zere Past Continuouskullanlr. Kesilen genellikle Simple Past ile anlatlan bir eylemdir. Bunun gerek bir kesmeya da zamansal bir kesme olabilecei unutulmamaldr.

RNEKLER:

I was watching TV when she called.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

While we were having a picnic, it started to rain.

Sally was working when Joe had the car accident.

While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.

KULLANIM 2 Kesmenin belirli bir zamanda olmas

KULLANIM 1 de Past Continuous kesmenin Simple Past olduu belirtilmiti. Bunakarlk kesmeyi belirli bir zamanda da yapmak olanakldr.

RNEKLER:

Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.

At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.

NEML

Simple Past da belirli bir zaman eylemin ne zaman baladn ya da bittiini gsterir.Past Continuous da ise belirli zaman sadece eylemi keser.

RNEKLER:

Last night at 6 p.m., I ate dinner.



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(Yemee at 6 p.m.de baladm)

Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.(6 p.m. den nce baladm, Yemek yemeye devam ediyordum )

KULLANIM 3Paralel Eylemler

Ayn cmlede iki eylemli birPast Continuous kullanldnda, bu iki eylemin ayn andagerekletiini ifade eder.it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the sametime.Bu eylemler paraleldirler.

RNEKLER:

I was studying while he was making dinner.

While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.

They were eating dinner, discussing their plans and having a good time.

KULLANIM 4Atmosfer

ngilizcede,gemiteki bir atmosferi anlatmakta ounlukla paralel eylemler kullanlr.

RNEK:

When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on thephones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. Onecustomer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to eachother about the bad service.

KULLANIM 5 "Always" ile tekrarlanan bir eylem ve kzgnlk ifadesi

always ya da constantly gibi ifadelerle Past Continuous kullanlmas ,gemite sktekrarlanan ve kzdrp ok eden bir eylemi anlatr. Bu kavram,used to ifadesine okyakndr fakat olumsuz duygular ifade etmekte kullanlr. always ya da constantly

szckleri "be" ile "verb+ing." Arasna konulur.



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RNEKLER:

She was always coming to class late.

He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.

I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

NEML Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember thatNon-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any "continuous"tenses. Also, certain "non-continuous" meanings forMixed Verbs cannot be used in"continuous" tenses. To express the idea of Past Continuous with these verbs, you must useSimple Past.

RNEKLER:

Jane was being at my house when you arrived. YANLI

Jane was at my house when you arrived. DORU

ACTIVE / PASSIVEPast Continuous

RNEKLER:

The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. ACTIVE

The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.(PASSIVE)

Past Perfect

FORM Past Perfect

[HAD] + [PAST PARTICIPLE]

rnekler:

I had studied a little English when I came to the U.S.

They had never met an American until they met John.

NOT: Past Perfect (had met) gibi birden fazla para ieren fiillerde zarflar genellikle ilk veikinci parann arasna yerletirilir.



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USE 1 Gemite Bir eyden nce TamamlanmEylem

Past Perfect zaman, gemite bir eyin dier bir eylemden nce ortaya ktn anlatmaktakullanlr. Bu zaman, gemite belirli bir zamandan nce tamamlanm eylemleri anlatmaktada kullanlr.

RNEKLER:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992?

Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before in 1988.

KULLANIM 2 Gemite bir eyden nceki zaman. (Non-continuous Verbs)

SreksizNon-progressive fiillerle ve baz kark fiillerin sreksiz kullanm biimleriyle,gemite bir eyin balayp bir sre devam ettikten sonra baka bir eylem balamdan nce

bittiini anlatmak zere Past Perfect Tense kullanlr.

RNKELER:

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

NEKML Past Perfectle belirli zamanlarn kullanlmas

Present Perfect in aksine belirli zaman szcklerini Past Perfect ile kullanmakolanakldr. Ama unutulmamaldr ki bu olanakl ise de,zorunlu deildir. .

RNEK:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.



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EerPast Perfect eylem belirli bir zamand aortaya kmyorsa, Simple Past biimi, beforeya da after ile birlikte Past Perfect yerine kullanlabilir.before ve aftersize hangi eyleminnce ya da sonra ortaya ktn anlattndan, Past Perfect kullanma zorunluu ortadankalkar. Aadaki cmlelerden ikisi de dorudur.

RNEK:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

FAKAT!!

Eer eylem gemite belirli bir zamada ortaya kmyorsa, her zaman Past Perfect kullanmakzorunluluu vardr. Aadaki rnekleri karlatrn.

RNEKLER:

She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. DORU

She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. YANLI

ACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMSPast Perfect

RNEKLER

George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanics license. ACTIVE

Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanics license. PASSIVE

Past Perfect Continuous

BMPast Perfect Continuous

[HAD BEEN] + [VERB+ing]

RNEKLER:

I had been waiting there for two hours before she finally arrived.

She had only been studying English for two years before she got the job.



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The reading will be interrupted.

I had been readingfor an hourwhen my roommate returned.The reading stopped just before my roommate returned.

ACTIVE / PASSIVE BMLERPast Perfect Continuous

RNEKLER:

Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years, before hemoved to Paris.ACTIVE

The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before

he moved to Paris. PASSIVE

NOT:Past Perfect Continuous zamann passive biimleri ok yaygn deildir.

Present Continuous

BMLENDRME Present Continuous

[AM / IS / ARE] + [VERB+ing]

RNEKLER:

I am watching TV.

He is quickly learning the language.

NOT: : Present Perfect (is learning) gibi birden fazla para ieren fiillerde zarflar genellikleilk ve ikinci parann arasna yerletirilir. (is quickly learning).

KULLANIM 1Now

u anda decam etmekte olan bir eylemin anlatlmasnda Present Continuous srekli fiillerlekullanlr.Bu zaman, imdi neler olup bittiini anlatmak iin de kullanlr.

RNEKLER:

You are learning English now.



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You are not swimming now.

I am sitting.

I am not standing.

They are reading their books.

They are not watching television.

What are you doing?

Why aren't you doing your homework?

KULLANIM 2 Uzun bir zaman nce balayp halen devam eden eylemlerin anlatlmas

ngilizcede now szc, this second-u an ,today-bu gn, this month-bu ay, thisyear bu yl , this century vb. anlamlarna gelebilir.Bazen uzun sredir devam etmekte olanve u anda da ilemekte olan bir eylemi anlatmak iin de Present Continuous zamankullanrz.Bunu tam u anda yapyor olmamz da gerekmez.

EXAMPLES: (Aadaki konumalarn hepsi bir lokantadaki akam yemeindegemektedir.)

I am studying to become a doctor.

I am not studying to become a dentist.

I am reading the bookTom Sawyer.

I am not reading any books right now.

Are you working on any special projects at work?Aren't you teaching at the University now?

USE 3 Yakn Gelecek

Bazen, yakn bir sre sonra gerekleecek ya da gereklemiyecek bir eylemi ifade etmek iin

de Present Continuous zaman kullanlr.



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RNEKLER:

I am meeting some friends after work.

I am not going to the party tonight.

Is he visiting his parents next weekend.

Isn't he coming with us tonight.

KULLANIM 4

"Always" ile, yinelenen ve kzdran olaylar

Present Continuous zaman ;always ya da constantlygibi szcklerle, sk sk ortayakan,yinelenen ve kzdran eylemleri anlatmakta da kullanlabilir. Anlamn Notice SimplePresent fakat olumsuz olduuna dikkat ediniz. always ya da constantly szckleri beile verb+ing arasna yerletirilir.

EXAMPLES:

She is always coming to class late.

He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.

I don't like them because they are always complaining.

NEML Sreksiz Fiiller/ Kark Fiiller

Sreksiz fiillerin Non-Continuous Verbs her hangib bir srekli continuous tense zamanla

kullanlamayacana dikkat ediniz. Ayrca belirli kark fiillerle(srekli ve sreksiz olabilen)non-continuous anlam vermek zere srekli zamanlarn continuous tenseskullanlamayacana dikkat ediniz. u andaki bir oluu ifade etmek iin Simple Present USE3 kullanlmaldr.

RNEKLER:

She is loving chocolate. YANLI

She loves chocolate. DORU



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ACTIVE / PASSIVEPresent Continuous

RNEKLER:

Right now, Tom is writing the letter. ACTIVE

Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. PASSIVE

Present Perfect

BMLENDRMEPresent Perfect

[HAS / HAVE] + [past participle]

RNEKLER:I have seen that movie many times.

I have never seen that movie.

NOT: : Present Perfect (have seen ) gibi birden fazla para ieren fiillerde zarflar genellikleilk ve ikinci parann arasna yerletirilir. (have never seen).

KULLANIM 1imdeiki zamandan nce belirsiz bir zaman

Present Perfect zaman, gemite belirsiz bir zamanda ortaya kan bir olay anlatmaktakullanlr.Tam zaman nemli deildir. Present Perfect zaman ; yesterday, one year ago,last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day ya daone day gibi zamansal iliki ifadeleri ile KULLANILAMAZ. Present Perfect zamannever, never, once, many times, several times,before, so far ,already ve yet Ile

birlikte kullanabiliriz.

RNEKLER:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

Has there ever been a war in the United States?



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Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

People have traveled to the moon.

NEMLPresent Perfect zaman gerekte nasl kullanrsnz?ngilizcede belirsiz zaman unspecified t ime bu dili renmek isteyenler iin son derece

kark bir ifade olabilir. Bu nedenle,Present Perfect zaman aadaki dncelerlebirletirmek yerinde olacaktr.

DNCE 1 DeneyimExperiencePresent Perfect zamann deneyimlerimizi aktarmakta kullanabiliiriz, bunun anlam;"I have

the experience of..." gibi bir ifadedir. Ayn zaman, belirli bir konuda hi deneyim sahibiolmadmz anlatmakta da kullanabiliriz. Present Perfect zaman, belirli bi olay anlatmakiin KULLANILMAZ.

RNEKLER:

I have been to France.(Bu cmle Fransada olam deneyimine sahip olduunuz anlamna gelir. Balki bir belki bir kakez orada bulunduunuzu anlatr.)

I have been to France three times.(Cmlenin sonuna sahip olduunuz deneyim saysn eklemek olanakldr)

I have never been to France.(Bu cmle,daha nce Fransaya gitme deneyiminiz olmadn anlatr.)

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.

Have you ever met him?No, I have not met him.

DNCE 2Zaman indeki Deimeler

Zaman ierisinde ortaya kan deiimler de Present Perfect kullanlabilir.

RNKELER:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.



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The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studiesprogram was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

DNCE 3Baarlar

Present Perfect bireysel veeya insanlk adna elde edilen baarlarn anlatlmasndakullanlabilir. Ama burada belirli bir zaman ileri srlemez.

RNEKLER:

Man has walked on the moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

DNCE 4Beklediiniz fakat henz tamamlanmam bir eylemi anlatmak

Beklediimiz fakat gereklemeyen b,r eylemin anlatlmasna Present Perfect kullanlabilir.Present Perfectkullanarak bu eylemin hala gereklemesini beklediimizi anlatm oluruz.

RNKELER:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

DNCE 5Farkl zamanlarda birden ok olay

Gemite,farkl zamanlarda ortaya km eylemleri anlatmakta Present Perfect zamankullanlabilir. Present Perfect srecinn tamamlanmadn ve daha baka eylemlerin olanakl

bulunduunu anlatr.

RNEKLER:

The army has attacked that city five times.



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I have had four quizes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

NEML

Present Perfect,imdiden nce her hangi bir zamanda bir olayn getiini anlatr. Bu olayntam zaman nemli deildir.

Bazen, bir deneyim iin sorguladmz ya da sz konusu ettiimiz zaman snrlamakisteyebiliriz. in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month,so far ve up tonow gibi ifadeler bu snrlama iin kullanabiliriz.

RNEKLER:Have you been to Mexico in the last year.

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less three years ago. She has worked for three differentcompaniesso far.

This weekmy car has broken down three times.

UYARILast year ve in the last year ifadelerlinin anlamlar ok farkldr. Last year bir nceki ylanlamna gelir. In the last year imdiye gre 365 gn getiini ifade eder

RNEKLER:

I went to Mexico last year.(I went to Mexico in 1998.)

I have been to Mexico in the last year.



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(I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now. We do notknow exactly when.)

KULLANIM 2 Gemiten imdiye kadar olan sre (Sreksiz Fiiller)

Sreksiz fiiller ve Sreksiz anlam veren baz kark(srekli ve sreksiz olabilen) fiillerle Present Perfect kullanarak gemite balaym u ana kadar devam eden eylemleri anlatrz.For five minutes, for two weeks ve since Tuesday ,Present Perfect ile kullanlabilecekzamansal ifadelerdir.

RNEKLER:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

ACTIVE / PASSIVEPresent Perfect

RNEKLER:

Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE

That castle has been visited by many tourists. PASSIVE

Simple Future

Simple Future ngilizcede iki deiik biime sahiptir:"will" ve "be going to." Bazen bu ikitr birbiri yerine kullanlrsa da, ikisinin ifade ettii anlam farkldr. Anlamlar balangta

b,iraz soyut grnrse de, zamanla ve zerinde pratik yaptka anlamlar daha ak halegelecektir.Hem will hem de be going to gelecek zaman ierisinde belirli bie zaman ifadeeder.



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BMLENDRMEWill

[WILL] + [VERB]

RNEKLER:

I will help him later.

I will never help him.

NOT: Simple Future (will help), gibi birden fazla para ieren fiillerde zarflar genellikle ilkve ikinci parann arasna yerletirilir. (will never help).

BMLENDRMEBe Going To

[AM / IS / ARE] + [GOING TO] + [VERB]

RNEKLER:

He is going to meet Jane tonight.

He is definitely going to meet Jane tonight.

NOT: Simple Future (is going to help), gibi birden fazla para ieren fiillerde zarflargenellikle ilk ve ikinci parann arasna yerletirilir. (is definitely going to meet).

NEML Zaman cmlecikleriyle future kullanlmazDier future yaplarnda olduu gibi, Simple Future zaman, "when", "while", "before","after", "by the time," "as soon as," "if" ve "unless" gibi zaman ifade eden balangcmlecikleriyle kullanlmaz. Bu derste zaman cmlecikleriyle kyllanlan fiillerin hepsi italikyazlmtr.

EXAMPLES:

When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. DORU

When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. YANLI

KULLANIM 1Gnll hareketi ifade eden "Will"



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"Will" ou zaman konuann bir eylemi gnll olarak,isteyerek yapacan anlatr. Avoluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. willou zaman bir

bakasnn ikayetine veya yardm isteine yant vermekte kullanlr.

RNEKLER:

A: I'm really hungry.B: I'll make some sandwiches.

A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.B: I'll get you some coffee.

A: The phone is ringing.B: I'll get it.

KULLANIM 2 Bir sz vermeyi ifade eden "Will"

"Will" genellikle sz verme eyleminde kullanlr.

RNEKLER:

I will call you when I arrive.

If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to

inexpensive health insurance.

I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.

KULLANIM 3Bir Plan ifade eden "Be going to"

Be going to bir plan ifade eder.Bir kiinin gelecekte yapmay planlad bir eylemi anlatr.

RNEKLER:

He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.

We are going to meet each other tonight at 6:00 PM.

A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake.B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.

KULLANIM 4Bir tahmini ifade etmek zere "Will" ya da "Be Going to"Hem will hem de be going to gelecek hakknda genel bir tahmini ifade eder. Tahmin



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cmlelerinde, zne gelecek hakknda kontrol sahibi deildir bu nedenle de KULLANIM 1-3geerli deildir. Aadaki cmlelerde herhangi bir anlam fark bulunmamaktadr.

RNEKLER:

The year 2000 will be a very interesting year.The year 2000 is going to be a very interesting year.

John Smith will be the next President.John Smith is going to be the next President.

The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.

NEML

Simple Futureda kimin KONUUTUUNU canlandrmak her zaman kolaydeildir.ou zaman cmlenin anlam olabilecek bir ka yorum biimi sz konusudur,

ACTIVE / PASSIVE FORMSSimple Future

RNEKLER:

John will certainly finish the work by 5:00 PM. ACTIVEThe work will certainly be finished by 5:00 PM. PASSIVE

Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. ACTIVEA beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. PASSIVE

Simple Past

BMLENDRMESimple Past

[VERB+ed]

RNEKLER:

I visited my friends.

I often visited my friends.

NOT:Simple Past (visited) gibi tek paral fiiller kullanldnda zarfla fiilden nce gelir.(often visited).



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KULLANIM 1Gemite tamamen bitmi bir eylem

Gemite belirli bir zamanda balayp yine belirli bir zamanda tamamlanm eylemleri ifadeederken Simple Past kullanlr. Konumac bazen belirli bir zamandan sz etmese de,aklnda belli bir zaman bulunmaktadr.

RNEKLER:

I saw a movie yesterday.

I didn't see a movie yesterday.

Last year, I traveled to Japan.

Last year, I didn't travel to Japan.

She washed her car.

She didn't wash her car.

KULLANIM 2Bir dizi tamamlanm eylemler

Bir dizi gemite tamamlanm eylemi anlatmakta Simple Past kullanlabilir.Bu eylemler1ci, 2ci, 3c, 4c...gibi bir srada olan olaylardr.

RNEKLER:

I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.

USE 3 Bir tek sre



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Simple Past gemite bir zamanda balayp yine gemite bir zamanda bitmi eylemleri

anlatmakta kullanlr. Bir sre bilindii gibi genellikle for two years; for five minutes, allday ya da all year gibi ifadelerle anlatlabilece bir olu sresidir

RNEKLER:

I lived in Brazil for two years.

Shauna studied Japanese for five years.

They sat at the beach all day.

We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.

How long did you wait for them?We waited for one hour.

USE 4 Gemiteki alkanlklar

Simple Past gemite uralan(bir alkanlk rnein) fe yine gemite bitmi bir eylemiifade etmekte kullanlr. used toile ayn anlamdadr. Bir alkanlktan sz ederken bunu dahaak hale geitrmek iin genellikle always, often, usually, never...when I was a childya da ...when I was younger gibi cmlecikler,ifadeler kullanlr.

RNEKLER:

I studied French when I was a child.

He played the violin.

She worked at the movie theater after school.

They never went to school, they always skipped.

RNEKLER "When cmlecikleri"

Cmlecikler ,bir anlam ifade eden fakat tam cmle olmayan ifadelerdir. Baz cmleciklerwhenifadesiyle balar: "When I dropped my pen..." ya da "When class began..." Bu



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cmleciklere when cmlecikleri denir ve byk neme sahiptirler.Aada buna ilikinrnekler verilmektedir.

RNEKLER:

When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.

She answered my question, when I paid her one dollar.

Her iki cmlecik de Simple Past olduunda when cmleciinin nce gelmesi bununnemini vurgulamaktadr.Yukardaki cmlelerden her ikisi de ayn anlamdadrlar. ncekendisine 1 dolar dedim, sonra benim sorumu yantlad .Fakat aadaki cmlenin anlamfarkldr. nce sorumu yantlad,sonra bir dolar dedim

RNEK:

I paid her a dollar, when she answered my question.

ACTIVE / PASSIVESimple Past

RNEKLER:

Tom repaired the car. ACTIVE

The car was repaired by Tom. PASSIVE

Simple Present

BMLENDRMESimple Present

RNEKLER: [ to run]

I runyou run

he runsshe runsit runswe runthey run

USE 1 Yinelenen olaylar,eylemler



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Simple Present bir eylemin tekrarlandn ya da olaan biimde yinelendiini anlatmakta

kullanlr. Bu eylem bir alkanlk,bir hobi,gnlk bir olay, programl bir eylem ya da sk skortaya kan bir olay ya da eylem olabilir. Bu, birinin sklkla unuttuu ve bu nedenleyapmad bir ey de olabilir.

RNEKLER:

I play tennis.

She does not play tennis.

The train leaves every morning at 8 am.

The train does not leave at 9am.

She always forgets her purse.

He never forgets his wallet.

Every twelve months, the Earth circles the sun.

The sun does not circle the Earth.

KULLANIM 2 Genelletirmeler ya da Olgular

Simple Present konuan kiinin bir olgunun gemite doru olduu, imdi de doruluunukoruduu ve gelecekte de doru olaca hakkndaki inancn ifade etmekte kullanlr.Konumacnn bu olgu hakkndaki yargsnn dopru olup olmamas nemli deildir. eyle ya

da insanlar hakkndaki genelletirmeler de bu zamanla ifade edilir.

RNEKLER:

Cats like milk.

Birds do not like milk.

California is in America.

California is not in the United Kingdom.

Windows are made of glass.



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Windows are not made of wood.

New York is a small city. (It is not important that this fact is untrue.)

KULLANIM 3 imdi(Sreksiz fiiller)

Simple Present bir olayn mdi olup olmadn ifade etmekte de kullanlr.Bu saadeceSreksiz fiillerle ya da belirli kark fiillerle(Mixed Verbs) yaplabilir.

RNEKLER:

I am here now.

She is not here now.

He needs help right now.

He does not need help now.

He has a car.

ACTIVE / PASSIVESimple Present

RNEKLER:

Once a week, Tom cleans the car. ACTIVE

Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. PASSIVE

Used to

BMLENDRME Used to

[USED TO] + [verb]

RNEKLER:



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I used to go to the beach everyday.

KULLANIM 1 Gemiteki bir alkanlk

"Used to" Gemite alakanlk olan ve yine gemite terkedilen bir eyi ifade etmektekullanlr.Bir eyin gemite sk sk yinelendii fakat artk bunun yaplmad anlamndadr.

RNEKLER:

Jerry used to study English.Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer.

I used to start work at 9 o'clock.

Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian.

KULLANIM 2 Gemiteki bir Olgu

Used to artk doru olmayan gemi olgulardan ve genelleitmelerden sz ederken dekullanlr.

RNEKLER:

I used to live in Paris.

Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin.

George used to be the best student in class, but now Leena is the best.

Oranges used to cost very little in Florida, but now they are quite expensive.

ACTIVE / PASSIVE Used to

RNEKLER:



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Jerry used to pay the bills.ACTIVE

The bills used to be paid by Jerry.PASSIVE

Would Always

BMLENDRME Would Always

[WOULD ALWAYS] + [verb]

RNEKLER:

I would always take my surf board to the beach with me.

KULLANIM 1 Gemite bir alkanlk

Used to ve Simple Past gibi Would Always bir eyin gemite tekrarlanan biralkanlk olduu ve artk gemite kaldn uygulanmadn anlatmakta kullanlr.Bir eyingemite sk sk ortaya ktn fakat artk byle olmadn anlatr. Bu yap,bir eyinisteyerek bu biimde yapld ve ounlukla bu alkanla ilikin kzgnlk ya da holanma.Ifade eder. Alkanln u olduunu da anlatr.

RNEKLER:

She would always send me strange birthday gifts.

Sam and Mary would always choose the most exotic vacation destinations.

Sally would always arrive early.

Christine would always come late to the meetings

NEML "Would Always" biraz farrkldr.

Would Always ; Used to ya da Simple Past ayn ey olmayp arada baz frkllklarbulunmaktadr. Would Always gemiteki olgulardan ve genelletirmelerden sz etmektekullanlamaz.Bu yap sadece yinelenen olaylar anlatmakta kullanlabilir.



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EXAMPLES:

Sarah was shy, but now she is very outgoing.CORRECT

Sarah used to be shy, but now she is very outgoing.CORRECT

Sarah would always be shy, but now she is very outgoing.NOT CORRECT

NEML Baka Yaplar da Olasdr

Bu tr alkanlklar genellikle Would Always ile anlatlrsa da,baka yaplar da szkonusudur.ngilizce konuanlar genellikle would constantly, would forever ya da sadecewould kullanrlar. Son kullanm biimi,would doru ise de Conditional ya da Future inthe Past kullanmndaki would ile kartrlabileceinden kullanmamas nerilir. Would

never; birinin gemite belirli bir eyi yapmay srekli reddettiini ifade etmekte dkaullanlabilir.

RNEKLER:

Jerry would always bring his younger brother to the parties.DORU

Jerry would constantly bring his younger brother to the parties. DORU

Jerry would bring his younger brother to the parties.DORU

Jerry would never bring his younger brother to the parties.DORU(Zt anlam= Jerry refused to bring his younger brother with him to the parties.)

ACTIVE / PASSIVE Would Always

RNEKLER:

Jerry would always pay the bills.ACTIVEThe bills would always be paid by Jerry.PASSIVE



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Dier yandan bazen bir fiili nitelerken bir sfat kullanarak hata yapmak okkolaydr.Bu durum aadaki rneklerde gsterilmektedir.

He talks careless aboutyour wife.

The correct sentence should sayHe talkscarelessly about your wife.

He is breathing normal

again.

The correct sentence should sayHe is breathingnormally again.

2. Bir sfat her zaman, fiilden nceki bir ismi nitelediinde, to be

fiilinin bir ekimli halinden sonra gelir.

Aada bu kural gsteren rnekler verilmitir.Sfattan kan ak mavioklar, bu sfatn niteledii ismi gstermektedir.

3. Yukardakine benzer biimde, bir sfat eer fiilden nceki bir

ismi niteliyorsa, her zaman duyumsal bir ya da grsel (feel,taste, smell, sound, look, appear,seem) bir fiilden sonra gelir.

izler

Aada bu kural gsteren rnekler verilmitir.Sfattan kan ak mavioklar, bu sfatn niteledii ismi gstermektedir.



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Burada bad ;cough ismini niteleyen birsfattr.Burada badly zarfini kullanmann biranlam vermeyecei aktr. nk o zamanksrme sesinin kt olduu anlam kacaktr ki,verilmek ,istenen anlam bu deildir.

Burada awful,oi ismini niteleyen birsfattr.Yine awfully zarfinin kullanlmasanlaml olmayacaktr.nk o zaman Castoryann tadnn ok iyi olmad anlamkacaktr.

Burada fresh air ismini niteleyen birsfattr. freshly zarfinin kullanlmas anlamszolacaktr.nk o zaman havann koku almaduyusuna sahip olduu ve bunu yeni kulland

anlam kacaktr.

Burada unhappy ;she zamirini niteleyen birsfattr. Yine , unhappily zarfnn kullanlmas,grnmnn pek iyi olmad anlamnvercektir.

Burada dark; imagesismini niteleyen bir sfattr.darkly zarf kullanldnda,anlam grntnn karanlk birhal ald biiminde deiir.

Szcn cmlede isim ya da fiilden hangisini nitelediine iyi dikkat etmekgerekir. Eer szck zneyi niteliyorsa bir sfat kullanlabilir, ama eer fiiliniteliyorsa bir zarf kullanlmaldr. Bu farkllk aadaki cmle iftlerindegsterilmektedir.

Burada sweetbir sfat olup,apple ismininitelemktedir. Sweetly kullanlmas halindeanlam, elmann eyleri tatl biimde koklad

biiminde deiecektir ki bunun da anlamszolduu aktr.

Burada carefully bir zarf olup, smells fiilininitelemktedir. Sfat olan carefulkullanldnda, kpein dikkati koklad gibi

bir anlam kacaktr ki, bu da anlamsz olacaktr.



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Temel yanllardan kanma

Badya da Badly ,hangisi?

Kendinimi nasl hissettiimizle ilgili bir anlatm verirken bir sfatkullanmak zorunlu olur. (Neden? Feel duyumsal bir fiildir;Baknz Kural#3). Bu nedenle "I feel bad." Dmek gerekir. you feel badly denildiinde, you play football badly(kt futbol oyunuyorsun) gibi biranlam kacaktr.O zaman da, dokunma duyunuzu ksmen yitirdiiniz iinhisseetmediiniz gibi bir anlam ortaya kar.

Good ya da Well, hangisi ?

Goodbir sfattr bu nedenle ,you do good ya da you live gooddeilyou do well ve you live well kullanmak gerekir. Bir sfatn duyumsalfiillerden ve be-fiilinden sonra geldiini hatrlarsak, you feel good, look

good,smell good, are good, have been good, kullanmlarnn doruluuortaya kar. (Duyumsal ve grsel fiillerle ilgili daha fazla bilgi iinyukardaki Kural 3e baknz.)

Burada well hem zarf hem de sfat ilevi stlenebildiinden bir karklkortay akabilir. well sfat olarak kullanldnda anlam, "hasta deil""sal yerinde,iyi" olarak aklanabilir.Bu ok zel anlamda,rnein birhastalktan kalktktan sonra youfeel well ya da you are well kabuledilebilir.Salkla ilgili anlamda kullanlmadnda well bir zarf

ilevindedir. rnein; "I did wellon my exam."

ift-olumsuzlar

Scarcely ve hardly zaten olumsuz zarflardrlar.Buna bir dier olumsuzterim eklenmesi,ngilizcede ayn anda sadece bir olumsuzkullanlabileceinden gereksizdir.

They foundscarcely any animals on the island.(Dikkat!!scarcely no...deil)

Hardly anyone came to the party. (D,kkat!!hardly no

one...deil)

Sure ya da Surely,hangisi?

Sure bir sfat,surelyise bir zarftr. Sure ,ayn zamand aidyomatik olarak,sure to be anlamna da sahiptir. Surely bir cmle-zarf olarakkullanlabilir.Aada her ikisinin kullanmlar arasndaki farklar gstereenrnekler verilmektedir. Ak mavi oklar sfatlar,yeil oklar da zarflargstermektedir.



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Burada sure ; Izamirini niteleyen bir sfatolarak kullanlmaktadr.

Burada surely ready

sfatn niteleyen bir zarfolarak kullanlmtr.

Burada, sure to beidyomatik bir ifade olupshe zamirini niteleyen

bir sfat konumundadr.

Burada surely hasbeen fiilini niteleyenbir zarftr.

Real ya da Really,hangisi?

Realbir sfat, really iss bir zarftr. Aada realve really arasndakifarklar gsteren rnekler verilmektedir. Ak mavi oklar sfatlar,yeil oklarzarflar gstermektedir.

Burada, really; welzarfn niteleyenbir sfattr..

Burada really,goingout ifadesininiteleyen bir zarftr.

Burada,realproblems ismininiteleyen birzarftr.

Near or Nearly?

Nearcan function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition.Nearly isused as an adverb to mean "in a close manner" or "almost but not quite."Here are some examples that demonstrate the differences between varioususes of near and nearly. Light blue arrows indicate adjectives and greenarrows indicate adverbs. Subjects and verbs are marked in purple.



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Burada neared pasttensedeki bir fiil olarakkullanlmtr.

Burada nearly , finished.

Fiilini niteleyen bir zarftr.

Burada near future ismininiteleyen bir zarftr.

Burada near,creptfiilininiteleyen bir zarftr.

Burada nearly related fiilini

niteleyejn birzarftr.

Burada nearbiredattr. Edatifadesi olan nearthe end of themovie,sceneismini niteler.



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Lesson 3 Parallel Structure

Paralel Cmle Yaps

Paralel cmle yaps ayn szck tipini kullanarak ayn nem derecesine sahip iki ya da dahafazla dncenin ifade edilemsidir.Bu olgu,szck,deyim ve ifade temelinde ortayakar.Paralel yaplar birbirine balamann en kullanl yolu and ya da or kullanmaktr.

1. Szckler ve deyimler and Phrases-ing(gerund) bimindeki szcklerle :Paralel:

Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling.infinitive phraseslerle:Paralel:

Mary likes to hike, to swim, andto ride a bicycle.Ya da

Mary likes to hike,swim, andride a bicycle.

(Not: toyu cmledeki btn fiillerden nce ya da ilk fiilden nce kullanmak olanakldr.

rnek 1 1Paralel deil: Mary likes hiking , swimming , and to ride a bicycle.Paralel: Mary likes hiking , swimming , and riding a bicycle.rnek 2Paralel Deil: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly , accurately , andin a detailed manner.Paralel: The production manager was asked to write his report quickly , accurately , andthoroughly .rnek 3Deil Paralel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the lastminute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and hismotivation was low.Paralel: The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute tostudy for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation.2. CmleciklerClausesCmlecikle balayan bir paralel yap,cmleciklerle devam etmelidir. Baka bir tipedeitirmen ya da fiilin voiceini deitirmek(ya da tersi) paralellii ortadan kaldracaktr.rnek 1 1Paralel deil: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they shouldnot eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.Paralel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eattoo much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game.-- ya da --Paralel: The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and dosome warm-up exercises before the game.rnek 2



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Paralel deil: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, thatthere would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked

by prospective buyers.(passive)Parallel: The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there

would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would askhim questions.3. stste iki noktadan sonra;Listedeki btn elemanlarn ayn tr olduklarndan emin olun.Example 1

Not Paralel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings ,pronunciations , correct spellings , and looking up irregular verbs .Paralel: The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings ,

pronunciations , correct spellings , and irregular verbs .



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Lesson 4 Appositives

Aklayclar

Birappositive ouzaman niteleyiciyle birliktedier bir isim ya da zamirle birliktekullanlan ve onu aklayan bir szck ya da szck grubudur. Aada baz appositivrnekleri verilmektedir.

Birappositive genellikle aklayaca ya da tanmlayaca szc izlerse de ondan ncede gelebilir.

Appositivelerin Noktalanmas

Baz durumlarda, aklanan isim appositive kullanlmamas halinde ok genel bir

niteliktedir ve bu nedenle cmlenin anlam kazanabilmesi iin bir tanmlaycya gerek

vardr. Durum byle olduunda, appositive evresine virgl konulmaz ve ylece

braklrEer cmle appositive kullanmadan da aksa, o zaman virgller gerekli olur veappositivein nne ve arkasna konulur.

Aada baz rnekler verilmitir:



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Burada appositivein n ve

arkasna virgl

konulmamtr,nk verilen

bilgi gerekli bir bilgidir.

Appositiveolmakszn

cmle; The popular USpresident was known for his

eloquent and inspirationalspeeches. ekline girer ki, o

zaman hangi bakannkastedildii anlalmaz.

Burada verilen bilgi gerekli

olmadndan,appositivein n

ve arkasna virgl

konulmutur. Appositive

olmakszn cmle JohnKennedy was known for his

eloqu ent and traditionalspeeches. eklini alr ki, bu

durumda da cmledekiznenin kim olduu bellidir.

Burada her iki appositivein

evresine virglkonulmamtr nk her iki

bilgi de gerklidir.Appositiveolmakszn cmle John

Kennedy was quite differentfrom John Kennedy. eklini

alr ki John Kennedynin

hangi kalitelerinden sz

edildii anlalmaz.

ExerciseAadaki cmlelerde appositivelerin altn iziniz.

1. My son, the policeman, will be visiting us next week.

2. The captain ordered the ship's carpenters to assemble the shallop, a large rowboat.3. Walter, the playboy and writer, is very attached to his mother, Mrs. Hammon.

4. The actor Paul Newman directed only one picture.

5. Elizabeth Teague, a sweet and lovable girl, grew up to be a mentally troubled woman.

Underline and punctuate the appositives in the following sentences. Remember: not all

require punctuation.

6. Sweetbriar a company known throughout the South is considering a nationwide

advertising campaign.7. An above-average student and talented musician John made his family proud.

8. The extremely popular American film Titanic was widely criticized for its mediocrescript.

9. The greatest American film ever made Citizen Kane won only one Academy Award.



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10. 60 Minutes the TV news magazine program featured a story on the popular singer

Whitney Houston.

Answers-key

1. My son, the policeman, will be visiting us next week.2. The captain ordered the ship's carpenters to assemble the shallop, a large rowboat.3. Walter, the playboy and writer, is very attached to his mother, Mrs. Hammon.

4. The actor Paul Newman directed only one picture.

5. Elizabeth Teague, a sweet and lovable girl, grew up to be a mentally troubled

woman.

Underline and punctuate the appositives in the following sentences. Remember: not all

require punctuation.

6. Sweetbriar, a company known throughout the South, is considering a nationwide

advertising campaign.7. An above-average student and talented musician, John made his family proud.

8. The extremely popular American film Titanic was widely criticized for its mediocrescript.

9. The greatest American film ever made, Citizen Kane won only one AcademyAward.

10. 60 Minutes, the TV news magazine program, featured a story on the popular singerWhitney Houston.



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Writing for a North American BusinessAudience

Every country has its own set of rules and expectations about the ways

to communicate in a business setting. In some countries, they mayplace less emphasis on written materials and more emphasis on verbalcommunication. However, in the United States, memos, letters, andemails are important and play a role in creating a person's businessreputation.This handout is designed to provide you with a few basic tips aboutNorth American business audiences along with some helpful hints onwriting to this audience effectively. Some of the information andexamples on this handout are taken from other sources that you mayfind helpful. The asterisks (*) mark sentences borrowed from other

writers. You can find the bibliographic information at the end of thepage.The topics discussed in this handout are:

Getting to the point Keeping it simple Using passive and active voice Using nondiscriminatory language Over-generalizing verbs

Getting to the point

The question "so what is your point" is very common with Americanaudiences. In general, North Americans prefer to get a preview of themain ideas so that they know what to expect. Time is an importantfactor for U.S. business people because they do not have much of it. So

it is important to state your purpose or "the bottom line" for writing atthe beginning of your document.Here is an example of a hidden main point where the writer isrequesting employment verification*:

Dear Personnel Director:

On March 27, I received a phone call from Mrs. Karen Kranefrom New York, who was once a data entry clerk in your Ohiooffice. She was under the direct supervision of.....

As you can see, the above statement goes on several sentences and the

writer still has not revealed his or her purpose. A busy personneldirector might skip over this request and make it a last priority.

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