36--America in World War II

8/2/2019 36--America in World War II

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AMERICA IN WORLD

WAR II

CHAPTER 36


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The Allies Trade Space For Time

After Pearl Harbor, the freeworld was on the edge ofdisaster Japan

Germany

What do most Americans want?

FDR decides to go after____________ first.

Why?

Plan:


3/43

Revving the Economic Engine

US had massiveeconomic potential, butneeded time to getgeared up.

Convert factories

Fear of new Germanweapons.

Americas main problem:


4/43

The Shock Of War National unity wasnt a

problem Isolationists?

Communists/socialists? West-Coast Japanese

Relocation camps

Korematsu v. U.S (1944)

End of the New Deal


5/43

Building The War Machine

War snapped US out of thedepression.

Full employment.

War Production Board

Henry J. Kaiser -Ship-building

king


6/43

Rationing

War industries had first priorityin transport and raw materials

Saving oil/rubber:

Food Rationing

Farmers have bumper cropsand boom time. Why?


7/43

Do Your Part


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Economic Bumps War caused Inflation. Why?

Unions gave no-strike pledge, BUT:

John L. Lewis

Roosevelts response?

1943 Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act


9/43

Manpower Shortage

15 Million men

216,000 womenserved in military in

one capacity oranother WAACS (Army) ,

WAVES (Navy)

Severe manpowershortage at home. Braceros.


10/43

Rosie the Riveter

6 Million women tookjobs outside thehome.

Rosie the Riveter.

Effect on Womens

movement?

2/3 left or lost theirjobs after war.


11/43

Wartime Migrations

Reason for wartimemigrations.

Cities

Sunbelt--

1.6 million blacks

Treatment?

FDRs response?


12/43

Internal Migration in the United States During World War II


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Blacks Demand Fairness

Blacks adopt theDouble V slogan. V over what?

NAACP membership

Congress for RacialEquality (CORE)

Move north continuesafter the war.


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Economic Effect of War

Americans at home sufferedvery little from the war

War invigorated the USeconomy

GNP?

Paychecks

Disposable income.

Result?


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Federal Spending All the federal spending

finally cures thedepression.War cost-

Where did money comefrom?

Top bracketsAmount of people paying

taxes?

National debt--


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Figure 36.1: The National Debt, 19301950


17/43

Rising Sun in the Pacific

Simultaneous attacks in the Pacific

Guam

Wake

Philippines

Hong Kong

Malaya

Burma

East Indies

China


18/43

Japans High Tide at Midway

Midway (June 3-6, 1942)

Defeated by US andAussie troops

TURNING POINT!!!!


19/43

American Leapfrogging to Tokyo

Leapfrogging/island hopping

8/1942Guadalcanal Aleutians

Gilbert Islands

Marshall Islands Marianas

Philippines (June 1944)


20/43

The Allied Halting Of Hitler

Battle of North Atlantic

German subs were sinkingmerchant ships faster thanthey could be built..

Enigma

9/42 Russia stalls the

German steamroller on theoutskirts of StalingradHigh-water mark for Hitler


21/43

The North African Second Front

Soviets beg Allies to opensecond front.

Stalins concerns and fears

Allies concerns

1942Americans want cross-channel invasion, but Churchillsays no.

British argue for an attack at theunderbelly of Europe in theMediterranean.


22/43

Operation Torch

Invade North Africa 11/42. US

Germany Biggest sea-born invasion up to that time. US loses in Kassarine-- takes over. U.S. and Brits begin to drive Germans East. Forced Germans to surrender in Tunisia 5/43


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Casablanca

Churchill and RooseveltJan. 1943.

Agree to:

Why unconditionalsurrender?


24/43

Sicily

Sicily invaded andfalls 8/43.

Mussolini

Italy

Germans dont leaveand carry on fight inItaly


25/43

Invasion of Italy

9/43 Allies invade toe ofItaly and start fighting upthe boot.

Bogs down; amphibiousinvasion

Very slow going b/c ofmountains

Allies finally get Rome 2days before D-Day. Do not finish in Italy until 5

days before Germansurrender.


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Italy Assessed

Benefits: Diverts some German troops and provides Allies with

airbases to bomb Germany.

Opens the Mediterranean to Allies, greatly restricting

Germans.

Problems: Delayed the cross-channel invasion by many months,

giving Soviets a chance to get further into Eastern

Europe before the war ends. Increased Soviet suspicion


27/43

Tehran Conference

Late Nov. 1943

Purpose

First meeting ofBig Three

Placate Stalin

Patton?


28/43

Eisenhowers D-day Invasion Of France

Eisenhower is givencommand of D-daylanding.

June 6, 1944.Biggest sea-borneinvasion in history.

Land near

Normandy. Five beaches. Gold,

Juno, Sword, Utah,Omaha


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D-Day

Very hard fighting;

Have to break out before Germansbring in reinforcements and driveinvasion back into the ocean.

US has Air superiority.

August, 1944, invasion of southernFrance opens a second front.

Patton breaks out and races to theGerman border, but is forced to stall.


30/43

Election of 1944 Election of 1944 comes at a

bad timethe war is reachingits climax

Republicans nominate ThomasE. Dewey

VP, John W. Bricker

Democrats nominated FDR (ofcourse)

VP, Henry Wallace, dumped andreplaced by Truman. Why?


31/43

Roosevelt Again

FDR stays in the White House running the warfor most of the election.

Dewey is hurt by his VP candidate who hasbeen a staunch isolationist.

FDR wins by 3 Million votes and 432-99 in theElectoral College. Reasons?


32/43


33/43

Battle of the Bulge

December 1944, Germanywas wobbling.

Dec. 16, 1944. Battle ofthe Bulge.

Ardennes Forest

Allies are thrown back indisarray.


34/43


35/43

Battle of the Bulge

German problems

Low on fuel

No air support

US101st Airborne issurrounded but refuses tosurrender at Bastogne.

Constantly shelled, lowsupplies, no winterclothing.

Patton drives north in recordtime and relieves Bastogne.


36/43

V-E Day

March 1945Rhine River April, 1945 US forces meet

Russian forces outside Berlin

Discover the concentration

camps. April 12, 1945, Roosevelt

dies. Truman is hastily sworn in.

April 30, 1945, Hitler commits

suicide as Berlin is fallingaround him.

May 7, 1945, Germanysurrenders unconditionally.


37/43

Japan Dies Hard

American subsdevastate Japans

merchant fleet.

Massive fire-bomb raids

of Japanese cities.

March, 1945Tokyo

MacArthur recapturesNew Guinea (8/1944).


38/43

Leyte Gulf and Philippine

October, 1944,biggest naval battle inhistory. Leyte Gulf.

Japans naval power isdestroyed.

First Kamikazes.

Jan. 1945, recapturePhilippine mainland.

Douglas MacArthur returns toPhilippines


39/43

Okinawa and Iwo Jima

March 1945Iwo Jima

April-June 1945Okinawa

Japanese fight to the lastman

Impact on US strategicthinking?


40/43

Atomic Awfulness Why not invade Japan?

Potsdam conference July 1945

Manhattan project. Very secret. First atomic bomb in New Mexico July 1945.

A-bombsHiroshima (8/6) and Nagasaki (8/9) Hiroshima70,000 instant deaths and 60,000 more

over next months due to radiation. Soviets enter the war just after the first bomb and

overrun Manchuria and Korea (hence North Korea) Japan surrenders August 10, 1945


41/43

Why Does Truman Use the Bomb?

Avoid US casualties

To show Soviets what wehave

To prevent Soviets frombeing involved in Pacificlonger and grabbing moreterritory and having a say inrebuilding of Japan. Probably most important


42/43

The Allies Triumphant

America

Penicillin

Soviets

Japan

Impact on America

Pride industry


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36--America in World War II

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