ttp://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com RESPIRATION Science Form 3 Chapter 1 Last update: 10/8/2010
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
RESPIRATIONScience Form 3 Chapter 1
Last update: 10/8/2010
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
1. The heart has 4 chambers:
i. Right atriumii. Left atriumiii. Right ventricleiv. Left ventricle
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
2. When the 2 atria contract, the 2 ventricles relax, and vice versa.
3. The left ventricle is the largest chamber and has the thickest wall. This is because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
4. The left side of the heart contain oxygenated blood.5. The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated
blood.6. 2 blood vessels (arteries) transport blood away
from the heart.(a) The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lung(b) The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood.
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
7. Two blood vessels (veins) transport blood towards the heart
(a) The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium
(b) The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lung back to the left ventricle. These are the only veins which carry oxygenated blood.
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
8. The heart has valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards(a) The bicuspid valve: directs blood from left atrium to left ventricle(b) The tricuspid valve: directs blood from right atrium to right ventricle(c) The semilunar valve: situated at the beginning of pulmonary artery, prevents blood from flowing backwards into the heart.
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
B. Types of Blood Vessels
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
1. 3 main types:
i. Arteriesii. Veinsiii. Capillaries
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
2. The characteristics, properties & function of arteries, veins, and capillaries
Property Artery Vein Capillary
Function Carries blood away from the heart
Carries blood towards the heart
Joins an artery to a vein
Type of blood carried
Oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries
Deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary veins
Brings oxygenated blood to the cells and deoxygenated blood from the cell
Blood pressure
Blood under high pressure
Blood under low pressure Blood under very low pressure
Blood flowing rate
Fast Slow Very slow
Lumen Small Large Very small
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
2. The characteristics, properties & function of arteries, veins, and capillaries
Property Artery Vein Capillary
Structure of the wall
Muscular & elastic Less muscular & less elastic
One cell thick
Valves Has no valves Has valves Has no valves
Pulse Has pulse Has no pulse Has no pulse
Drawing
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
C. Blood Circulation in the Body
2 parts:1. Pulmonary (lung)
circulation: from heart to lung back to heart
2. Systemic circulation: from heart to all parts of body except lungs
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
D. Human BloodHuman Blood
Blood cells (45% by volume)
Platelets
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Plasma (55% by volume)
Dissolved substances (10% by volume)
Water (90% by volume)
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
D. Human BloodPlatelets
Tiny fragments from certain large cells in the bone marrow
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
D. Human BloodRed blood cells
Small, circular, and biconcave
To absorb oxygen in its haemoglobin. Transport the oxygen and release it to the cells which require it
No nuclei
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
D. Human BloodWhite blood cells
Larger than red blood cells, irregular shape
Protects the body from harmful substances
Has nuclei
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
D. Human BloodDissolved substances
Dissolved food (amino acids, glucose)
Mineral salts & vitamins
Waste (urea, CO2
Hormones
Heat
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
Blood Group
1. 2 types of antigens: Antigen A & Antigen B– Blood group O has no antigensBlood group Can receive blood from Can donate blood to
A A, O A, AB
B B. O B, AB
AB A, B, AB, O AB
O O A, B, AB, O
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
Blood Group
2. People from blood group AB are called universal recipients because they receive blood from donors of all the four groups.
3. People from blood group O are called universal donors because they can donate their blood to recipient of all the group groups.
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
Blood Group
4. Blood transfusion rule: The donors red blood cells must be compatible with the recipient’s plasma
Blood group Antigen on the red blood cells
Antibody in the plasma
A Antigen A Anti-BB Antigen B Anti-AAB Antigen A & Antigen B NoneO None Anti-A and Anti B
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
E. Transport System in Plants
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
Transport system in plants
1. Transpiration is the process which plants release water into the air through their stems and leaves
2. The stems have tiny openings called lenticels and the leaves have stomata to transpire water
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
Transport system in plants
3. Factors affecting transpiration:a) Humidityb) Temperaturec) Windd) Lighte) Surface of leaves
http://xinhuicafe.wordpress.com
Transport system in plants
4. Water enters the root of a plant by a process called osmosis
5. In the stem, the phloem is situated on the outer side of the xylem
6. Excess food is changed into starch