351 Spath Turn of the Century (20 th ) and the First World War
351 Spath
Turn of the Century (20th) and the
First World War
Brief Review
What we covered re Ottomans last Thursday…
- Expansion
- Systems and Strategies of Ottoman rule
- Disintegration and decline (18th c.)
- Reform and consolidation period (19th c.)
Abdulhamid II – leader from 1876-1909
- Committee of Union and Progress
- Young Turk Revolt (1908)
- Triple Entente and Ottoman Response
- Ottoman Arabs
Leading up to WWI
Young Turk Era (1908-1918)
-Issues of Political IdentityWhat would be the trajectory of the Ottoman state under the Young Turks?
-Ottomanism and Turkism lacked resonance and ability to incorporate the people inside the empire
- Arabs sought greater autonomy (more decentralized form of Ottoman rule)
- Antagonism between Ottoman and Arab leaders compounded Arab’s search for new political identity and opposition to Ottoman rule
World War I- Triple Entente (GB, France, Russia)
- Ottoman Response - focus on militarization- developing relationship with Germany (entente powers were the threat)
- British imperial interests in the war- Ottoman neutrality- Key Tradeoff – costs and benefits of occupying territory- SUEZ CANAL
- Ottomans enter the war (1914)
Arab Revolt
- Hussein-McMahon Correspondence (1915-1916)
- Initial victories, then decline in momentum and strength
- Reinvigoration- T.E. Lawrence and Emir Feisel
- Allenby’s forces with Arab help overwhelm Ottomans
Sharif Hussein ibn
Ali
Hussein-McMahon
Correspondence
(1915-16)
A diplomatic mess…- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)
- Initial victories, then decline in momentum and strength
- Reinvigoration- T.E. Lawrence and Emir Feisel- Allenby’s forces with Arab help overwhelm Ottomans
- Balfour Declaration
- Paris Peace Conference (1919), San Remo Conference (1920), Council of League of Nations (1922)
- Cairo Conference (1921)
Sykes-Picot agreement
Balfour Declaration
(1917)