35-1 Copyright 2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Australian Financial Accounting 5e by Craig Deegan Slides prepared by Craig Deegan Chapter 35.

35-1 Copyright 2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Australian Financial Accounting 5e by Craig DeeganSlides prepared by Craig Deegan

Chapter 35

Accounting for foreign currency transactions


Objectives

• Understand why it is necessary to translate foreign currency transactions into Australian dollars

• Understand that all transactions denominated in overseas currencies must initially be translated at the exchange rate in place as at the date of the transaction (the transaction date’s spot rate) using the entity’s ‘functional currency’


Objectives (cont.)

• Understand that at balance date all foreign currency monetary items must be translated at the balance-date spot rate, and that apart from two exceptions (relating to hedges of specific commitments and qualifying assets), the movements in the value of foreign currency monetary items are to be treated as part of the financial period’s profit or loss

• Understand the difference between a functional currency and a presentation currency


Objectives (cont.)

• Understand what a qualifying asset is and be able to provide the appropriate accounting entries relating to a qualifying asset

• Understand the difference between a general hedge and a hedge of a specific commitment, and be able to provide the appropriate accounting entries in respect of both


Objectives (cont.)

• Understand what a foreign currency swap is and why it might be undertaken, and be able to provide the relevant journal entries to account for a foreign currency swap


Introduction to accounting for foreign currency transactions

• Accounting for foreign currency transactions is governed by AASB 121 ‘The Effect of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates’

• Australian companies now allowed to use ‘presentation currency’ (currency in which the financial report is prepared) in other than Australian dollars, but must disclose the reason and justification for its choice of presentation currency


Introduction to accounting for foreign currency transactions (cont.)

Two general issues to be considered in foreign currency translations

1. Where debts, receivables or other monetary items are denominated in currencies other than domestic currency there is a need to convert them into a single currency (not necessarily Australian dollars)– unless transactions converted into a common currency, financial

statements would include account balances in different currencies – the aggregate would not make sense

2. Where an entity controls a foreign subsidiary, the accounts of that subsidiary need to be translated into a common currency before the consolidation process (addressed in Chapter 36)


Foreign currency transactions• Exchange rate defined as (AASB 121)

– the ratio of exchange for two currencies

• Exchange rates frequently change (daily) and this results in the need for the translation of transactions. This involves transactions– denominated in a foreign currency; or– requiring settlement in a currency other than the

functional currency of the entity


Foreign currency transactions (cont.)Examples of foreign currency transactions• Acquisition of goods from a foreign supplier where the

transaction is denominated in a foreign currency• Sale of goods to a foreign customer where the transaction is

denominated in a foreign currency• Loan from foreign lender denominated in a foreign currency

Refer to Worked Example 35.1 on page 1210—Acquisition of goods from a foreign supplier where the transaction is denominated in a foreign currency


Foreign currency transactions (cont.)

Accounting entry at date of original transactionAASB 121 (par.21)• A foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial

recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction

Key terms• Spot exchange rate: the exchange rate for immediate delivery• Functional currency: the currency of the primary economic

environment in which the entity operates—important as this identifies what currency the transactions will be converted into


Foreign currency transactions (cont.)Key terms (cont.)

Functional currency—note AASB 121 (par. 9)

• The primary economic environment in which an entity operates is normally the one in which it primarily generates and expends cash. An entity considers the following factors in determining functional currency

(a) the currency

(i) that mainly influences sales prices for goods and services (this will often be the currency in which sales prices for its goods and services are denominated and settled): and

(ii) of the country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determine the sales prices of its goods and services.

(b) The currency that mainly influences labour, material and other costs of providing goods and services (this will often be the currency in which such costs are denominated and settled)


Foreign currency transactions (cont.)Key terms (cont.)

• Presentation currency—the currency in which the financial report is presented—note AASB 121 (par. 38)

– An entity may present its financial report in any currency (or currencies). If the presentation currency differs from the entity’s functional currency, it translates it results and financial position into the presentation currency. For example, when a group contains individual entities with different functional currencies, the results and financial position of each entity are expressed in a common currency so that a consolidated financial report may be presented


Illustration

On 1 June 2008, XYZ Ltd acquired goods on credit from a UK supplier. The goods were shipped FOB London on 1 June 2008. The cost of the goods were £200,000, and remained unpaid at 30 June 2008.

On 1 June 2008 the exchange rate was $1.00 = £0.50. On 30 June 2008 it was $1.00 = £0.55.


Solution to Illustration 1As at 1 June, the debt would be equal to $400,000 (which is 200,000/0.50). It is converted at the spot rate.As at 30 June, the debt would be equal to $363,636 (which is 200,000/0.55 using the balance date spot rate).AASB 121 requires that each asset, liability, revenue or expense arising from entering into a foreign currency transaction shall initially be measured and brought to account in the domestic currency using the exchange rate in effect at the date of the transaction.Hence, the initial entry on 1 June 2008 would beDr Inventory 400,000Cr Accounts Payable 400,000


Balance Date adjustmentsAASB 121 requires that foreign currency monetary items (which includes payables and receivables) outstanding at balance date, shall be translated at the spot rate at balance date.AASB 121 requires that the exchange differences relating to monetary items shall be brought to account in the profit and loss account in the financial year in which the exchange rates change.Hence, the entry on 30 June 2008 would be

Dr Accounts payable 36,363Cr Exchange Gain (P & L) 36,363

Note that the adjustment goes to profit or loss, and not to inventory


Presentation currency• Although the above requirement does state that any presentation

currency may be used, AASB 121 has been amended by the insertion of paragraph Aus38.1. Paragraph Aus38.1 states

Notwithstanding paragraph 38, for the purpose of reporting under the Corporations Act, entities are only permitted to present a financial report which purports to be drawn up in accordance with the Corporations Act in one presentation currency.

• The currency generally required for presentation in Australia is Australian dollars. However, relief from this requirement is given to some entities.

• BHP Billiton Ltd presents its financial reports using US dollars rather than Australian dollars as its presentation currency.


Foreign currency transactions: reporting date adjustments

• Foreign currency monetary items outstanding at the reporting date must be translated using the closing rate– closing rate—the spot exchange rate at the reporting date– foreign currency monetary items—include accounts payable and

receivable; cash; interest, notes, loans and dividends receivable; bank overdraft; income taxes, wages, notes and/or debentures payable

• Any exchange differences (foreign exchange gains or losses) are then brought to account in the profit and loss in the reporting period in which the exchange rates change


Foreign currency transactions: reporting date adjustments (cont.)

Exception to rule that foreign currency monetary items outstanding at reporting date must be translated at spot rate at reporting date– instances of contractual arrangement—the exchange rate has

been fixed for a particular transaction

General principle applied, however, is that exchange differences relating to monetary items are to be recognised as income or expenses in reporting period in which the exchange rates change– exceptions to this rule (addressed later)

qualifying assets certain types of hedges


Determination of functional currency and presentation currency

Number of issues to consider in determining functional currency (AASB 121, par. 9)

– consideration needs to be given to the currency in which the general purpose financial report is prepared

If the entity’s shareholders reside primarily within Australia the expectation is that the presentation currency would be Australian dollars


Determination of functional currency and presentation currency (cont.)Number of issues to consider in determining functional currency (AASB 121, par. 9) (cont.)

– presentation currency may not be the same as functional currency, e.g.

parent company residing in Australia controls a subsidiary company

residing in a foreign country (e.g. South Africa)

If subsidiary operates within South Africa and sells its goods and

purchases its raw materials in Rand, the functional currency is South

African rands

For the purposes of translating the results for Australian purposes,

the presentation currency would be Australian dollars

Refer to Worked Example 35.2 on page1214—Determination of

functional currency and presentation currency


Long-term receivables and payables• At balance date all monetary items must be translated using

the reporting-date spot rates• Exchange gain or loss that results from translating both

current and non-current receivables and payables must be included in the operating profit or loss for the financial period– unpopular with Australian companies as fluctuations mean there

is doubt as to whether unrealised profit/loss will actually be realised, particularly in relation to non-current monetary items

– argued that recognition of a profit or loss at reporting date is inappropriate, since the exchange rate fluctuates in the long term and there is significant doubt whether the unrealised profit or loss will ever be realised

• Refer to Worked Example 35.3 on pp. 1215–6—Translation of a non-current liability


Translation of other monetary assets such as cash deposits

• The same principles apply to translation of other monetary items such as cash and money market deposits

Refer to Worked Example 35.4 on page 1216—Translation of cash denominated in a foreign currency


Qualifying assets• Exception to the general rule that exchange differences

relating to monetary items (current and non-current) are to be brought to account as expenses or revenues in the period in which the exchange rate changes

• Defined in AASB 123 ‘Borrowing Costs’ as an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time (considered to be greater than 12 months) to get ready for its intended use or sale


Qualifying assets (cont.)Examples (AASB 123, par. 6)

– Inventories that require a substantial period of time to bring them to a saleable condition, manufacturing plants, power generation facilities and investment properties.

– Other investments, and those inventories that are routinely manufactured or otherwise produced in large quantities on a repetitive basis over a short period of time, are not qualifying assets. Assets that are ready for their intended use or sale when acquired are also not qualifying assets.


Qualifying assets (cont.)• Exchange differences that lead to an increase in the cost of

an asset are considered to be borrowing costs under AASB 123

• For qualifying assets, AASB 123 requires the borrowing costs be capitalised as part of the cost of the asset (borrowing costs that are directly attributable to acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset shall be capitalised as part of the cost of that asset, par. 11)


Qualifying assets (cont.)• Exchange differences included in cost of qualifying assets for

the financial year are the amounts that would otherwise have been credited/debited to income statement

• Amount capitalised as the cost of the asset not to exceed its recoverable amount

• If exchange differences cause the recoverable amount of a qualifying asset to be exceeded, the excess should be written off to the income statement (AASB 123, par. 19)

• Refer to Worked Example 35.5 on page 1218—Foreign currency transaction relating to a qualifying asset


Illustration 2Foreign currency transaction relating to a qualifying assetOn 1 July, 2007 AB Ltd entered into a binding agreement with a Singapore Company to construct an item of plant. The cost of the plant was $500,000 Singapore. The plant was completed on 1 June 2008 and shipped FOB Singapore on that date. The debt was unpaid at 30 June 2008.The exchange rates at the relevant dates were1 July 2007 : $1 Aus = $1.20 Singapore1 June 2008 : $1 Aus = $1.12 Singapore30 June 2008: $1 Aus = $1.10 Singapore


Being under construction, the item would appear to be a “qualifying asset” for the period from 1 July 2007, to 1 June 2008. Therefore, the movement in exchange rates to 1 June 2008 would be incorporated in the cost of the asset. Any subsequent movements would be taken to the profit and loss account.


1 July 2007Dr Plant 416,667Cr Accounts Payable 416,667(500,000/1.20)

I June 2008Dr Plant 29,762Cr Accounts Payable 29,762(500,000/1.12) - 416,667

30 June 2008Dr Exchange Loss 8,116Cr Accounts Payable 8,116(500,000/1.10) - (416,667 + 29,762)


Hedging transactions• Where amounts are owed to or owed by entities in

foreign currencies, entities are exposed to the risk of losses, which might be generated by movements in exchange rates

• To minimise the risk associated with foreign currency monetary items, an entity may enter a hedging contract


Hedging transactions (cont.)

• Hedging– action taken, whether by entering a foreign currency

contract or otherwise, with the objective of avoiding or mitigating possible adverse financial effects of movements in exchange rates

– agreement entered into that takes a position opposite to the original transaction

• AASB 121 does not address foreign currency hedges• Need to refer to AASB 139 ‘Financial Instruments

Recognition and Measurement’


Hedging transactions (cont.)Buy hedge• Involves a situation where a third party (eg bank) agrees to sell a

fixed amount of a particular overseas currency on a fixed future date at the rate of exchange quoted in the contract (the forward rate)

• Useful to entities that buy goods with the purchase price denominated in a foreign currency

• Forward rate - the exchange rate for delivery of a currency at a specified date in the future i.e. a guaranteed rate of exchange that will be provided in the future


Hedging transactions (cont.)Sell hedge• Arrangement to sell an overseas currency to another entity, on or

before a particular date, at an agreed rate• Useful to an entity that sells goods overseas with the sales price

denominated in a foreign currency• An Australian entity can fix at the outset the amount of Australian

dollars it will ultimately receive from a sale



• When there is a hedge, the foreign exchange gains or losses on one transaction (e.g. hedge contract) will be offset by gains or losses on another (e.g. transaction with a purchaser of the entity’s inventory)

• If the exchange rate falls, a gain will be made on the sale to overseas purchaser but a loss will be made on the contract with the bank because the overseas currency has increased in value—the entity had already agreed to a forward rate with the bank

• If the exchange rate rises (in the same scenario) the opposite will hold

• Perfectly hedged—hedge agreement completely eliminates the consequences of adverse exchange rate fluctuations—otherwise, partially hedged


Hedging transactions (cont.)Accounting for hedge transactionsHedge accounting• Recognises the offsetting effects on profit or loss of changes in the fair

values of the hedging instrument and the hedged item (AASB 139, par. 85)

Hedge instrument• A designated derivative or (for a hedge of the risk of changes in foreign

currency exchange rates only) a designated non-derivative financial asset or non-derivative financial liability whose fair value or cash flows are expected to offset changes in the fair value of cash flows of a designated hedge item (pars 72–7 and Appendix A pars AG94–AG97 elaborate on the definition of a hedging instrument)



Accounting for hedge transactions (cont.)Hedge item• An asset, liability, firm commitment, highly probable forecast transaction

or net investment in a foreign operation that (a) exposes the entity to risk in changes of fair value or future cash flows and (b) is designated a hedge (pars 78–84 and Appendix A pars AG98–AG101 elaborate on the definition of hedged items)

Hedge accounting• Attempts to match the timing of the profit or loss recognition on the

hedging instrument with the profit and loss on the hedged item—only when the hedging instrument meets specific requirements

• To classify an arrangement as a hedge and to apply ‘hedge accounting’ AASB 139 strictly requires five conditions to be met


Hedging transactions (cont.)Five conditions to be met to apply ‘hedge accounting’ (AASB 139, par. 88)1. At the inception of the hedge there is a formal designation and

documentation of the hedging relationship and the entity’s risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge

2. The hedge is expected to be highly effective (Appendix A, pars AG105-AG113) in achieving offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows attributable to the hedge risk

3. For cash flow hedges, a forecast transaction that is the subject of the hedge must be highly probable and must present an exposure to variations in cash flows that could ultimately affect profit or loss

4. The effectiveness of the hedge can be reliably measured, i.e. the the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item that are attributable to the hedged risk and the fair value of the hedging instrument can be reliably measured

5. The hedge is assessed on an ongoing basis and determined actually to have been highly effective throughout the reporting periods for which the hedge was designated



Accounting for hedge transactions (cont.)• Five conditions summarised in Figure 35.1 (p. 1222)• If conditions not satisfied hedge accounting is not be be applied

Two tests to be applied concerning ‘hedge effectiveness’1. Prospectively, at the inception of the hedge and throughout the life

of the hedge, the hedge must be ‘highly effective’, i.e. the changes in the fair value or the cash flows of a hedged item (e.g. payable related to the purchase of inventory) must ‘almost fully’ offset the changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedging instrument (e.g. forward-rate commitment with a bank)

2. Retrospectively, and as measured each financial period, the hedge is deemed to be highly effective so that the actual results are in a range of between 80 and 125%, e.g. if there is a gain on a hedging instrument of $100 and the loss on the hedged item is $110 the effectiveness of the hedge in terms of offsetting the loss on the hedged item is 100/110 (90.01%)—if the loss on the hedge item was $200 the test would not have been met


Hedging transactions (cont.)Accounting for hedge transactions (cont.)

Three types of hedges identified in AASB 139

1. Fair value hedges (not addressed in this chapter)

2. Cash-flow hedges (addressed in this chapter)

3. Hedges of net investments of foreign operations (not addressed in this chapter)

Need to account for separately• the hedging transaction, e.g. forward rate agreement with a

bank; and• the transaction that led to the need for the hedge, e.g.

original purchase or sales arrangement with an overseas entity


Hedging transactions (cont.)Accounting for hedge transactions (cont.)

Hedges• Those that relate to specific commitments—one that relates

specifically to the purchase or sale of specific goods and services

• Those that do not relate to specific commitments

Accounting for hedges not relating to specific commitments• Any exchange differences on the hedge transactions

undertaken to hedge foreign currency exposure shall be brought to account in the income statement in the financial year in which the exchange rates change


Hedging transactions (cont.)Accounting for hedges not relating to specific commitments (cont.)– Any costs or gains arising at the time of entering the

hedge shall (hedge premium or discount), if material, be accounted for separately and be amortised to the income statement over the life of the hedge—this includes brokerage fees and any discounts or premiums on hedge contracts (i.e. difference between the exchange rate for immediate delivery of currencies to be exchanged (spot rate) and the forward rate when the contract was entered into)

Refer to Worked Example 35.6 on pp. 1223–6—Adoption of a hedge contract after the date of the purchase of goods



Accounting for hedges relating to specific commitments

• For a transaction to be designated a hedge of a specific commitment it needs to meet the five tests previously identified

• If specific hedge relates to the price of particular goods or services to be purchased or sold—the gain or loss on hedging transaction up to the date of purchase or sale and any costs or gains arising at the time of entering into that transaction are (per AASB 139) deferred by recognising the amounts directly in equity

• When the underlying transaction is recognised (eg inventory actually acquired) the amounts are removed from equity and included in the measurement of the purchase price or as part of the sale transaction



Accounting for hedges relating to specific commitments (cont.)– any hedge premium or discount is not deferred and amortised but adjusted

against the cost or sales price of the goods or services

Refer to Worked Example 35.7 on pp.1227–30 (Specific commitment)

Refer to Worked Example 35.8 on pp. 1230–2 (Not a specific commitment)

Refer to Worked Example 35.9 on pp. 1233–5 (Specific commitment)


Illustration 3: The adoption of a hedge contract after the date of a purchase of goodsOn 1 March 2008, Koala Ltd, an Australian entity, purchases US$1,200,000 of inventory from Bald Eagle Ltd, a US entity. The amount is payable on 1 August 2008. A forward exchange contract for the delivery of US$1,200,000 is taken out with The Bank on 1 May 2008. It requires delivery of the foreign currency on 1 August 2008. Koala Ltd has a 30 June financial year end. Additional information:Exchange rate 1 March 2008 $A 1 = $US 0.80Forward rate for the hedge contract $A 1 = $US 0.75Exchange rate 1 May 2008 $A 1 = $US 0.77Exchange rate 30 June 2008 $A 1 = $US 0.76Exchange rate 1 August 2008 $A 1 = $US 0.79Required:Prepare the journal entries for Koala Ltd.


Solution - Illustration 3This would not be classified as a hedge of a specific commitment as it was taken out after the purchase of the inventory.

(i) To record the purchase of inventory on 1 March 2008.Inventory 1,500,000Accounts Payable 1,500,000

Transactions are to be measured and brought to account using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction (the spot rate). 1,500,000 = 1,200,000 / 0.80


(ii) To record the forward rate contract on 1 May 2008Foreign Currency Receivable - Bank 1,558,442

Deferred Hedge Discount 41,558Forward Rate Contract Commitment 1,600,000

1,558,442 = 1,200,000 ÷ .771,600,000 = 1,200,000 ÷ .75

The foreign currency receivable is valued at the spot rate (that day’s exchange rate). The forward rate commitment is valued at the forward rate agreed to with The Bank.


(iii) To record the foreign exchange loss on the account payable at 30 June 2008

Foreign Exchange Loss (P & L) 78,947Accounts Payable 78,947

Accounts payable book value 1,500,000Value at 30/6/08 (1,200,000 ÷ .76) 1,578,947Foreign exchange loss 78,947

As the liability in Australian dollars has increased, the movement in exchange rates has created a loss in relation to the account payable.


(iv) To record the foreign exchange gain on the forward rate contract to 30 June 2008

Foreign Currency Receivable - Bank 20,505Foreign Exchange Gain (P & L) 20,505

Book value of foreign currency receivable 1,558,442Value at 30/6/08 (1,200,000 ÷ .76) 1,578,947Gain on forward rate contract 20,505

As the receivable in Australian dollars has increased, the movement in exchange rates has created a gain in relation to the receivable.


(v) To record the amortisation of the deferred hedge discount from 1 May 2008 to 30 June 2008Hedge Discount Expense (P & L) 27,705

Deferred Hedge Discount 27,70527,705 = (2/3)(41,558)

(vi) To record the gain on the account payable from 30 June 2008 to 1 August 2008Accounts Payable 59,960

Foreign Exchange Gain (P & L) 59,960

Book value of account payable as at 30 June 2008 1,578,947Value of account payable at 1/8/08 (1,200,000 ÷ 79) 1,518,987Foreign exchange gain 59,960

As the liability in Australian dollars has decreased, the movement in exchange rates has created a gain in relation to the account payable.


(vii) To record the foreign exchange loss on the hedge contract at 1 August 2008

Foreign Exchange Loss (P & L) 59,960Foreign Currency Receivable - Bank 59,960

Book value of foreign currency receivable at 30 June 2008 1,578,947

Value of receivable at 1/8/08 (1,200,000 ÷ .79) 1,518,987Loss on forward rate contract 59,960As the receivable in Australian dollars has decreased, the movement in exchange rates has created a loss in relation to the receivable.


(viii) To record the amortisation of the deferred hedge discount from 30 June 2008, to 1 August 2008

Hedge Discount Expense 13,852Deferred Hedge Discount 13,852

13,852 = (1/3)(41,558)


(ix) To record the settlement of the forward rate contract and the account payable on 1 August 2008

Forward rate contract commitment 1,600,000Cash 1,600,000

Accounts Payable 1,518,987Foreign Currency Receivable - Bank 1,518,987

On 1 May 2008, The Bank had agreed to provide Koala with US$1,200,000 in exchange for A$1,600,000.


Foreign currency swaps

• Commonly used swaps are– interest rate swaps, e.g. where a fixed-interest-rate obligation

is swapped for a variable-rate obligation (refer to Chapter 15)– foreign currency swaps—where the obligation related to a

loan denominated in one currency is swapped for a loan denominated in another currency


Foreign currency swaps (cont.)

Reasons for foreign currency swaps• If an organisation has a number of receivables denominated in

a foreign currency, to hedge against exchange fluctuations it may convert some domestic loans into foreign currency loans, in the same denomination as that of the receivables

• Need to find another entity that is prepared to swap its foreign currency loans for the organisation’s domestic currency loans


Contractual obligations of foreign currency swaps

• The other parties to the loans may not know about the swap arrangements

• Contractual relationship between entity and lending institution remains unchanged

• Should one party to the swap default on the arrangement, the obligation for repayment vests with the primary borrower

Refer to Worked Example 35.10 on pp.1236–8—Example of a foreign currency swap


Summary• The chapter deals with various issues associated

with the translation of transactions that are denominated in a foreign currency

• To account for transactions in a foreign currency, three accounting standards need to be considered

1. AASB 121 ‘The Effects of Changes in Foreign Currency Rates’

2. AASB 123 ‘Borrowing Costs’

3. AASB 139 ‘Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement’


Summary (cont.)• Key issues

– foreign currency transactions should initially be translated at the spot rate in place at the date of the transaction using the functional currency as the basis for the translation

– the functional currency might be different from the presentation currency

– any changes in the Australian dollar equivalents of foreign currency monetary amounts (e.g. foreign currency receivables, foreign currency payables, and foreign currency monetary deposits) are, with limited exceptions, to be recognised as a gain or loss in the income statement, whether or not the gains have been realised


Summary (cont.)• Any gains or losses on foreign currency receivables and

payables are not to be offset against related purchases or sales amounts

• If the movement relates to a ‘qualifying asset’ AASB 123 requires the movement to be adjusted against the cost of the asset—foreign currency movements will be adjusted against the cost of the asset only as long asset’s adjusted book value does not exceed its recoverable amount

• Once an asset ceases to be a ‘qualifying asset’ all movements in related monetary terms are to go to the income statement


Summary (cont.)• Where hedge contracts have been entered into, the

forward-rate contracts and purchase or sales transactions must be accounted for separately

• Where hedge transactions satisfy the five conditions necessary for applying hedge accounting, AASB 139 requires any costs associated with entering a cash-flow hedge to be deferred to equity and subsequently included in the costs or sales price of the goods or services

• Any changes in the value of the forward-rate contract receivables or commitments are to be deferred in equity and subsequently included as part of the costs of the goods or services to the extent they occur up until the purchase or sale date


Summary (cont.)• If a hedge transaction is taken out subsequent to the purchase or

sale date, any changes in the value of the hedge receivable or forward-rate contract commitment are to be transferred to the income statement

• Where hedges do not specifically relate to the future purchase or sale of goods or services, any costs associated with entering the hedge are to be amortised over the period of the hedge arrangement

• Foreign currency swaps may be undertaken as a form of hedging:– where a swap occurs the primary borrower will still have a

commitment to the primary lender should the other party to the swap default on the swap arrangement

• It is not correct practice to eliminate a particular loan from the accounts when a swap arrangement has been negotiated

35-1 Copyright 2007 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Australian Financial Accounting 5e by Craig Deegan Slides prepared by Craig Deegan Chapter 35.

Documents

presentation currency

foreign currency slide

foreign currency translations

foreign currency loan

common currency

foreign currency swap

single currency

domestic currency