Supply Chain Risk Management
PAGE Factors Affecting Logistic Performance: A Global Supply
Chain Perspective 2
Factors Affecting Logistic Performance: A Global Supply Chain
Perspective
by
MUHAMMAD ZAIN SIDDIQUI
Reg #: 8709
Submitted to: Mr. Farhan Mehboob
A thesis
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Business Administration
tothe Iqra University.Karachi, Pakistan
JANUARY, 2015
Abstract
The underlying objective and purpose of this thesis is to test a
model that studies relationship between costs to export, cost to
import, GDP, trade services, per capita income and IT on logistics
performance index. This research will assist the logistics industry
for identifying the opportunities and challenges in terms of their
trade logistics performance, what factors affect this benchmarking
tool and what steps can the logistics industry take to improvise
their performance.
Table of Contents
2Abstract
1Chapter 1 Introduction
11.0 Overview
21.1 Background
31.2 Problem Statement
31.3 Purpose of Research
41.4 Objectives of Research
41.5 Research Questions
51.6 Research Hypothesis
51.7 Limitation of Study
51.8 Scope
7Chapter 2 Literature Review
82.1 Theoretical Background
82.2 Logistics
92.3 Empirical Studies
102.4 Logistics Framework
122.5 Trade Services
122.6 Cost to Export / Cost to Import
132.7 Conceptual Framework
14Chapter 3 Methodology
153.1Research Purpose
153.2Research Approach
153.3 Research Design
163.4 Secondary Data:
163.7 Research Model
173.8 Variables Description
173.8.1 Dependent Variable:
17LPI: Logistic Performance Index (overall).
183.8.2 Independent Variable:
18Trade Services
18Cost to Export / Cost to Import
19References
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.0 Overview
Logistics form a significant base for success of organizations
and businesses around the world. In terms of global comparison, the
importance of logistic services largely depends on the nations
economic power. For instance, the prospects of logistics services
have been quite strong in Europe, Japan, and United States for a
long time. There are certain factors that affect a dynamics of
logistics in a country.
First of all foreign trade, especially export is quite important
to increase a countrys economic growth rate (Johnson, 2013).
Moreover, export plays a key role for the countries to receive a
greater share of the global market. Satisfactory and sustainability
levels of countries export depend on exporting high value-added
products and increasing the diversity of products and markets.
Meanwhile, foreign trade transactions exhibit a complex view and
have enhanced the importance of logistics. Logistics is considered
as an important constituent in the field of service, manufacturing
and agriculture industry. Moreover logistics has to be smoothly
managed so that distribution and production functions can operate
effectively.
The research findings reveal that cost to import & import of
goods and services; cost to export & export of goods and
services and GDP are indirectly proportional to logistics
performance index. On the other hand IT expense is directly
proportional to logistics performance. In this regard, countries
that work on controlling their cost of import, cost of export, GDP,
IT enhances the quality of logistics and ensures competitiveness
and eventually reach the top positions in the Logistics
Performance.
According to the statistically analysis of data, efficiency of
logistics can be measured through the application of logistics
performance index (LPI). This index primarily depends on the
quality and competence of customs and border management, trade and
transport infrastructure and logistics services. In this paper, it
is worked on the model that studies relationship between costs to
export, cost to import, GDP, trade services, per capita income and
IT on logistics performance.
This study investigates the affect of various factors on LPI.
The introductory chapter of this study will provide background
information relevant to research questions, its contextual
framework, and problem identification, purpose of study, research
question, justification and limitation of this research.
1.1 Background
The prospect of logistics performance starts with its
definition. According to World Bank, the logistic performance of
countries at the same level of per capita income with the best
logistics performance experience additional growth of 1% in gross
domestic product (GDP) and 2% in trade. So its essential to improve
a countries logistics performance as it has significant valuable
affects on the statistics of a countries economy. Additionally no
matter if there is successful logistics or not the trade cycle is
always present and it eventually relies on the pace and extent of
government strategy and measures that will liberalize logistics
supply (Havenga, 2011).Furthermore World Bank denotes LPI as an
index that captures mainly the main features of the existing
logistics environment. LPI is deliberated by the efforts of BRIC
countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China); World Bank; and
various other sophisticated emerging economies. Efficient supply
chain and logistics of any country can become its competitive
advantage over its competitor, so focus should be on improving the
Logistics Performance Index of a country.
LPI, as implied by the acronym, places great emphasis on
performance, expressed through the reliability and predictability
factor, unlike the conventional performance metrics, such as
average delays and direct freight costs, or more generically
expressed in terms of time and costs. World Bank representatives,
experts in the field, and academics, came to the conclusion that,
currently important indicators such as reliability, predictability
and quality of service, along with transparency of processes,
cannot be comprehended solely from costs and time information. The
predictability and reliability of shipments, while more difficult
to measure, are more important for firms and may have a more
dramatic impact on their ability to compete (Arvis, et al
2007:4).
1.2 Problem StatementKorinek and Sourdin (2011) study gives the
idea that relationship between logistics and trade is directly
proportional. Efficient logistics facilitates trade and play a
crucial role of transporting goods over international border. On
the other hand if logistics performance is inefficient, it will
result in trade block up due to extra money and time needed
(Korinek & Sourdin, 2011). As developed countries are shifting
from traditional agriculture and manufacturing model to globalized
trade they are increasingly interacting in international markets
and need an efficient logistics services to gain competitive
advantage. Therefore in this study we try to focus on logistics of
developed and developing countries and finds out how quality and
competency of logistics services is affected by country specific
factors such as, GDP, export and import of goods and services, cost
to export and import, trade services, IT, and income per
capita.
1.3 Purpose of Research
As mentioned above the quality logistics performance serves as a
competitive advantage for countries. This research has tried to
find factors which affect the Logistics dynamics and efficacy. For
this research 41 countrys data will be assessed and influence of
different variables will be examined on logistics. The independent
variables which are selected for this research are also important
and critical in todays world i.e. GDP, export and import of goods
and services, cost to export and import, trade services, IT, and
income per capita. This research can serve as a guideline for
regulatory bodies to select strategic actions for improving their
logistics. The fundamental idea of this research is to study the
relationship between logistics performance and cost to export, cost
to import, GDP, trade services, per capita income and IT (Arvis, et
al 2007) on the basis of a model. This research will explore the
relationship between dependent and independent variables on the
basis of a model.1.4 Objectives of Research
The objective of this research is to assess the concept of
logistics performance and various factors that affect its efficacy.
The value of logistics performance is dependent on various factors
and this paper explores the relationship among them.
1.5 Research Questions
This study proposes to study the following questions:
What is the impact of cost to export and export of goods and
services on Logistics Performance?
What is the impact of cost to import and import of goods and
services on Logistics Performance?
What is the impact of GDP on Logistics Performance?
What is the impact of per capita income on Logistics
Performance?
What is the impact of Information Technology on Logistics
Performance?
1.6 Research Hypothesis
HO1: Cost to export and export of goods and services does not
affect Logistics Performance?
HO2: Cost to import and import of goods and services does not
affect Logistics Performance?
HO3: GDP does not affect Logistics Performance?
HO4: Per capita income does not affect Logistics
Performance?
Ho5: Information Technology does not affect Logistics
Performance?
1.7 Limitation of Study
There are certain limitations in this research, as this research
is only based on 41 countries based on their size. Moreover, the
dynamics of logistics are influenced by various other factors apart
from cost to export, cost to import, GDP, trade services, per
capita income and IT. Researchers can include other factors to
investigate logistics performance further. Another limitation is
that this study is conducted on cross sectional data of 2010, so
using panel or time series data can offer additional insights about
the relationship of dependent and independent variables.
Quantitative model has been applied to study association between
dependent and independent variables, so qualitative aspects can
also be assessed to further gain insights.1.8 Scope
This Research comprises on the data of 2010 for 41 countries.
The data was taken from the website of World Bank. The countries
were chosen on the basis of logistics data availability. In this
study, Logistics performance index: Competence & quality of
logistics services (1=low to 5=high) is dependent variable; whereas
Independent variables are cost to export, cost to import, GDP,
trade services, per capita income and IT. Chapter 2 Literature
Review
2.1 Theoretical Background
The theories of management that can be applied to the domain of
logistics management are relationship orientation (Panayides &
So, 2005), resource-based view (Rungtusanatham, Salvador, Forza
& Choi, 2003), and competitive advantage (Sandberg &
Abrahamsson, 2011). According to Panayides and So (2005) the idea
of relationship orientation denotes proactively creating,
developing and maintaining strong relationships with stakeholders
that would ultimately provide benefit in the form of mutual
exchange and profitable opportunities. Similarly in the domain of
logistics management there are varies parties or stakeholders
acting hand in hand to support the intricate operations of
logistics, this there is a dire need for efficient relationship
orientation.
Moreover, the link between resource based view and logistics
management is that capabilities and resources can only be obtained
from a particular market to certain extent and after that there is
a need to outsource the resources from other markets (ldrsson &
Skjtt-Larsen, 2004). In this regard the concept of logistics
becomes very important because it shows that its important for a
country to improve it logistics services to achieve long-term
mutual commitment (Rungtusanatham, Salvador, Forza & Choi,
2003). Similarly if a country wants to attain the competitive
advantage it need to improve its logistics performance (Sandberg
& Abrahamsson, 2011).
2.2 Logistics
Logistics by definition is considered a functional system that
incorporates coordination and combination of operations of diverse
transport modes as a primary pre-requisite for making sure that
there is efficient service (Leal, 2012). In other words, logistics
can be defined as a management framework for business planning for
management of capital flows, information, service and material.
Logistics function also incorporates the intricate control systems,
IT and information that are needed in todays dynamic business
environment. Furthermore logistics can also be defined as the
replacement, distribution, maintenance and procurement of material
and personnel. Logistics framework typically consists of physical
distribution of services and goods, internal operations; physical
distribution and internal operations; and physical supply of goods
and services (Mentzer, Stank & Esper, 2008). Simultaneously,
logistics framework can be seen as a structure that ensures that a
country have the right type of service or product designated at the
right order, place and time. However, our expectations for a firm
or company are directly related to logistics. 2.3 Empirical
Studies
A report taken from the World Bank gives the idea that LPI is
produced to close the knowledge gap related to logistics and to
facilitate nations in developing reforms of to improve their
competitive circumstances. The results of LPI ranking introduce
some interesting findings; first, the higher the score in terms of
LPI, the greater the countries role in logistics industry, and vice
versa. On a second note, scoring low in LPI terms can be
interpreted as being trapped in a vicious circle of overregulation,
poor quality services, and under- investment (Arvis, et al
2007).
In the study performed by Mohan in 2013, it was showed that the
logistics management has effect on global competitiveness.
Furthermore, the paper also examined the salient features of Indian
logistics systems (Mohan 2013). The prospect of logistic
performance index is built upon previous literature (Arvis, Mustra,
Panzer, Ojala & Naula, 2007). Its focus however, is primarily
on supply chain performance, and its indicators have been developed
in such a way that, they complement the existing competitive
indicators in the two fore-mentioned studies.
According to Islam (2014) LPI consists of two main parts, namely
International and Domestic LPI. The former has encompassed a range
of metrics, they estimate as crucial in the current international
trading environment, and conditions:
Shipments timeliness in reaching target location
Effectiveness of clearance process monitored by customs
agencies
Quality of transport infrastructure that is needed for efficient
logistics
Affordability and easiness of arranging shipments
Ability to trace and track shipments
Proficiency in local logistics industry (for instance, customs
brokers and transport operators)
Costs of domestic logistics (for instance, warehousing, terminal
handling and local transportation)
The second constituent of logistics performance is domestic
logistics performance indicator that provides quantitative and
qualitative assessments of a countrys logistics by professionals
working inside it. According to Solakivi, Tyli, Engblom and Ojala
(2011) domestic logistics tend to include comprehensive information
on the cost data, performance time, institutions, and core
logistics processes and logistics environment.
2.4 Logistics Framework
The significance of having an efficient logistics framework is
currently acknowledged by decision makers worldwide. Private
operators move commerce and trade are moved and within borders.
Logistics performance actually measures the competence of these
supply chain -logistics performance. The value of logistics
performance depends on government policy that is formulated by
regional economic groups and individual countries in development
and regulation of services, infrastructure provision or trade
facilitation all the way with the help of friendly border
procedures that substantially facilitate in efficient performance
of logistics (WTO 2014). According to Puertas, Mart and Garca
(2013) the provision of International LPI is based on assessment of
foreign operators and that consider the average of six components,
namely, tracking and tracing; services quality; infrastructure;
customs; timeliness; and international shipments.
Fig 2.4
Retrieved From: (WTO 2012)
The components of supply chain delivery and logistics are
selected on the basis of empirical and recent theoretical research
and moreover on practical understanding of logistics professionals
that are concerned with international freight forwarding (as shown
in Fig 2.4). There have been four logistics performance surveys
made so far accordingly in 2007, 2010, 2012 and 2014. On the basis
of the worldwide survey of express carriers and global freight
forwarders, the LPI is regarded as a benchmarking tool that
evaluates performance of a country in terms of the efficacy of its
logistics supply chain. This index allows comparisons of 160
countries, and therefore helps the countries in identifying
opportunities and challenges in improving their logistics
performance (WTO 2014). The value of logistics LPI ranges from 1 to
5, in which higher the number of index, the better comparative
performance of the country (The World Bank 2014).2.5 Trade
Services
According to Korinek and Sourdin (2011) trade logistics serves a
very important job in facilitating trade services as it supports
the transportation of international goods and services. On the
other hand, if the logistics services are inefficient then they
tend to impede trade services as there is imposition of extra money
and time cost. Now a days developed nations are shifting from
traditional agriculture and manufacturing and are progressing
towards international vertical specialization, so due to this
transition there is greater need for competent logistics services.
Furthermore when quality of logistics services is enhanced, it
improves a countrys competitive position by decreasing the overall
costs that are involved in transporting good. So cost of imports
and exports are closely link of logistics performance index
(Korinek & Sourdin, 2011).2.6 Cost to Export / Cost to
Import
According to Arvis, Saslavsky, Ojala, Shepherd, Busch and Raj
(2014) there is a strong association between logistics performance,
consistency of supply chains and the service delivery certainty. So
this denotes the idea that efficient logistics of a country
directly supports its export function. Moreover, according to
Puertas, Mart and Garca (2013) in terms of assessing a countrys
export competitiveness; logistics performance has evolved as a
decisive factor. According to World Economic Forum (2013) there is
massive potential for enhancing global trade and export by reducing
barriers of logistics and supply chain. Furthermore it is not easy
for an exporter to export their goods and services at competitive
prices if the logistics and transport sector is dysfunctional or
inefficient. This means that if there is lack of certainty in
logistics and transport, poor service and high prices, then it will
translate in the form of isolating the country from world markets
(Arvis et al., 2013).
2.7 Conceptual Framework
The research is based on a conceptual framework that seeks to
analyze the effect of cost to export (Arvis, Saslavsky, Ojala,
Shepherd, Busch, & 2014; Hausman, Lee & Subramanian, 2005;
Naud & Matthee, 2012; Turkson, 2011); cost to import (Arvis,
Saslavsky, Ojala, Shepherd, Busch, & 2014; Hausman, Lee &
Subramanian, 2005; Naud & Matthee, 2012; Turkson, 2011); GDP
and Trade services (Diop, 2010; Havenga, 2011); and per capita
income (Portugal-Perez & Wilson, 2012) on logistics
performance.
Chapter 3 Methodology
The main goal of this research is to analyze the effect of cost
to export, cost to import, import and export of goods and services,
GDP, trade services, per capita income and IT on logistics
performance.
3.1Research Purpose
The underlying objective of this thesis is to analyze the effect
of cost to export, cost to import, GDP, trade services, per capita
income and IT on logistics performance. This research will assist
the logistics industry for identifying the opportunities and
challenges in terms of their trade logistics performance, what
factors affect this benchmarking tool and what steps can the
logistics industry take to improvise their performance. Logistics
industry is growing at an increasing pace but on the other hand,
according to Business Recorder estimate, Pakistan is losing $2.6
billion annually because of inefficiencies in its logistics despite
the significant growth in the efficiency of the road transport
system. So if logistics industry focuses on leveraging the key
logistics performance indicators (LPI) then they can gain
competitive advantage in long-run.
3.2Research Approach
The approach of this research is based on multiple regressions
that are focused on learning more about the relationship between
several independent or predictor variables and a dependent or
criterion variable. This thesis utilizes multivariate regression
analysis that describes and evaluates the relationships between a
given dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
3.3 Research Design
A general perception of quantitative research is to assess the
association between dependent and independent research variables.
In this cross-sectional research focus has been on statistical and
numeric data collected from World Bank to study the effect of
dependent variables on independent variables with the help of a
proposed mode. Historical statistics has been used in this
research. The research design connects the whole idea of research
project together. The main approach is to conduct a quantitative
analysis by gathering data from authentic sources. The criteria for
selecting particular countries in data selection have been the size
of the countries. The research data for this research was obtained
from World Bank on the basis of size of country and the list of
countries that are included in the data set for quantitative
research is attached as Appendix 1.
3.4 Secondary Data:Data is collected from the World Banks
website. In this, sample size of the study Top 41 countries on the
basis of country sizes. In this study (OLS) ordinary least is used.
This is a procedure to determine the relationship between the
dependent and independent variable. In this study sample size top
41 countries based on year 2010. Ordinary least (OLS) is used in
this study. It is a procedure to work out the relationship between
the predictor (dependent) variable and predicted (independent)
variables.
3.5 Research Model
Figure 3.7 Factors Affecting Logistic PerformLPI = + 1(ImpCost)
+ 2(ImpG&S) + (Equation 1)
LPI = + 1(ExpCost) + 2(ExpG&S) + (Equation 2)
LPI = + 1(GDP) + 2(Trade Srvce) + (Equation 3)
LPI = + 1(Income per capita) +
(Equation 4)
LPI = + 1(IT) +
(Equation 5)3.6 Variables Description
3.6.1 Dependent Variable:
LPI: Logistic Performance Index (overall).
Data relevant to the logistics performance is collected from
World Bank. In logistics performance Index survey of 2009 more than
5,000 countries were included in evaluation that was carried out by
almost 1,000 international freight forwarders. The research
respondents evaluated eight markets on a scale of 1 to 5, on the
basis of six dimensions. The dimensions are neighboring countries
connecting country with global markets, landlocked countries,
random selection, significant import and export markets of
respondent's country.
3.6.2 Independent Variable:
Trade Services
According to Korinek and Sourdin (2011) if there is efficient
trade logistics in any country then it will facilitate trade
services of the country. Moreover the quality of logistics services
serves an integral role in terms of supporting transportation of
goods in international trade.
Cost to Export / Cost to Import
According to Puertas, Mart and Garca (2013) the notion of
logistics performance has become a decisive factor in export
competitiveness. At the same time, and as a result of the
continuous enlargement processes it has undergone, the European
Union is a very interesting case to study how the reforms that
enhance logistics performance have affected exports.
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Appendix 1: Sample CountriesCountries taken from World Bank
Site, on the basis on country size in ascending
order.Countries/Variables Land area (sq. km)Trade in services (% of
GDP)Imports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)Communications,
computer, etc. (% of service exports, BoP)Exports of goods and
services (BoP, current US$)Cost to export (US$ per container)Cost
to import (US$ per container)Logistics performance index: Overall
(1=low to 5=high)GDP (current US$)GDP per capita (current US$)
Russian
Federation163768707.9772573.22E+1143.849164.46E+11258526852.611.49E+1210481.37
China
93274805.9941731.52E+1248.766691.74E+125005453.495.93E+124432.964
USA91474206.563282.34E+1247.374011.84E+12105013153.861.44E+1346611.98
Canada909351010.172274.93E+1149.294144.62E+11161016603.871.58E+1246212.03
Brazil84594204.405582.44E+1158.081652.34E+11179019753.22.14E+1210992.94
India297319014.284984.4E+1171.564123.49E+11105511053.121.68E+121375.384
Argentina27366907.3966046.81E+1046.521138.12E+10148018103.13.69E+119123.714
Kazakhstan269970010.526894.42E+1020.432756.58E+10300530552.831.48E+119070.01
Algeria23817409.5518295.08E+1064.974766.07E+10124813182.361.62E+114566.891
Saudia
Arabia214969019.400391.74E+116.5453712.62E+117659363.224.51E+1116423.44
Mexico19439503.896813.27E+111.8724993.14E+11142018803.051.04E+129127.541
Indonesia18115706.0527531.54E+1140.487671.75E+116446602.767.08E+112951.699
Peru12800006.3345413.49E+1016.403993.93E+108608802.81.54E+115283.225
Angola124670023.779593.54E+1011.098775.15E+10185028402.258.25E+104321.941
South
Africa12144708.9292441E+1115.731479.97E+10153118073.463.64E+117271.729
Colombia
11095004.3703784.67E+1024.977174.53E+10177017002.772.86E+116186.025
Egypt, Arab
Rep.99545017.599685.99E+1012.962994.88E+106137552.612.19E+112698.365
Nigeria91077010.717136.78E+1017.101587.98E+10126314402.592.29E+111443.21
Venezuela,
RB8820503.2769824.97E+1029.348416.76E+10259028682.683.94E+1113657.75
Pakistan7708807.7618954E+1072.364632.81E+106116802.531.76E+111016.614
Turkey7696307.456121.97E+119.7188891.56E+1199010633.227.31E+1110049.77
Chile74353010.454426.7E+1021.902698.18E+107457453.092.16E+1112639.52
Ukrain57932021.788817.32E+1029.090486.93E+10156015802.571.36E+112973.982
France54766014.232937.61E+1150.252067.11E+11107812483.842.55E+1239170.26
Thailand
51089024.817782.07E+1123.441372.28E+116257953.293.19E+114613.681
Spain49880015.369364.08E+1136.350593.81E+11122113503.631.38E+1229956.16
Iraq43432015.661974.72E+1027.062395.46E+10355036502.118.11E+102532.324
Sweden41034023.691491.96E+1163.924522.23E+116977354.084.63E+1149359.87
Paraguay39730012.152521.07E+1067.747989.99E+09144017502.751.83E+102840.35
Japan3645005.4483387.97E+1159.666528.72E+118809703.975.49E+1243063.14
Germany34861015.566051.37E+1254.827741.56E+128729374.113.28E+1240163.82
Malaysia
32855026.325311.89E+1129.772872.32E+114504503.442.47E+118690.57
Oman
30950014.157262.42E+1024.657533.85E+107256602.845.78E+1020790.84
Norway30547020.308811.19E+1138.88211.71E+119559293.934.18E+1185443.06
Poland30420013.269562.07E+1141.793511.98E+118848843.444.7E+1112303.21
Finland30390022.726419.27E+1075.241339.64E+105406203.892.35E+1143863.97
Philippines29817012.753687.31E+1070.940056.48E+106307303.142E+112140.122
Italy29414010.169145.86E+1140.282445.45E+11124512453.642.04E+1233786.64
New Zealand
26331012.982623.89E+1024.470014.09E+108558253.651.42E+1132407.07
Ecuador2483607.7320782.27E+1022.47171.96E+10145514022.775.8E+104008.238
UK24193018.845057.32E+1151.744026.68E+1195010453.952.26E+1236256.01
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