3.2.1 EcoSystem - SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

3.2.1 The Institution has created an ecosystem for innovations including

incubation center and other initiatives for creation and transfer of knowledge.

The Management of Sapthagiri College of Engineering is very supportive in creating a suitable

environment for research and entrepreneurship. It nurtures the curiosity and ideas of the

researchers and entrepreneurs. The college providesa suitable space along with the required

infrastructure and also helps for exchange of information between research centers.

The college provides a high speed internet facility(100Mbps) for both faculty and students. This

is achieved by providing LAN and Wi-Fi facilities throughout the college campus. The college

has an excellent library consisting of 28689 volumes 5734titles of Research, Technical and

Management books. The library also has e-books, conference journals, IEEE journals and

supportive material for research which can be used by the students, faculty and researchers. Thus

the institution caters the need for materials for research scholars.

The college also has an R & D, Entrepreneurship Committee and Incubation centre (RDECI)

which encourages the young engineers and Faculty. Research Methodology, IPR and

Entrepreneurship workshops are conducted which provides a base for researchers. Research

guides motivate the researchers and guide them in all the phases of their work. Research grant is

provided for all eligible research scholars.

The Incubation Center is a platform for young engineers for all the fields. The research/project

outcome helps mankind in general. Project funds are also provided to the deserving students.

Different departments in the college encourage students to participate in various competitions at

National/International level every year. Students are taking these innovative projects with

interest and have won awards and good appreciation everywhere they participated.

Innovative Projects made by the Students of different Departments of Engineeringare as

follows.

➢ Multi-Robot System to Render Service and Surveillance in Hospital.

This will deliver water bottles, newspapers and magazines to the in-patients and

surveillance of the environment for fire hazards.

➢ Insect Inspired Hexapod with Audio-Video and IR Features:-

Students have designed Insect Inspired Hexapod with Audio-Video and IR Feature which

has been awarded 3rd prize at SRISHTI-2018.

➢ SNAPS

In this project fruit peels are used which act as absorbent of toxic metals which is used to

reduce the pollution in lakes.

➢ Team Torque Racing

The team has fabricated a racing car and raced with 160 other teams from all over

country and awarded with MOST DYNAMIC BALANCED KART AWARD in “ELITE

RACING 2017”.

➢ Modification of Bajaj Chetak into Electric Scooter

An old Bajaj Chetak scooter was converted into an electrical vehicle by modifying the

existing components.

➢ Multi Purpose agricultural equipment

Design and fabrication of multipurpose equipment which is used for land preparation,

sowing, fertilizing and leveling.

➢ Blind man Smart Stick

An innovative Blind man Smart Sticks been designed for visually disabled people for

improved navigation.

➢ System for Swift Passage Ambulances through Traffic Lights Junctions

This project brings out a simple solution for swift movement of ambulances in a highly

dense traffic condition which was appreciated in the press meet on 26th June 2019.

➢ Design and Fabrication of Articulated 3-D printer

The project introduces the implementation of a low-cost 3D printing Robotic Arm which

was show cased and well appreciated at the press meet, Bangalore in June 2019.

➢ Digital clock with LED hands

A satellite controlled Digital clock with LED hands was well appreciated in the project

expo and was published in all the leading newspapers on 3rd August 2019.

Innovative Projects

Sl.No. Innovate project Description Page Nos. 1 Multi-Robot System to Render Service

and Surveillance in Hospital

Supplies medicine and

raises alarm in case of

emergency

4-13

2 Insect Inspired Hexapod with Audio-

Video and IR Features

Efficient navigation

method in difficult terrain

14-24

3 SNAPS Lake water treatment 25-38

4 Team Torque Racing

Development of power

transmission through

Torque converter

37-43

5 Modification of Bajaj Chetak into

Electric Scooter

Electric scooter is a

modification of the

existing cycle

44-52

6 Multi Purpose agricultural equipment

Helps he small land

farmer in ploughing,

sowing and tool

sharpening

53-61

7 Blind man Smart Stick An innovative stick

designed for visually

challenged people for

improved navigation

62-70

8 System for Swift Passage Ambulances

through Traffic Lights Junctions

An improved navigation

for ambulances in traffic

71-76

9 Design and Fabrication of Articulated 3-

D printer

Implementation of a low

cost 3D printing robotic

arm

77-87

10 Digital clock with LED hands

An accurate clock based

on GPS signals displaying

in the analog form

88-92

A PROJECT REPORT

On

MULTI-ROBOT SYSTEM TO RENDER SERVICE AND SURVEILLANCE IN HOSPITALS

Submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belagavi, Karnataka — 590014

in Partial fulfillment.* the award of degree in

Bachelor of Engineering

During VIII Semester of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

for the academic year 2016-17

Submitted by

LAVANYA M. ISG13EC044

M. ABHILASH 1SG13EC045

NETHRAVATHI V. I SG13EC062

NISHA K.MERTA 1S0I3EC064

Under the guidance of

Mr. KARTHIK N.C.

Lecturer, Department of E.C.E.

SAPTHACIRI Collegeotingineering Creating Torn morow

2016-17

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINE NG

SAPTHAGIRI COLL r OFE GINEERING

14/5, Chikkasandra, Hesaragha : fr a 'oad, Bengaluru— 560057 Prl GI

Sapthagiri College of Engineering r.h0c,aT.fira Haaaraa'!eaa Main Road

Name of the examiners

I. ScinAng pi,

pthagiii Colieg 1

14/5 Chlkkasanda Has-c-chse

SAPTHAGIRI College of Engineering Creating To m =row

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 14/5, Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road, Bengaluru— 560057

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled "MULTI-ROBOT SYSTEM TO

RENDER SERVICE AND SURVEILLANCE IN HOSPITALS" carried out by

Ms.Lavanya M. (I SG13EC044), Mr.M. Abhilash ( I SG13EC045), Ms.Nethravathi

V. (IS0I3EC062), Ms. Nisha K. Mena (ISG13EC064) bonafide students of 8th

Semester Electronics and Communication Engineering in partial fulfillment for the

award of Bachelor of Engineering in Sapthagiri College of Engineering of the

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2016-17. It is

certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have

been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The project

report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of

Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

o7,p6m,00 Signature of the HOD

Prof Sapdhya Rani M.H. FAga4iPt‘ ktatiPaild/POD7

ElectrfniffFofE.C.E , S.C:Ricatiort iSapthagin ! , ,]:laering

Bangalori 560 057. External Viva

r(c\\ 7 06\

Signature of the Guide Mr. Karthik N.C.

Lecturer, Dept of E.C.E., S.C.E.

myna:ere 60 057

Dr. Aswatha Kumar M. Principal

Dr. AswgacinFa Kumar. M Principal

Sapthagin College of Engineering No. 14/5. Chikkasandra, Resaraghtta Main Road,

Bangalore-560 057 Signature with date

-'4---cefiti k )0&) )-2

.—Ar;/\111611—

Signature of cipal

-----71WINNattlnalfRaMlialii..111111111a

ABSTRACT

The shortage of staff has been a major matter of concern from the past decade. Hospitals

are overcrowded with patients and with stressed out workers which, leads to errors &

patients waiting too long for assistance. This project brings out a technical solution to

provide service such as delivery of water bottle & magazines to the in-patients and

surveillance of the environment for fire hazards. In the proposed system, actuators,

sensors and communication unit form a synergic solution. Ultrasonic sensors help to

control the DC motors for actuation. A flame sensor is used to detect fire hazards and a

buzzer is interfaced to alert the surrounding people in case of fire. For communication

between robots. Zigbee is used. For long distance communication GSM is incorporated.

The robots are attached with trays where in the newspapers or magazines are kept which

will be taken to every bedside, for the patient to receive.

Poneleal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 1415, Chikkasendra, lieseraghatte Main Road

Bengsluru - 560 057

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Literature survey

Chapter 3 Block diagram and Schematic Description

3.1 Block Diagrams

3.2 Schematic Diagrams

3.3 Working Principle

Page No. 1

3

9

9

12

19

Chapter 4 Hardware Description 22

4.1 Components Used 22

4.1.1 Atmega 328P 22

4.1.2 Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04) 25

4.1.3 Flame sensor 27

4.1.4 Buzzer 28

4.1.5 Motors 29

4.1.6 Motor driver ( L293D) 30

4.1.7 Xbee 32

4.1.8 RF module 34

4.1.9 GSM 38

4.1.10 Power supply 39

Chapter 5 Software Description 41

5.1 Description 41

5.1.1 Arduino IDE 41

5.1.2 X-CTU 42

5.1.3 Fritzing 43

5.2 Flow Charts 45

Chapter 6 Implementation and Result 55

Chapter 7 Applications 64

Chapter 8 Advantages and Challenges 65

8.1 Advantages 65

8.2 Challenges 65

Chapter 9 Conclusion and Future scope 67

References

Appendix

Principal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 1415, Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatte Main Road

BanosWin - 560 061

Multi-robot system to render service and surveillance in hospitals 201h 17

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A robot is an electromechanical device which is guided by a computer or an

electronic programming. Robots were created for the simple human need to make

work easier and the first robots being simple machines could perform a single task

or fewer tasks. The advent of microprocessors and other integrated circuits have

made the robots affordable. Such a progress in technology has led to the faster

development in robotics over the years.

Swarm robotics is a branch of multi-robot systems that is inspired from the animals that

behave in a group such as insects, ants and bees. The term -swarm" is used to refer ;a large group of locally interacting individuals with common goals". .1

-o analyze potential

capabilities of robot swarms, swarm robotics has been studied in the context of producing

different collective behaviors to solve tasks such as aggregation, pattern tbrmation, self -

assembly and morphogenesis, object clustering, assembling and construction, collective

search and exploration, coordinated motion, collective transportation, self-deployment,

foraging and others. In our proposed project, we have reviewed the hardware architecture

of robot swarm with self-deployment, self-assembly, and obstacle avoidance. The goal is

to take inspiration from the existing swarm systems and translate some features into a

multi-robotic system. The project includes design, hardware implementation, test and use

of this type of self- deploying, self-assembling, obstacle avoiding and Prime-hot

following multi-robotic systems.

The proposed project of multi-robot system is used for service and surveillance in

hospitals. With more patients and less staff in many hospitals, there is increased

probability of error. The main purpose of the project is to make the in-patients wait lesser

for assistance by providing a completely economical, fully centralized system. The use of

the microcontroller, various sensors, motors, Zigbee based wireless transceivers and GSM

module enables a more efficient solution with very little human intervention.

Here, the whole operation is controlled by a controller. Xbee, some sensors and motors.

Ultrasonic sensor and RF module guides the rJ t for its movement and flame sensor

detects any kind of fire hazards during its cou ovement. As, during the night time

Department of ECE, Sapthagiri College of Engipimilug

Saptliagiri College of Englneering

145, chikkesendra, Messraghotts Main Road

Bongaluru - 560 051

Page

Principal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 1418, Chikkatandra, Hesaraghatta Win Road

Bongshiru - 580 057

Department of ECE, Sapthagiri College of Engineering Pzwo 2

Multi-robot system to render service and surveillance in hospitals

this surveillance is very much important. The robots are controlled by a central main

robot, named as the Prime-bot. The Prime-bot gives commands to the sub-hots (S-hots)

for self-deployment indicating the S-bots to disperse from the initial position in its

respective direction and conduct the task it is been assigned. After the completion of the

task, the robots self-assemble to its initial position. As there are many robots. in our case

which is three, i.e, one Prime-bot and two S-bots, the time consumed to provide service to

the in-patients and to scan the surrounding for fire is divided among the S-bots and hence

reduced. Also, the efficiency is higher as there is less human intervention in this repetitive

task. Nowadays as electronic products are cheaper, smaller, lighter in weight and easily

available, which makes the multi-robot system more cost efficient, lighter in weight, and

compact in size.

Multi-robot system to render service and surveillance in hospitals 2016-17

CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

The multi-robot system renders service by delivering supplies to each in-patient and is

able to raise an alarm in the case of any fire detection. These modules built for servicing

the patients and situation recognition can effectively contribute to improving hospital

environment. They can also improve the working conditions of hospital staff and reduce

staff shortages. The overall system is effective in terms of price and performance.

Manufacturing cost would be low compared to the purchase cost of specialised service

robots.

The proposed hardware architecture of robot swarm is designed, built and tested. The

developed robot system uses centralized control strategies within the group of .

homogenous robots. The robot-to-robot and robot-to-environment interaction provides a

full scale communication.

The algorithm used for path learning was found to be a suitable replacement for other

existing navigation systems in which repetitive motion was persistent. Also, since no

additional circuitry is involved in this algorithm, it can be easily used in the existing

systems. Since a more accurate and less expensive technology is today's necessity, this

algorithm will prove to be greatly applicable.

The proposed system can achieve more robustness, flexibility, scalability by adding

sensors such as chemical sensors, wet sensor, speech recognition sensor, speaker,

additional grippers and robot arms.

•••'

Department of ECE, Sapthagiri college of enginering Page 67

Sapthagiri College of Engineering

vtis, ChOckasendra, Hesaraghatte Male Road Bengeluru - 560 0.1?

*Ivy" r 7,1 rt, •p

;#44;laalsal 7

Zicspi rivad Mae, t_tticetafria, esza; iivtireetitisted2 4clfraleitb.Zo.ears-t 4:arlo dth ec.ld 4usal atartha sap Isirgth

1/41209

IMG-20181101-WA0005.jpg

Ezrel'Q agezdeferizz dastannz€ dortetactr: ezatrard e2ctut44 t4ST1 zba.5,6 ammo ratt..) qt:L9 csitaol,--re2 406 to. eaunner'i rza; Eir.4 -(4;42:co eadeaterlurai. vibtocz.

2%2;110 coot% =ton rcer,2;:, et

Rrmc TaX

desesturriCit uOira at= v

twit= 14=r4vnliivc.-.; it Saga. Cta ioc.csatil.

tkr-vv-V tn.= raztravt6 e-v8F tor4.1 44141F - chtcnti tiCsitet cloot

c:Joyigo eL;thrs421 re-zet zitzm ato avea;=34;1/4

6,:t\So tr,c4 iv•Q zott rik.atvvott2 Zs*, S rot 00:.1 cite. 'edit! Wterlyr...1 Atrio r4c:10 r,k2;045 ar;Cc rvic.1)1) deotoigil deetestut. azt

74t eo.lari..r.eT1S1 T.:dati1 ittistC4. ;tic adrectS roCc4re; er-4-.ricata.44-

c.fscezp. Kw :44 JeZcat:17,2,3:

==.4,,14F eme2vciti . $7.4=

CAC=

'zest azAcc.t. .antx zsteD engzal• tos o17-4 .1)15r44I tiRtetv-Astic-v/irvi, tglair4 417, "400irk.. zv.4 efailCritz en:taw= 54

weitvcifitirrtit oCzAttscrti. 414" 404:4:4

Prin Sapthagiri COE+ of Engineering

Chnesandra, csraghattis Main Road

Bellgaldrd• 930 051

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/ONinbox/RdDgqcjHpWcycDjpmgnSQUKgslcMcVKtgmbzGOmdgXV?projector=1 &messagePanld=0.2 1/1

https://mall.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox?projector=1 1/1

1/4/2019 IMG-20181101-WA00013jpg

MEI Ito LA Cet10".04 I

aim mama

— • LC; ri.63.

.1 :!

:to crt Or la r•k.c.!!!, -..st t443.1.7.*.f

diro. tato Stt!*-.—aia 4-‘2, acioc; toticat cz,!LAtoalA6,7..x.c.- smt eett cpyr

417'cr:2ctj,•0 z3cri4ca A-4

aoztracdc Az-itice t.t.: -4.4..keet1.4.0 st.8t; .7.? i::',.:A.cocrcta. 41,,,xj:-.erre 4 emi t 6Sreu 6:14

t o, L.to.s&. ocs.ct Le. C.:.7 67

!.;

6364a4o6430>C1.) &h etcCo A zr-t1c..), .7.0tEALtie t44, tot lit>

60..fci Ect$4.1 .100

cJ:e.;.:: :./.64 4.y.,

.42 cizi-e...t.)

clb:a &at &Scc óìcrscp

.:.0-s• ø'rc .trtxre sta

t4 ;:fit.5 cr.:cr

6,4.4 &aro CCo Car

#40,X1A.C4' t•c-2:

•• Qsz

Prin Sapthaglri College of Engineering 144, Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road

Bengaiuru 50130 057

An English translation of "Oushadhi Pooraisalu Robot"

ROBOT THAT BELIEVERS MEDICINE

Patients and their caretakers in hospitals need not be worried in the absence

of caretakers. 'Robots' deliver the medicines to patients.

Students of Sapthagiri College of Engineering have devised such a robot.

Students of Sapthagiri College of Engineering, V. Nethravati, K. Nisha,

M.Lavanya and M. Abhilash along with their guide Mr. N.C. Karthik have devised

this robot to deliver the medicines at the right time.

Speaking at a conference Mr. Karthik mentioned that the Robots are

designed such that a Centralised Robot can control 100 small robots at the same'

time.

At present it is helpful in hospitals, later this technique can be developed to

enhance the services in other areas like academics.

P. Sapthagiri Co ege of Engineering Citiolcasandra, Hesaraghatta Road,

Bangalore-560 057

A PROJECT REPORT

On

Insect Inspired Hexapod with Audio-Video and IR Features

Submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Belagavi, Karnataka — 590018

in Partial fulfillment Jim the award of degree in

Bachelor of Engineering

during VIII Semester of

Electronics and Communication Engineering

for the academic year 2017-18

Submitted by

HARSHA MEDA I SGI4EC036

MEDISETTI ANUDEEP I SG14EC051

ARAVIND VALSA LAN I SG14 EC014

DEEPAK KUMAR I S0I4ECO27

Under the guidance of

Prof. Agalya P

Associate Professor

it \ SAPTHAGIRI College at Englneering creating 'rommorow

2017-18

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING


Prin

Mee

Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/5, Chikkesandra, Hsaaraghatta Main Road

Bengaluru - 560 057 34

SAPTHAG IR I College of Engineering Creating lb in in o row


Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE Certified that the project work entitled "Insect Inspired Hexapod with Audio-video

and IR Features", carried out by Mr. Harsha Meda (15G14EC036), Mr. Medisetti

Anudeep (1SG14EC051), Mr. Aravind Valsalan (ISG14EC014), Mr. Deepak Kumar

(ISG14ECO27) bonafide students of 8th Semester Electronics and Communication

Engineering in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Saptliagiri

College of Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belga vi during the

year 2017-18. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment

have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental library. The project report

has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work

prescribed for the said Degree.

1 \ 1 _at

OA— R\ CoVgi Signature of the Guide


c cclig 2..ck,/ Ff tvkoTh

ie-49-- 41 \02.06. Signature of the 1110iD

External Viva

, '

Signatu re orthe Principal

8.1'1

Signature with date POP p

Sapthagki College of EngIneeting—a--,6_,, ,34-

1(14" 11)0l) I g

'I 415. Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road

Campion; - 057 k

35 INAIVAPIA01' 01119.1191MAANWarlinrAn4."

ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to build a six legged walking robot that is capable of moving on

uneven terrain. Hexapod will serve as a platform onto which additional sensory components

could be added, or which could be programmed to perform increasingly complex motions. we

are focusing & developing mainly on efficient navigation method in different terrain using

opposite gait of locomotion using hexapod, which will make it faster and at same time energy

efficient to navigate and negotiate difficult terrain and also hexapod can be controlled from

any part of the world at a finger tip.The project is based on studying the Features,

development, and implementation of the Hexapod robot

Sapthagiri Coll ge of EnglineerIng 1415, Chlkkasandra, Haaaraghatta Main Road

Bangaluru - 560 051

itos trUf ...,1,1111:11111111hallpitipirr

CONTENTS

Chapters

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature review

Chapter 3: Design and Component Description

3.1 Component Description

3.1.1 Hardware Components

Chapter 4: Hardware Description

4.1 General Block Diagram

4.2 Description of the System

4.2.1 Servo controller

4.2.2 Arduino mega 2560

4.2.3 Ultra-sonic senor

4.2.4112 sensor

4.2.5 DTH sensor

4.2.6 Wi-Fi module

4.2.7 Hexapod legs

4.2.8 Camera

4.2.9 Bluetooth module

4.2.10 Blynk

4.3 Working Principle

4.4 Circuit Diagram

Chapter 5: Software Description

5.1 Software requirement

5.2 Flow chart

Chapter 6: Implementation and Result

6.1 Implementation

6.1.1 Body structure of hexapod

6.1.2 Kinematic algorithm

6.1.3 Intelligence of robot (obstacle avoidance)

6.1.4 Server linked to Arduino

6.1.4.1 Controlling sensors PrIn pal Septhagla College of Engineering 14/5, Chlkkaaandra, frfesaraghatta Main Road Sengaluru - 560 057

Page No.

1

1

4

5

5

10

10

II

I I

I I

11

I I

I I

I I

I I

12

12

12

12

15

17

17

17

25

25

-15

26

27

78

28

31

6.1.4.2 Communication between smart phone applications and the 28 server itself

6.1.4.3 Controlling servos 28 6.1.4.4 Kinematic algorithm 28 6.1.5 Implementation of mobile app 29 6.1.6 Camera implementation 29 6.1.7 DHT sensor 30 6.1.8 Hexapod movement implementation 30 6.1.9 Basic flow of the hexapod robot

6.1.9.1 Turn on the hexapod

6.1.9.2 Connect the smartphone to the same network as the hexapod

6.1.9.3 Using the on screen button to see how the hexapod behaves 31 6.2 Software implementation 31

6.2.1 Setting up of servo controller and basic movements 31 6.2.2 arduino software implementation 32 6.3 Result 34

Chapter?: Applications, Advantages and Limitations 36 7.1: Application 36 7.2: Advantages 36 7.3: Limitations 37

Chapter 8: Conclusion and Future Scope 38 8.1: Conclusion 38 8.2: Future Scope 38 References 39 Appendix A 41 Appendix B 45 Appendix C 47 Appendix D 49 Appendix E 5 2

Appendix F 54 pal

31

31

31

Septhagiri College of Engineering 14/5, Chikkfrundra, Hesaraghatta Main Road

Bangaluru - 560 057

1

111021111 IP ' ',W,i1IVOMINFON144MI

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Description

Arduino mega 2560

20 channel servo controller

ultrasonic sensor

servo motor

Wi-Fi module (ESP8266)

Page No.

05

06

07

07

08

3.6 IR sensor 08

3.7 DHT sensor 09

3.8 IR wireless camera 09

4.1 Block Diagram 10

4.2 Single gait 12

4.3 Double gait 13

4.4 Tripod gait 13

4.5 Legs Description 14

4.6 Tripod gait algorithm 14

4.7 Circuit Diagram 15

6.1 hexapod body 25

6.2 IR sensor implemented on each leg of hexapod 27

6.3 customization of the switches and joystick based on lo

the requirement in the app

6.4 implementation of camera in hexapod 30

6.5 servo controller software initial setup 31

6.6 creating action group 31

6.7 arduino software 32

6.8 board selection 33

6.9 library selection 33

6.10 program being written 34

6.11 Hexapod movement on plain surface 34

6.12 Hexapod movement on irregular terrain 35

6.13 final hexapod connections n inter ce 35

A1.1 Arduino mega 2 6 41

Prin al Sapthaghi College of Engineering 14/5, Chlakesandra, Resaraghatta Main Road

Brillha • 560 057

,werimprzinaraPf r

BI.1

B1.2

Servo controller Board

wired connection between servo controller board and

arduino

45

46

C1.1 WIFI module 47

D1.1 Block diagram 49

D1.2 IR sensor 50

E1.1 Ultra sonic sensor 52

F1.1 DTH11 sensor 54

SapthagIrl College of ER9111001ARV)

Chikkaserai a, Heaaraghatta Wan Road

1415, BerTahru - 51n 057

tif)

JIIMAI,WMIOn40 11411,1111tr.7.4

-1114,71TFrom,s1t011

INSECT INSPIRED HEXAPOD WITH AUDIO VIDEO AND IR FEATURES

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 CONCLUSION

The project "Insect Inspired Hexapod with Audio Video and IR features" is a prototype

model. The preconceived goal of making the available fully operational and providing it with

the fundamental skill set to wander around predefined environments autonomously without

putting itself into harm's way has been accomplished successfully along with the live video streaming.

Once the working hexapod was available to embed the programs and debugging process

remotely an integrated development environment called Arduino was chosen which uses C

coding as the programming language. For each experiment the programs could be easily loaded

into the memory of the Arduino board.

For the faster locomotion of the hexapod a gait study was made and tripod gait

movement was chosen to make the hexapod move fast on the terrain and obstacle avoidance

feature was added which made the hexapod a semi-automatic robot.

As video feature is also added it made much easier to control hexapod from remote

places and is very helpful if search and rescue missions. With the internet transmission of

control signals hexapod could be controlled from any place around the world.

8.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Robotics is a branch in which there is always an advancement in the experiments or projects

with the advancement in technology. With the help of advance technology,

I. Hexapod can be controlled using head tracking.

It can be used to detect humans after disaster with the help of motion detection.

By using Artificial Intelligence it will be possible to make the hexapod move

completely on its own and get the required data without any external remote control.

With the help of some grippers it would be possible to make it climb vertical structures.

. Dept of SCE,ECE 2017-2018 age 39

CERTIFICATE OF APRECIATION

ammEt

, sari-mac' no etIGIINCERII41, college

has par b: 'pared in

Final Year keret/ AYiSekaa 1 Paper Presentanon utea Psesentetion at

STOSHTI 2018. State Level Project Erhasiturt &Compeidion

and secured 3r4 mace

presenting his Project / Paper Idea tiled

INSECT IMQIREj frOD MP! AUDIO VEND RAID IR FERTUR

FIEETROMICI AND cmhweiltivilRel. „,,,,,

Dr garistddappa Dr. gflemeprabhu

.•••••1•0 .00.4MP Id 1.1.1001{ ••••••••••••••

!grigifi: ppri. R. StiUwi Cgmr .'

Insect Inspired Hexapod with Audio-Video and IR Features

Sapthaglri College Engineering Prin

al 19/5, cimacesendra,

Hesereghette Main Roac

Bengaiuni - 580 057

- runitteueg peou Own trypi guy lupuninputio 151410001803 10 telloo pleetodes

Pd.%41/41

L"

college from..5n ......... .. ....... .... ....

has participated in

Final Year Project Avishkar / Paper Presentation / Idea Present.snon at

SRISFITI - 2013, State Level Project Exhibition S. Competition Va

and secured 3.. . Place rt"

presenting his i Project / Paper' Idea titled

I NSECT INISPIttED FIEXAPOD Wri-4 Polo veao no IR' FERTIfitr

under.RECTRON I cc IND COMMUMI CAT(011/41 .31ream

er 4to

Dr. Karisiddappa Dr. Allamaprabhu Dr. C.P.S. Prakash

Ins Var•y•

'Palo Prvi.04,1 .... V.04,11%, PoruMail •tribina

--a

IMG

- 20

18

10

30

-WA

0006. jp

g

SRISHTI innovation exchange


Dr. C.P.S. Prakash p..,,.4..,

Dr. Allamaprabhu

..roir.....ora virtaahi P441.14441 warn

Dr. karisiddappa

****** ny• et PlnoicIlial thincrs.ly I iTUI


ti certify Eclat

PIRSPI,A M N

5410tneligi er-160/44EERin1/2

haS pai Iiri pate d in

Final Year Project / Avichkar Paper Presentation / idea Pi esentation

SRISLITI 2018, State Level Project Exhibition P. Competition

and secured ... Place

presenting his / Project / Paper / Idea titled

INSECT N5PIRED 14EXAPOP MTH AUDIO VEDIC) FIND jR FE ATVRE

und„, RECI-App•MC.5 AND (04,AMUNICATIOM stream

i(CS

iui LuVJ

h 1 .51 .51 y 1.15) uj

' • ?7,siithiiiun ?.) 11,ydillion •

SRISHTI innovation exchange

IMG

- 201

8103

0-W

A00

04. jp

g

Mugge Septhaglrl College of Engineering 14/6, Ctiduisandra, Reseraphada Main Road

Bongo!um - 660 057

tti a

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY "Jnana Sangama"

Belgavi-590014

A PROJECT REPORT ON

"SNaPs for Lake Water Treatment"

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of degree in

Bachelor of Engineering in Biotechnology

Submitted by

ABHISHEK. 13 1SG12BT001 M. MOHAMMAD ATHIQ 1SG12BT013

Guide

PRASHANTH KUMAR H P

Assistant Professor,

Department of Biotechnology,


Submitted To

SA HAGIRI coliege of ininerfse Creating Tomorrow

For the Academic year 2015- 2016 DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

SAPTHAGIRI i SLL rE OF ENGINEERING ersity, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

hatta Main Road, Bengaluru-560057. rIncipal

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Teehnol 14/5, Chikkasandra,

Sapthagiri College of Englneering 1415, Chikkesendra, Hesaraghstta Maln Road

Bengaluru - 560 057

t e ot kle i r 71. tsl

Sapthagiri College of Eng 14/6, Ch

lneerInsg,43°‘0"95T/C14,1*(4ChrklaEsnagInndeerar9 Dept°

o ogr

Prinel al

ikkasandra, Hesaraghatte Main Road , . gtiatta maul Road,

Bengaluru -563051 tiesara Bangalore -57

g)e" Prashanth Kumar. H. P

(Guide)

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

14/5, Hesaraghatta Main Road BENGALURU-560057

SAPTHAGIR1 Callous of Engineering Creating Totnorrow

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project Report entitled "SNaPs for Lake Water Treatment"

carried out by Mr. ABHISHEK. B, USN 1SG12BT001 & Mr. MOHAMMAD ATHIQ,

USN 1SG12BT013 are bonafide students of Eight Semester, Sapthagiri College of

Engineering in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in

Biotechnology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic

year 2015-2016. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal

Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited In the departmental

library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic

requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Name and Signature of the Examiners Dr. AswathW unser M (Principal)

Cyr, w a th a Kumar M it (4 Principad —5-50tringlriCr;!!:,ge .fltj

No. 14/5, ChikkanariclrH, Hesarnghatte Aair, Ar;.,1‘.1,

Enn E;Cr,

u\o

1)1. Pqrviel

i2-2-

"TA, 12614(1 K__c_.

DECLARATION

This is to certify that Project report entitled "SNaPs for Lake Water Treatment"

which is submitted by us to Sapthagiri College of Engineering in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in

Biotechnology of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the

academic year 2015-2016 comprises only our original work Due

acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used.

The work was done under the guidance of Prof. Prashanth Kumar. FL P,

Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering. We further

declare that this project report or any part of this work has not been submitted

by us in any other institutes.

Name: ABHISHEK B

USN: 1SG12BT001

am• rvte-i-ko..vwwvaii ithAlcv

Name: M MOHAMMAD ATHIQ

USN: 1SG12BT013

Date:

Place: Bangalore

Pdn pal SESPthafffi COHoge Of Engineering 1415

§414.4W7074, Hsaaraghatta Main Road himgalvrm -580 057

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our greatest gratitude to GOD, Almighty for his

blessings that has helped us in completing this project work

We are thankful to our Prof Prashanth Kumar H P, Guide for his unfailing

support which he extended regardless of the college hours & also we are

gratefill to his constant help and guidance.

We take this opportunity to thank our Dr. Ananda S, Head of the Department & Prof Shobha G, The Project Coordinator for their immense support and guidance.

We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to all of the Department

faculty members for their insightful comments and encouragement, non-

teaching staff, one and all, who directly or indirectly, have let their hand in

this venture & helping us to fulfill our cherished desire of becoming Biotechnology Engineers.

We express our sincere thanks to our Dr. Asivatha Kumar M, Principal, and Dr. N. Srinivasan, Director. Sri Dayanand G, Chairman, & Sri Mono] G.D, Executive Director, Sapthagiri College of Engineering,

Bangalore for providing us with excellent facilities in the college which gave us

opportunity to have a sound base of Engineering knowledge.

Our sincere thanks to all our Friends & Class tes who have supported and

encouraged us during the project. Pr'

Sapthagiri Coliegiot Engineering 14)6, Ghltdateandre, kesaraghatta Main Road

Bengaluru -6O 051

SNatt for Lake Water Treatment NSW

ABSTRACT:

Water has become one of the major resources which is under constant demand

for many decades. Lakes will be one of the major water resources in the coming

decades. This work is based on the treatment of one of the highly polluted lakes of

Bangalore which is Bellandur Lake. The project aims to purify Lake water using.low

cost adsorbents which are majorly prepared using wastes (fruit peel wastes) thus the

name SNaPs (Sophisticated Natural peels filter). Based on the recent literature

surveys it was found that Pineapple & Sweet Lime peels can be used as an efficient

adsorbent through certain pre-processing teclmiques. The main aim of this project is

to design & fabricate a sophisticated water purifier so as to purify the Bellandur Lake

water which is highly contaminated with fluoride ions & other contaminants. The

SNaPs filter was designed based on the various optimization factors which was

obtained through different adsorbent & adsorption studies of Activated Carbons (AC).

The Adsorption Isotherm models it was confirmed that Pineapple showed both mono

& multi-layer adsorption process. This result helped in choosing Pineapple (PA) as an

appropriate adsorbent with high level of efficiency. A complete working prototype

had been designed in which the adsorbent with high efficiency was used.

Keywords: Bellandur Lake water; fruit peel wastes; Adsorption; Activated Carbon;

prototype; SNaPs & Isotherm models.

Sapthagiri College of Engine. ering 14/5, Chlkkasandra, liesaraghatta Main ROPEI

Bengaluru - 560 051

Ill

6

7-20

7

1)44i SNaPg. for Lake Water Treattne NEV

ratiON

1. 1 Eficct of urbanization on ! 7f 7! resources

2 Types of waste svatcr

1.3 Etisling methods' of water filtration

1.4 Types of Adsorbents

1,5 Activated Carbon (AC)

1.6 Bellandur Lake ,

1.6.1. Parameters involve]

1.61.1 PhY,Victil Parameters

1.6.1.2 Chemical Parameters'

I.3 Biological Borumeters

1.7 Fruit peels ay adsorbent

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2. I [Taste water source

2.2 IN iferentArcrtnciers affecting water sample

2 2.1 PliyA !cal Parameters

2.2.2 Chemical Parameters

2.2.3 Biological Parameters

2.

.

I'"arious contaminants in Bellanclur lake u atelt2',","'„

2.4 AdsorbentS for different contaminants

2.5 Sweet lime , ,

2.6 Pineapple

2.7 l'retrecument if adsorbents

2. Preparation of Activated Carbon (AC)

2.9 Adsorbent stit

2.9.1 pH

2.9.2 ApparenidE

2.9.3 Moisture Content 20

2.9.4 Acidic and Basic Sites , 20 2.10 lsorption isotherm studies Lk/ 20

P cip

R ad rInj

Sapthagiri Cottage of Englnee 1415, Chikk

Kassreghatta Main 0

93134Zaaliuru - 560 051

4.6 Adsorbent Studies

4 t51 AfillaW'

SNa PS' for Lake Water Treatme

44 frc-treaanen( ofActs.Qrcnt

4.6.2 pH

4.6.3 Aloisture conten

4.6.4 Boehm titration

1ifr4. 6.,5 ,SEMI (Scanning Electron Micros cope,)

4.6.0 FM? (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)

4.7 AiliarPtilslittrildiar"

4,7 Li EQct o(timc

'0)tt eUriteito

tit 7.2. tb)iiiiiVottka6hiniiretudies

) 4.8.1 Langmuir.adiorp?ion isothertn model

5.2 Chemical parameters

5.33 TeSt far 8twage Water Contamination

5.4 Pre-processing of adsorbents

5.4.2 Pineappk Peel Powder

1,•frof 4.6 Pretreatment orActivatect Carbon MC)

27

28

29

30-37

32

33

35

37-38

40-87

40

40

5.71 Apparent Density (g/t

Sapthagiri College of Ertglnee 1415, Chikkrrmrd. linarlighattii Maln Read

VI

21

m6t SNaPf for Lake Water Treat tit

OBJECTIVES,.

3./ 1%) (den* and analygo thc various contaminants in

), oicr

.2 To choose the most 'efficient adsorbents based on the

contaminants present in the water

3,3 Preprocessing of adsorbents to produce activated carbon 21 7

3.4 Optimization of adsorbent hosed on the isotherm model 21 .]t for max1111W71. efficiency .

3.5 To analyze the efficiency of the recycler (SNals - 21

Sophisticated Natural peels filter)

3.7TO desigii Mid:fabricate Cl Coinpletely 'closed system satisfying all the Optimization acta

AlEllionoLoGy 22-39

22 4.2 Charaoterpotio: of lake Water.

22

4.4444:704Pera0107.;€

4.2.1.3 Odor

rota 1,*

\RSV

method 24' 4.2:1.7

2.2 Ohetrik

4.2.2 44.1:011#1004lizOn'etri6 method

mathod 4.2.2,3 04110*.T1trimetric method

Spectrophotonietrie . s.s;aiaaii

4.2.3 13tolog1cahefratneters

4.2.3,1 Toli?"1 COlifortn Test

4.2.3.2 Test for Sewage Hy lei, 4.3 l'reprooes.sing adsorbe

Saptriagiri College of Eng neer 14/5, Chikkasandra, Heaaragliada Main Road

Bengalutu - 560 051

resenCe

SNait# for Lake Water Treat 'It

7.3 Moisture Content (%)

5,7.4 Acidic Site Detertnizrni,TOn —Boehnz Titration

5.7.5 Scanntng Electron Microscopy (SEM)

43

57' 6 [wirier- TC`i,t,:kr,(74{P,kQCEIcC,45,?zt,i(Sci'rgYnivtim-isew, (1121%.

5.7.7 X-Ray Diflivetion (XRD)

5.84dsorpf ion Studi

5:8.1 Batch Process

5.8.1.2 Effect ofAdsorbent Concentration

EffectofCOluinn Height

Adsorptiehlsotlzerinis, • :•• • . • • • ••• ••• •-•

5.9.1 Langmuir Isotherm Model

..• 5.10 Designing of unit

P se USSION • • • •

6.1 Physical parameters of lake afar sample

6.1.1 'Temperature .g

6.1.2 Color

6.1.3 oddest, 6 1.4 pH

6.1.5 IDS (Tura/ Dissolved Solutes) ,

6.1.6 Turbidity

44

44

tit 1

45

46

46

47

90

90

6.2 Chemical Parameters of the lake water Sample

6.2:1

6.2.2 Chloride

6.2.3 Caloinin

6.2.4 Magnesium & Fluoride

6.2..5141

6.3 Biological Parameters of the

3:1‘,TPsitbrcsewc§c, A4v Prin.' al

Sapthagiri College of Engineering 1415, ChFkka dra, liesaraghatta Main Road

EMiQHIUIU - 560 057

SN4.0 for Lake Water Tree2tnent

94 6.3.2 Test for Total Conforms

6 4 Pre-proc

6.5 Pre-treatment Ads'orbents

6.6 Preparation of Activated Carbon (AC)

6 7 .11soi5ent &tithes

:A2

Apparent Density

6.7.2 pig ,

oisture Content 1k • 6.7.4 Acidic dr Basic Sites

6.76 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 98

6.8 Adwrption Studies

6 girif Effect of Time

6 'al 6.8. 2 C ontinuous Process

68.2.] Ejlect ofekV:',(70e'hi

6.9 Adcorptton Isotherm Models

6 9 1 I antnnuir Alodel

6.9.2 Freundlich Model

100

6.10 Design and faOriegtIon

CONCLUSION

FUTURE AspEcrs

REFERENCES

103

104

105

Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/6, Ctilkkaaandra,14esaragbetta Mn Road

560 057

VIII

Hecean Herald Newspaper

PU Drr NGT order, a ray of hope frir lakes BLANK

Vartitur lake bees strangulation k •1 nti. int ,,,,,, iretta.” ••1. W I

- - 131.141snlul ka.re tat Real actran orrteis“ . -

SNAPS

494, 44,04

046..9947 "N, CO4

/9„ /)% 1).904; 1994.8 0 %

Got

/0 /0 0 0

V •

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/Offlinbox/RdDgqcJHpWcvcDjPmhbIDjwpWpsrWtwdRkPfrvBfWGG?projector=18imessagePartld=0.5 1/1

IMG-20181214-WA0018.jpg 1/4/2019

SN.IPS. or 11,d. • Irc.” eft. •

F---------,

Eltdhindur 1.0.0 Ind:. Red Lipe deldyt action CM offIC1.115

r iastrn !sib. Mori, -

-1-• me* Os tea aGen ...pi lorr. aryaruStorrorwrotprr •

rirr, rri Ins N. *et.

0.flrrir rt •r

tn-34M.S22..triSMatin La=

INT NCI order, a ray of ho pe for lalas BLANK

Li L:za Varthur lake faces strangulation

r. .

Cul d ta:!Tt-: LOX fodrrt ,it Bet lundur 1,1102

Govt orders expert ritifi.N to oversee adandur lake StirVey

Deccan ilcrald Nevo,pitper

IMG-20181214-WA0024.jpg 1 /4/2019

https://mall.google.com/mall/u/0/#1nbox?projector=1

61 1/1

lee 110E_ Cul nmercial complex'

r.

1b4c Ai! t.; E ; • "

\v;1,-;te ('uiil;tiiiillai loll

plctgueS gr( 4111(1\V;Iler iii Peerlya

r"1' r"P =91

no on - runlet/use peovuJø injegetesem ..npues9ivi40 vot Bupeataa JO 0501103 ptifiegideS Pia10141d

0) O.

1.0

I A. c c -Lc) r r LT;

Lititz vative Idea Galore cis Engineering Expo Wraps Up

from g rou nd water in vii- dents of the Government lages was exhibited by the students of Sapthagiri Col-lege of Engineering. Elabo-rating on the process, proj-ect team leader Rajecv Ras han, a thirdy ear stu-dent, said their device costs just zmo, against conven-tional filters which cast be-tween Z4, coo and z12,000. "Tricalci urn phai p hate is

...,ixpress News Service

liengaluru: Innovative exhibits on water purifica-tion and energyconsemi-Lion were on display during Anveshan 2025, a three-day science and imgineering fair in the city, which con-cluded on Friday.

,t,,ces The event showcased about so exhibits, each jointly developed by a team of Undergraduate engineer-ing students along litith two students drawn from goy-errunen t high schools.

A low-ccst filtration pro-cess remove fluoride

High School at Bagalkunta. A solar tree-cum-wind

mill for 24-hour electricity guava tio n, designed by the mechanical engineering students of R L Jalappa In-stitute of Technology, Kodi-gehalli, too was displayed. It was a tree-shaped struc-ture with a small windmill o top with:metal and steel

used to remove flouride mrc;& for brandies. About content in this filtration /Vsm4solnr 'cells con-

nected,k0t bait sty'mere ,R1

Roshan's classmate V A .1-!T e event ,c.i34 virgarused

warya, and Su rya prirkashj'"). 6y Agas-tyilirten al

and Venu N, Class

j /Noeg -ritts

ti u( oitAtic- or=

process," he said. It was a team effort b n top //

1

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 590 018, KARNATAKA

PROJECT REPORT

ON

"FABRICATION OF TORQUE CONVERTER"

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:

PRASHANTH M (1SG13ME085)

RISHABH SOMAIAH K (1SG13ME094)

SANJAY KUMAR R (1SG13ME101)

VISHWAS D R (1SG13ME125)

Under the guidance of Dr. MANJUNATH S H

Professor and Head

SAPT AGIRI Collage I illatatlai

.4; ITIOTON

DEPARTMENT OF MEAIXNICAL ENGINEERING SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

14/5, Chikkasandra, Hesarghatta Main Road Bengaluru-560057

2016e117ciPal Sapthagiri college of Engineering 14/6, Chlkkesandra, Hesaraghada Main Road

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BENGALURU-560057

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

'A

SAPTHAGIRI Coiling taints'

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled "FABRICATION OF TORQUE

CONVERTER" has been satisfactorily completed by PRASHANTH

(1SG13ME085), RISHABH SOMAIAH (1SGI3ME094), SANJAY KUMAR R

(ISGI3ME101) and VISHWAS D R (ISGI3ME125), students of fith semester.

Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of

Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical Engineering by Visvesvaraya Tech no lo glc

University, Belagavi during academic year 2016-17.

pjg' nature of the Guide

Dr. MANJUNATH S H Professor and Head Department of Mechanical Engineering

Name of Examiners

Sapft04\11Coifege of Ett.OhetnItIg

JA

Haste:teat% MAtOn W a ddtosoodra,

goad

Oennatura - 560 057

\QV

1. er\- 7))

L 1/4 R Of___IA A1)3

r\t-74

Dr. ASWATHAJCUMAR Ni Principal, Sapthagiri College of Engineering Dr. Aswatha Kumar. NA

Principal Sa g ng othagiri Collage of Enneari

i • No. 14/5, Chlkkasandra, Hesaraghtta Main Road,

Bangalore-560 057

Signature with date

ABSTRACT

This project describes the development of power transmission through Torque

converter. This design simplifies the transmission of power from rotary motion and also over

comes the complexity of changing the speed ratios of pulleys and gears. The main purpose of

this design is to attain 'n' number of speed ratios between designed limit. This contrasts with

_other mechanical transmissions that offer a fixed number of gear ratios. The flexibility of a

Torque converter allows the input shaft to maintain a constant angular velocity.

Torque converters are not new to the automotive world, but their torque capabilities

and reliability have been limited in the past. New developments in gear reduction and

manufacturing have led to ever-more-robust Torque converters, which in turn allows them to

be used in more diverse automotive applications. Torque converters are also being developed

in conjunction with hybrid electric vehicles. As Torque converter development continues, costs

will be reduced further and performance will continue to increase, which in turn makes further

development and application of Torque converter technology desirable.

ini:162a\ i

Sapkbacgt iAege o

C Esvgkneortoq

Jo, cosassoca, kAssawson wto

Road

Banga1uni - 500 051

6.11 Complete Assembly

CHAPTER 7

INSTALLATION

7.1 Engine Holes

7.2 Engine Mount

7.3 Base Plate Modifications

7.4 Driven Sprocket

CHAPTER 8

CALCULATIONS FOR TORQUE

8.1 For previous transmission

8.2 For torque convertor

8.3 Comparison between non-variable transmission and Torque

Convertor

CHAPTER 9

PERFORMANCE TESTING PARAMETERS

9.1 With previous transmission

9.2 With Torque Convertor

9.3 Acceleration testing parameters

9.4 Acceleration characteristics at 3200rpm




9.8 Top speed characteristics

CHAPTER 10

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

10.1 Conclusion pd • +pal

CHAPTER 11 Saptbag1t1 Cottage ot EneeerIno ChNudondfa, Nesstegtkette

Ikwa

SCOPE OF FUTURE WORK sengaturu 6e° 351

11.1 Vibromcter

11.2 Torque Sensor

ANNEXURE-1

REFERENCES

ii

tab

11104.

j.

31

32

33

34

35

35

37

38

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

44

45

45

46

47

49

50

51

52

53

55

Ilk

FABRICATION OF TORQUE CONVERTOR

11.1 VIBRO METER

A Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV) is a scientific instrument that is used to make

non-contact vibration measurements of a surface. The laser beam from the LDV is directed at

the surface of interest, and the vibration amplitude and frequency are extracted from

the Doppler shift of the reflected laser beam frequency due to the motion of the surface. The

output of an LDV is generally a continuous analog voltage that is directly proportional to the

target velocity component along the direction of the laser beam.

Some advantages of an LDV over similar measurement devices such as

an accelerometer are that the LDV can be directed at targets that are difficult to access, or that

may be too small or too hot to attach a physical transducer. Also, the LDV makes the

vibration measurement without mass-loading the target.

Fig 11.1 Conventional Vibrometer [14]

Above depicted such vibrometers can be used to measur ations of the vehicle

and required damping if necessary can be implegiented. Heboivir&ev

147‘tchl;q14

nfr

ef 61"

lie-high cost P .. the

—Pat. ubt7P,1)),/ • •• Platt

11.".;fr W do

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SCE Page 51

FABRICATION OF TORQUE CONVERTOR

available compact vibrometers, it could not be implemented as of now but futu

advancements can be incorporated to get better performance of the vehicle.

11.2 TORQUE SENSOR

A torque sensor is a device for measuring and recording the torque on

an engine, crankshaft, gearbox, transmission, rotor, a bicycle crank or cap torque tester.

Static torque is relatively easy to measure. Dynamic torque, on the other hand, is not easy to

measure, since it generally requires transfer of some effect (electric, hydraulic or magnetic)

from the shaft being measured to a static system.

One way to achieve this is to condition the shaft or a member attached to the shaft

with a series of permanent magnetic domains. The magnetic characteristics of these domains

will vary according to the applied torque, and thus can be measured using non-contact

sensors. Such magneto elastic torque sensors are generally used for in-vehicle applications on

race cars, automobiles, aircraft, and hovercraft.

Fig 11.2 Torque Sensor 1

pal

Septhaglti Coll ginee

Road College of Enring

1415, Childunendte, Hesaraghatta Male Bengaiuru - 580 051

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. SCE

Team Torque Racing

Pr( ci Sapthagiri Colleg of Engineering 14/6, Chikkasendrs, Hesareghatte

l Main Road Bengouru - so 057

I0

ESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY N ANA SANGAMA, BELGAUM-590018

IL

•••••

A Project Report On

"Modification of Bajaj Chetak into Electric Scooter"

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree in Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical

Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum

Submitted by,

BHARATH KUMAR B ( I SG15ME403) HEMANTH KUMAR B (1SG15ME411) LOKANATH V (1SG15ME413) MANJUNATH P (1SG15ME414)

Under the Guidance of

A.M. MAHESHA wrech

Associate Professor Dept of Mechanical Engineering


College of Engineering I N.ditN; linnmusour

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE 6 EN INEERING

Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta Mai o d, Ban ore-560057.

P In pal Sapthagiri Co legs of Engineering 1415, Chikkasandra, Hesaragharts Main Road

Bangeluru - 560 057

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Chikkasandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road, Bangalore-560057


S PTHA RI College of Engineering

rriolort is isllint !row

Certified that the Project topic Modification of Bajaj Chetak into electric scooter has been

successfully presented at Sapthagiri College of Engineering by Bharat') Kumar B

(18G15ME403), Hemanth Kumar B( 1SG15ME411), Lokanath V (ISG15ME413),

Manjunath P (1SGI5ME414), in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the V/// Semester

degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of Visvesvaraya

Technological University, Belgaum during academic year 2017-2018. It is certified that all

corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report

deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the

academic requirements in respect of project work for the said degree.

Signature of the guide A M. MAHESHA Associate Professor

Sign ture of the HOD DR. P. MAHADEVA SWAMY Prof and HOD Mechanical Dept

Signature of the principal Dr. K.L othiyitMASAPPA

Sapthagiri ColifeetEngineerino Chikkasandra, Hesaralnatte Rnad

V

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

\ N g 1 . _pp- , N1/47...tic.....A.6V-0-1'n'"IPt pal Sapthagiri College of Engineering

‘g.._ 14/5, ChIkkaaandra, Heaoradhetta Main Road 2. ccitaje__ A,„(c_.. i-si Bengal= - 560 057 ), 641 idi

ABSTRACT

E-SCOOTER:

The global warming has become a very important issue during the last decade. The worldwide

research is oriented to obtain efficiency improvements on energy consuming and sustainable

energy sources utilization. Electric vehicles (EV'S) are able to achieve this goal. In addition

the utilization of high efficiency electric machines, using high energy permanent magnet,

allows an increased reduction of fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions.

Purchasing of old Bajaj chetak scooter and dismantled all the parts which are not required and

make it ready for incorporating the devices and components to convert into electrical vehicle.

Mounting of electric motor to the rear wheel, placing of controller unit and battery at

appropriate places in the Bajaj electric scooter, testing of electrical vehicle and its performance

to estimate the range of the vehicle using the data obtained during the test.

Saptbagkri Col ego of Engloeerlog 1415, CtiNcesandes, Henteghetts Main Road

Bengaluru•560 051

CONTENT

I. CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION

2. CHAPTER-2 L90 099 - tunietaso

LITERATURE Vat 3 o obe op tildeg u

%went{ '51ipuitse

go '01,

led% d

1-2

3

CHAPTER-3 ENLIGHTENED PANC MA 3.1 THE RECOGNIZED AUTOMó IVE FUELS 4-5

3.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY 5-6

3.3 CONVERSION OF FUEL SYSTEM 6-7

CHAPTER-4 DESCRIPTION OF MAIN PARTS

4.1 MOTOR 8

4.2 UNIVERSAL CONTROLLER 9-10

4.3 BATTERIES 11

4.3.1 LEAD ACID WET CELL 12-14

4.3.2 CARING FOR LEAD ACID BATTERIES 15

4.3.3 CURRENT RATINGS 16

4.3.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY 17-18

4.4 CONTROL PANEL 19-20

4.5 SPRING RATE 20

CHAPTER-5 FABRICATION DETAILS

5.1 WELDING 21

5.2 WHEEL ALIGNMENT 22

5.3 MOUNTING HUB ON REAR SWING ARM 23

5.4 METAL CUTTING OPERATION 24

5.5 FRAME OF THE VEHICLE 24

5.6 BRAKING SYSTEM 25

CHAPTER-6 THEORETICAL CALCULATION 26-29

CHAPTER-7 7.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 7.2 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY CIRCUIT

30-31 31-32

33

34

35

36

37

40

47

48

38-39

41-46

CHAPTER-8

SELECTION OF MATERIALS

CHAPTER-9 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

ID. CHAPTER-I0 VEHICLE PERFORMANCE TEST

CHAPTER-11 GRATIFICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

CHAPTER-I 2 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

13 CHAPTER-13 COST ESTIMATION

14 CHAPTER-14 3D- DRAWINGS

15 CHAPTER-15 PHOTO GALLERY

CHAPTER-16 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER-17 REFERENCES

P n a

Septhagiri Coll of Engineering

j416, Chariasandia, tiesaraghatto Mato Road

Sanaaloru - 500 057

MODIFICATION OF BAJAJ CHETAK IN TO ELECTRIC SCOOTER

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

All vehicles that are existing in the market cause pollution and the fuel cost is also

increasing day by day. In order to compensate the fluctuating fuel cost and reducing the

pollution a good remedy is needed i.e. our transporting system. Due to ignition of the

hydrocarbon awls, in the vehicle, sometime difficulties such as wear and tear may be high and

more attention is needed for proper maintenance. Our vehicle is easy to handle and fuel cost

is very low compared to the other existing vehicles.

Hence a need for a change in the existing alternative system which can produce higher

efficiency at minimum cost was though about an attempt has been made to design and fabricate

such an alternative system. So this project "ELECTRIC TWO WHEELER WITH

RECHARGEABLE BATTERY" is very much useful, since it is provided with good quality

of power sources and simple operating mechanism with different ranges & speeds.

Throughout the 'UNIVERSE' there lies an abundant natural resource of various

petroleum products. But to everyone's knowledge, it is a well-known fact that these resources

may not last long for quite sufficient period to face out hereditary needs. Hence "EACH AND

EVERY DROP OF FUEL SAVES OUR ECONOMY AND MEET THE NEEDS" is the

saturation point that is to be attained as soon as possible. In order to achieve this saturation,

point we have to save and seek for some other source of power. This power, the alternate

power must be much more convenient in availability and usage.

r

1 The next important reason for the search of effective, unadulterated power are to save

I the surrounding environments including men, machine and material of both the existing and t

the next fourth generation from pollution, the cause for many harmful happenings and to reach

the saturation point. The most talented power against the natural resource is supposed to be the

electric and solar energies that best suit the automobiles. The unadulterated zero emission

electrical and solar power, is the only easily attainable alternate source.

MECHANICAL DEPT., SAPTFIAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINE 1ING

Pri

septhaot College of Engineering 1415, ChlIdussandra, tlesaracduatta Mal" Road

6engaluru - 560 057

1\

Page 1

MODIFICATION OF BAJA! CHETAK IN TO ELECTRIC SCOOTER

CHAPTER 16

CONCLUSION

To develop a new system with all-eminent features and better improvements is little, but

difficult task. Where the conservation of fuel fails pollution starts and hence conservation as

an imperative is necessary. For a greener future, the fuel should be saved at least from today

onwards and hence the need arises for an alternate system that efficiently replaces the present

fuel system.

With the increasing consumption of natural resources of petrol, diesel it is necessary to shift

our way towards alternate resources like the Electric scooter and others because it is necessary

to identify new way of transport.

Electric scooter is a modification of the existing cycle by using electric energy and also solar

energy if solar panels are provided, that would sum up to increase in energy production. Since

it is energy efficient, electric scooter is cheaper and affordable to anyone. It can be used for

shorter distances by people of any age. It can be contrived throughout the year.

The most vital feature of the electric scooter is

It does not consume fossil fuels thereby saving crores of foreign currencies.

The second most important feature is it is pollution free, eco—friendly and noiseless in

operation. For offsetting environmental pollution using off onboard Electric Bike is

the most viable solution.

It can be charged with the help of AC adapter if there is an emergency. The Operating cost

per/ km is very less and with the help of solar panel it can lessen up more. Since it has fewer

components it can be easily dismantled to small components, thus requiring less maintenance.

MECHANICAL DEPT. SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENG1NEE

Pr' _IneerIng

1E3, cnostaenntig(::„ jersret,657 th" \ C°""

g mao Road

Page Page 47

-p7

IL 4 AL _ILL/ I_ L541

TIMES CITY

T HE TIMES OF INDIA. BENGALURU WEDNESDAY. JULY 11, 2018

Engg students turn old scooter into e-vehicle

TIMEs NEws NETWORK

Beneaturn: Ever come across vintage two-stroke Yamaha RX100 and RX135 bi-kes or Bajaj Chetak scooters running on battery? Well, fl• md-year mechanical engine-ering students of Sapthagiri College of Engineering have created an e-scooter out of an old Baja) Chetak rusting in the corner of a garage in Shiva) inagar

The undergraduate stu dents bought the scooter for Rs 500 after bargaining with a scrap dealer and then dis-mantled it.They replaced the engine with battery dis-charge and 1)(' motor.

"The 1W controller hel-ped in controlling the head-lights. Indicator and the horn." said I iemant Kumar, one of !hest talents.

The team worked on the project day and night for two months to reconstruct the bi-

INNOVATION OUT OF SCRAP

ke. Is a proud moment Mr the college as these students achieved the feat at a budget of Rs 12,000: said KI. Shiva-basappa, principal, Sapt.ha-g rl College of Engineering.

Worried by Me spiralling prices of motor Mel. the stu-dents wanted to come tip with a vehicle that will redu-ce Mel consumption. "The e-sciioter needs to be charged

3-4 hours and consumes 3.5 units of electricity Wore it can hit the road. The vehicle is equipped with a socket on its left andcanbeeasily char-ged with an AC adapter." sa-id Prashant professor of biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering.

The college is thinking of approaching BSI to see if their prototype could be pro-duced commercially Cheap plough machine to help farmers Students of Sapthagirl Col-lege of Engineering have al-so created a ploughing ma-chine that can be operated manually. The mach inc has a 25 litre storage drum to keep seeds and fertilisers

As the plough rotates, se-eds and fertilisers I all to the ground. It could be a cheaper option for farmers compa red to other plough ing in ach I ties In the market. said NI Man kanta. a student.

Modification of Bajaj Chetak into Electric Scooter

Po p4i SiDthaglri Colleg 1 Engirl@QPIng 144, ChP5wasndra, Holm' halt* Will

Rae Bengalutu BOO 57

4 TIMES CITY THE TIMES OF INDIA, BEN GAWRU WEDNESDAY, JULY 11,201E

Engg students turn old scooter into e vehicle

TIMES NEWS NETWORK

Bengaluru: Ever come across vintage two-stroke Yamaha RX100 and RX135 bi-kes or Bajaj Chetak scooters running on battery? Well, fi-nal-year mechanical engine-ering students of Sapthagiri College of Engineering have created an e-scooter out of an old Baja) Chetak rusting in the corner of a garage in Shival inagar.

The undergraduate stu-dents bought the scooter for Rs SOO after bargaining with a scrap dealer and then dis-mantled It. They replaced the engine with battery dis-charge and DC motor

"The DC controller hel-ped in controlling the head-lights, indicator and the horn," said Bement Kumar, one of the students.

The team worked on the project day and night for two months to reconstruct the bi-

INNOVATION OUT OF SCRAP

Re. "It is a proud moment for the college as these students achieved the feat at a budget of Its 12,000," said ICL Shiva-basappa, principal, Saptha-girl College of Engineering.

Worried by the spiralling prices of motor Mel, the stu-dents wanted to come up with a vehicle that will redu-ce Mel consumption. "Thee-scooter needs to be charged

341 hours and consumes 3$ units of electricity before it can hit the road. The vehicle is equipped with a socket on its left and can be easily char-ged with an AC adapter" sa-id Prashant, professor of bio-technology, Sapthagirl College of Engineering.

The college is thinking of approaching Bajaj to see if their prototype could be pro-duced commercially. Cheap plough machine to help farmers Students of Sapthagiri Col-lege of Engineering have also created a ploughing ma-chine that can be operated manually. Themachlne has a 25 litre storage drum to keep seeds and fertilisers.

As the plough rotates, se-eds and fertilisers fall to the ground. It could be a cheaper option fbr farmers compared to other ploughing machines In the market, said M Mani-kanta, a student.

1/4/2019 IMG-20181214-WA0013.jpg

heipmerte0asiAm. oa MI I MAIIMMID NV 1 TIOACSORMIIIA.COM j IftPall•AES0/1110040M aj2A0 IIIINCIMUM1 WID.ISDAY, 31.10, 11 30111 MtTRO IfV.GES re. Nice rtso (WIL50 WITH SMCIatOef

!THE TIMES OF INDIA

Sapthagid Co e of Engineering 144, Chlickamixlca, Rmareglietta Main Road

Bengefuru - 5e0 057

httpsfimail.google.com/mailintiinbox/RdDgqc..1HpWcvcDjPmhblDjwpWpsrVvtwdRkPfrvBfWGG?projector=18messagePartld=0.6 1/1

=7:%tp...7j

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

4,

A PROJECT REPORT

ON

"FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT"

It

Submitted By

Mr. SA NTHOSHA (ISG15ME083)

Mr. MOUNESH (ISG16ME421)

Under the Guidance of Dr. TI LSWAS D. Associate Professor

SAPTHAGIRI calms at Einthearing creating torpo•,01‘

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

1 4/5, Hesaragana. Main Road, Chikkasandara, Bengaluru-560057 2018-2019

Sapthagiri Co ege of Engineering 1415, Chlkkesendre, Heseraghatta Main Road

Benaaluru - 580 057

1s1

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

14/5, Hesaragatta, Main Road, Chikkasandara, Bengaluni-560057

2018-2019

SAPTHAGIRI College el Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled "FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE

A(;RICUL IURAL EQUIPMENT." carried out by SANTHOSHA

(I SG1SME083), MOUNESH (1SG16ME421), bonafide students of 8th semester,

Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sapthagiri College of Engineering,

Bangalore in partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering in

Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi

during the \ tar 2018-19. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for

Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the

departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the

academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the said Degree.

Dr Tulsidas D Dr. P Mahadevaswamy Dr. K L Shivabasappa

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Reviewer

Name of the Examiner Signature with date

k

-

Principal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/5, Chlkaasendre, Hesaraghatts Maln Rr"'

Bengaluru - 580 or

ABSTRACT

Considering the fact that the majority of farmers are having small land. It also reduces

human effort. Our project work is mainly based on engine and chain sprocket mechanism.

It is a saver of time and expenses on the field operations. Development of high capacity

energy efficient and combination machinery for increased labour productivity; reduced

unit cost of operation, the multipurpose agricultural equipment known of mini tiller is one

of the many farm machines. In promoting the mini tiller especially improved timeliness of

operation.

The mini-tiller is a mechanized plough used to prepare land for agricultural production. It

can plough land more efficiently than plough that rely on animal draft power, and at the

same time reduce drudgery. The mini-tiller is similar in purpose to the power-tiller, but is

more compact, making it easier to operate on narrow plots of terraced land.

This mini tiller can be utilized by middle class fanners and who are suffered from deep

problems because of unavailability of enough labour to work in farmland. Thus this

multipurpose agricultural equipment can be beneficial for the small scale farmers,

Prindpal

Sapthagiri College of Engineefing 14/5, Chikkasandra, Heaaraghatta Main Road

Bericaluru - 5St" fl'

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.No. CONTENTS PAGE NO

I INTRODUCTION 01 I .1. Introduction 01

1.2. Main Features of Indian Agriculture. 01

1.3. Major Challenges Faced by Indian Agriculture... ... 02

1.4. Farm Mechanization.. 04

1.4.1. Animal Drawn Equipments 05

1.4.2. Advantages of Bullock Powered Equipments...... 06

1.4.3. Disadvantages of Bullock Powered Equipments... 06

LITERATURE REVIEW 07

3 AGRICULTURE 09 3.1 Introduction 09

3.2 Steps Involved in Agriculture 09 3.3 Sowing ... ..... .... ...... ...... ..... .... . 15

3.3.1 Methods of Sowing.. 15

3.3.2 Factors Affecting Germination and Emergence ..... ..... 18 3.3.3 Space for the Seedlings. 18

4 METHODOLOGY AND SPECIFICATIONS OF

COMPONENTS 19 4.1 Objectives of Air Projects 19

4.2 Components Used for the Projects 20

5 FABRICATION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE 26

5.1 Mechanisms Used. 26 5.2 Fabrication and Assembly 27 5.3 Working Principle. 28 5.4 Different Views of Model 31 5.5 Calculations 32

6 FEATURES, APPLICATIONS, ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES 34 6.1 Feature Developments__ 34 6.2 Applications 34 6.3 Advantages 35 6.4 Disadvantagcs...... . . 35

7 BILL OF MATERIALS 36 8 CONCLUSION 37

REFERENCES 38

14

Prin pal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14151 Chtkkasandra, Hasaranhatta Main Road

Bonoaluru - sec —

hi

OMIT Tirt"TIr Irr`

FABRICATION OF MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 2019

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the main occupation in majority of developing countries such as India,

Brazil etc. One major reason for lack of yield per unit agricultural area in these countries

are weeds. Majority of the population in developing countries depends on agriculture and

agro based industries. Farming is the main and growing business of our country. Presently

we are using conventional instruments for it, which is of low efficiency and resulting in

low yielding from forms.

This multipurpose agricultural equipment is one of the many farm mechanization. Unlike

tractors, this equipment is non-conventional so far as the displacement of labours is

concerned. The multipurpose agricultural equipment especially considering the fact that

the majority of farmers are having small land and they cannot go for the costlier tractors.

So this should become a useful machine for the smaller field farmers. It is also useful

machine in the internal cleaning of crops which having small distance between them like

groundnuts, sugarcane, soya bin crops, cultivation of paddy for the smaller fanners. Its

main objective is to reduce the manpower and working time.

1.2 Main Features of Indian Agriculture

Source of livelihood:

Agriculture is the main occupation. It provides employment to nearly 61% persons of

total population. It contributes 25% to national income.

Dependence on monsoon:

Agriculture in India mainly depends on monsoon. If monsoon is good, the production will

be more and if monsoon is less than average then the crops fail. As irrigation facilities are

quite inadequate, the agriculture depends on monsoon.

Labor intensive cultivation:

Due to increase in population the pressure on land holding increased. Land holdings get

fragmented and subdivided and become uneconomical. Machinery and equipment cannot

be used on such farms.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINE— 6, SCE

Pan ipal Sapthaglri College of Engineering 14/5, Chlktcasandra, Hasaraghatta Main Road

Etengahru - 560 057

)EPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SCE

37

Principal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/5, Chlkkasandra, Heseraghatta Main Rozvi

7;-77'

FA BR ICA T1ON OF MULTIPURPOSE AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT 2019 isirr—wrao

CHAPTER 8

(:ONCLUSION

The imilimurpose agricultural equipment is successfully fabricated and tested which

.cduces the working time and man power. It is very useful for small land farmers. It

ill fills the all requirements of farmers such as ploughing, seed sowing and tool

tharpening by using grinding wheel with the minimum cost.

Praetwall multipurpose agricultural equipment can be used for seed sowing,

)loughing and also for grinding. All the parts are connected in such a way that in

en stage of agriculture the equipment can be rearranged or easily assembled.

In _am has successfully combined many ideas from various fields of mechanical

:nginecring and agricultural knowledge to improve the yield and by reducing the

abour effort and expenses. The whole idea of multipurpose equipment is a new

;oncepi and can be successfully implement in real life situations.

IMG

-201

812

14

-WA

0011

. jpg

liti) n fia 1 di 0 43* -1 11 13 p 1.131 3 g g i33 -2 •fi *a Cr 1.3 A il f. 4.b eft° Vs .- n sil

163 (3 ;1 61-oa rat ' ii 6 C3 I Ia. -13 ia 1 V) a QJ 1. 1 -IQ IA IA

E 0 ot„.4 -pp i* 13 2 fir .0 S fl 0 teka -D 33 4 ‘1 ri3 1-3 Iti

bb iii - f3 -c .- to s. 8 0 -0 -03

2

33

4- fl T3 it; a.3 113 5 1 LI 5 eq

(3 g qz rn.,-- -E3 - ar7vmrtiorri o Tr :.,-..cdTite-; tD,

Pc up. -ri% ca 13

1 '

2 13 Tz co A 11 0ail 0 g g big b. a in -13-) 0

irtzt 1U4 B I t-8 6'd is -2A 43 li -nfr t; t' V Tia 111 e3.. *3 - rti g i '13 lib od G 6 a 13 13 lA tg.

Si g 11 itzl3 ‘,.- t col d ..

t°2 13 -3 :./ -N ar -3 13 in _q 13 4.3 i

q 453 re 1

-

z; •

rzat, z4A,F3r eeZRd

-2ortalat.;. Done r.i.,--zr...'-ntiort ur2&urwtz' LoCa, Vas.; =33 =viattt ertttn-37:1 thtmit

7r17:: Ce0t.77:2::,:i. 7.7.3,7:e“,4 CC= -774,==.:

Lit7r.brit:Z•74,

t2..J.-771 L2t,r,', '."-XfiL370 till z.vr.:In.

-zri :2011,/c.• r',3or ria:rier act icq crootAitgau.

1or.3 tz.1= 12 tr.a.

rat.rti4011

Zr

efectte2 2,rt0 at= Zattra.

vanttad cltrt eCt.zzt.t.. Inaleao e050174 St --hat =.-LI Ince"; 1:,.=OZOtt. 4r-Vz

tfet/IV-42 Satlita‘. z•-..d6oinct 800

InGe 1.1.2teacioZQ Dtre.,.1 szoArl.r.r

aeSt.---kr91ratante,Ztava&S.7.,..Thit .taralet 9,Z), .o?r

rlorgt zlzereacal ttrat.

Multi Purpose agricultural equiptuent

Septhagiri C legs of Engineering 1416, Chlkkenandr a Hesaraghatte Main Road

Bengal - 560 057

Translation of "Vidhyathigalingda Vidyut Chalitha Dwichakra Vaahana, Bithane

Upakarana Aavishkara"

DESIGN OF INSTRUMENT FOR SOWING OF SEEDS BASED ON

ELECTRICITY DRIVEN 2 WHEELER VEHICLE

Bangalore July 10: Final year students of Sapthagiri College of Engineering have

designed an instrument to help the common man and farmers to till the land and sow seeds.

Speaking at a press conference, K.L. Shivabasappa, Principal, Sapthagiri College of

Engineering mentioned that the students have modified a Bajaj Chetak into e-Scooter. This

reduces the pollution and cost is around Rupees 12,000.

This is helpful to small farmers as it saves time and effort. They have used a drum to

store the seeds meant for sowing. The cost of which varies around rupees 600 to 800.

Executive Director Mr. Manoj, Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr.Mahadevaswamy, Students of Sapthagiri College of Engineering B. Bharat Kumar, B.

Hemanth Kumar and Lokanath were present at the gathering.

4Selpthagi P ogee aghatta Road s in C Of Engineering

Chilticasandra 57 , Hesar,

Bangaiore-560 0

IR College of Engineering

InfriTeer•-•_.'"OTMETIORPa,

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY JNANASANGAMA, BELGAUM-590018

4.

PROJECT REPORT ON

-BLINDMAN SMART STICK"

Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

Submtited by PALLAVI. S 1SG I 4EE053 PAVAN KUMAR. H. D 1SG14EE055 POORVA. H 1SG14EEOS8

SHILPA. 11 S 1SG14EE070

Under the supervision of

Mrs. RAMYA.M Ms. SHWETHA.0 Asst. Prof. of EEE Asst. Prof. of EEE

( riimit(onnt

For the academic year of 2017-18

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEE G

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEG D S EN NEERING No. 14/5, Chikkasandra, HesaragMt1 n Road, Bengaluru-560057

Sapthagid College Engineering 14/6, Chlkkaaandra, Hiasaraghattis Main Road

Bengaluou - 560 057

wm


College of Engineering rralme. I votmorow

Department of

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

ertifie4 that the project work entitled "BLINDMAN SMART STICK" carried out by

ALLAY!. S bearing USN [1SG14EE053], PAVAN ICUMAR H. D bearing USN

5C14EE0551, POORVA. H bearing USN 11SG14EE0581, SHILPA.H S bearing USN

SC14EE070], bona fide students of Sapthagiri College Of Engineering in partial

llment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in department of Electrical and

hies Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the

iemic year 2017-2018. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for

Eternal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental

hbrary. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in

c.ptt of project work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.

Sig ature of the Guide Ms. Shwetha. C Asst. Professor

(Project Guide, Dept. Of FEE)

Signature ofte. Guide Mrs. Ramya. As Professor (Project Guide, Dept. 01 FEE)

Signature,pflhe HOD Dr. K.N. Ravi Professor& H.O.D ( Head of the Dept., EEE)

Signature of the Principal Dr. Shivabasappa. R. L Principal S.C.E Bangalore

Princlpal Septhagiri College of Engineering 1415, ChIldtesendra, Viesnrighatts Main Road

Bengaturu - 560 o57

Signature with date

ABSTRACT

Smart Stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people for navigation. We here propose an advanced blind stick that allows visually people to navigate with ease using advance technology. The blind stick is

with ultrasonic sensor along with buzzers and Vibration motor.

proposed project first use ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles ahead using ultrasonic

ICS- On sensing obstacles the sensor passes this data to the Arduino. The Arduino then 7-14...ses this data and calculates if the obstacle is close enough. If the obstacle is not that

;2a:tic: the circuit does nothing. If the obstacle is close the microcontroller sends a signal to 7ciraez the vibration motor which produces vibration and the person and feel the same. iiifer sensor is used to detect the presence of water and provide an alert in time for path —tanee so as to avoid slipping. The system has one more advanced feature integrated to ha;cr the blind find their stick if they forget where they kept it. A wireless RF based remote

eszvl for this purpose. Pressing the remote button sounds a buzzer on the stick which - the blind person to find their stick. Thus this system allows for obstacle detection as

Iva as

finding stick if misplaced by visually disabled individuals.

Pt lese\901" GoVte

Siestcaltatt‘ ents,tvess6

tittrosse.si 00 twee

eet‘seiwal'

II

4

I

DEPT. OF EEE., SCE Page I 2

ipal

Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/5, ChOckasandra, Hasaraghalta Main Road

Bengali/ft' - 560 057

BLINDMAN SMART STICK

1.1 INTRODUCTION-;

Vision is the most important part of human physiology as 83% of information human being gets

from the environment is via sight. The 2017 statistics by the World Health Organization (WHO)

estimates that there are 36 million people whowere blind. Further, 217 million people live with

severe or moderate visual impairment (MSVI). In total, 253 million people were living with visual

impairment in 2015. It also estimates that 1.1 billion people have near-vision impairment- a

condition that can be corrected with spectacles.

, The traditional and oldest mobility aids for persons with visual impairments are the walking cane

(also called white cane or stick) and guide dogs. The most important drawbacks of these aids are

necessary skills and training phase, ranee of motion and very little information conveyed. With the

rapid advances of modern technoloey, both in hardware and software front have brought potential

to provide intelligent navigation capabilities.

Recently there has been a lot of Electronic Travel Aids (ETA) desigied and devised as solution to

help the blind navigate independently and safely. These solutions have improved the mobility and

live of the visually impaired persons but onl} upto a little extent. The device was hence not

considered successftil widely. To alleviate these issues the Blindman Smart Stick is designed in

such a way that it includes an Ultrasonic sensor for Obstacle detection, supported with water

detection. In this system. Buzzers and Vibratory motors are used to inform about the moving

obstacles. The intensity of buzzer sound and vibration depends on proximity obstacles and also

helps in finding the misplaced stick with the aid of RF wireless module.

1

> Implementation to detect the range of the obstacle.

Implementation to differentiate the obstacle as Stationary or Moving.

Including a weather sensing devices to sense different environmental c nditions.

DEPT OF EEE., SCE

Principal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 1415, Childcesendre, Flesaraghatte Main Road

Bengaluru - 560 051

Page 145

BL1NDMAN SMART STICK

The system will allow the blind to freely navigate to their desired destination and solves the

problem while moving in the road due to constantly in fear of collision and injury. It is also friendly and and easy.

It is affordable and therefore can be mass produced for use of the visually impaired. The system

have the capacity to detect obstacles that exist on the ground during walks indoor and outdoor

navigation by allowing the blind person to move independently, safely and quickly through the

obstacles and danger zones areas . This system doesn't require a huge device to hold for a long,

tenure and distance and it also doesn't require any special training for its utilization by the subject.

This project offers a numerous applications in the medical field to provide a better responsive mate

to the visually impaired. It's practical, cost efficient and extremely useful. It can be further

improved to have more decision taking capabilities by employing varied types of sensors and thus

could be used for different applications. Thus, our objective of eliminating the dependency of blind

person is successfully achieved.

5.3 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT:

A variety of future scopes are available that can be used like If a visually impaired person wants to

go to a city location, they can walk along a road or corridor using an ETA system in the local area,

Howe \ er. it is difficult to know one's position globally. Hence, a global positioning method

NN ill be

the subject of further research. The global position of the user is obtained using the global

positioning system (GPS), and their current position and guidance to their destination can bc given

to the user by voice. A wall-following function can also be added so that the blind can walk straight

along a corridor in an indoor environment. Future work can be focused on enhancing the

performance of the system and reducing the load on the user by adding the camera to guide the

blind exactly. Images acquired by the web camera and NI-smart cameras helps in identification of

objects as well as scans the entire instances for the presence of number of objects in the path of the

blind person. Other enhancements can be like

5.1 RESULTS:

The Blind Walking Stick has been finally made into a prototype which can be used to guide the

blind. It majorly uses an ultra-sonic sensor to detect the front obstacles both above and below knee

level, water sensors that sense any kind water allowing the safe walk of the blind people. It has

buzzers incorporated into itself that gives different sounds from different sensors and vibrational

motor doing as same as buzzer making navigation very easy and RF remote to find the slier if

misplaced.

The system is designed, implemented, tested, and verified. The real-time results of the system are

encouraging. The results indicate that the system is efficient and unique in its capability in

specifying the source and distance of the objects that may encounter the blind. It is able to scan

areas above and below knee level of the blind person regardless of its height or depth. File

ultrasonic sensor has been fully utilized in order to advance the mobility of the blind and visual

impaired people in safe and independent way. Therefore. it was favoured by those who participated

in the test.

The results obtained by trial from a group of volunteers who walked an obstructed path blindfolded

were promising and furthermore trials will be conducted. The results were promising to an extent

that ensures the safety and speed of the mobility of the deprived user. The model being cost

effective is thus expected to be used by majority of the visually deprived section of the society.

Thus system resolves limitations that are related to the most of the movement problems that may

influence the blind people in their environment.

5.2 CONCLUSION:

Smart Sensors are not just a fad, they are the wave of the future. As more people realize the udue

of these inventions the field will grow without bounds. This can be demonstrated by the design

specified. A simple, cheap, configurable, easy to handle electronic guidance system is proposed to

provide constructive assistant and support for blind and visually impaired persons.

TIZCAL-Cr

BLINDMAN SMART STICK

DEPT. OF EEE., SCE P i al

SapthaginCollege of EnglneerIng 1415, CtdItlasandra,14eaarag0atta WO Road

Bet:981ov - 550 057

Page 44

A

e.croilact tazdr:.:

®0130r3 Wa'a Otis &bass

r

zw:;:-.4/1 team naIr: =don( bar*,

Orret XVIO P.:Ioe.ccbOon4t et net= acriQt-ttit ul:=Vrtanc4. es orb 47i 17 W. 9. einqrsttzt$ =;od 5/1.bru1cti.

ZCZ.Z.4arrttjj e

VP

e...c.tr..%yer.1 r.V

cart.de alre, tititth Locd -13.714 CA?, z...749.)J., ze.4oZ6d. ec-6,-cro

7..51.:08C zde cm cimedu tag r.)

ezatr.740f1.- oz.;:qc..“...). S.tr Zodr;:rrIV*

in 1.r VA.1--.{::::/c4,Z.t"

rLd=.:1'.5.5Z

cc Z!! LT:a:

eLt.-",rtire 10.2

Ui Zot.'grC.2

Cpzr, bt; 0.14:Pegqr..a.

1 /4/2019 IMG-20181220-WA0008.jpg

eing 53d ,T),P.) uoterath tovcZ o)oaptt

Princ4aI Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/5, Chikkasandra, Heareghatta Main Road

Benpaluru - 560 057

0\1) https://mall.google.com/mall/u/0/#1nboriXphbRUghxkrAvLmLTFLrKMmPRDphsbhDLgMICcPL?projector=1&messagePartld=0.6 1/1

"sets •,.; ‘0111 ;Fie • \sesd rit C€

es4efr raN,

-.no •

.L:raniciac-W4.1Cif r.474 rola:- i Iltailittlpaseed .9r2

ec *Mt

1•••• rie 44.44 - •

,

6 (-I) biCi)a a3

iclic‘n; tes‘sar

-ires asap uoia -

- vas", -mg

atta

71:111:6 3a, "I -aet7S I

rit,i( tn.

Blind man Smart Stick

Sapthagirl COi 14/6, Chlickessodne,

Bangaluni -

e o Engineering aphatta Main Road

60 057

An English translation of "Andharize Walking Stick"

BLIND MAN STICK

Bangalore July 2: To help victims of natural calamity, war, emergency,

mining disaster a novel robot and a novel walking stick is designed by students of

Sapthagiri College of Engineering.

This robot has 18 servers and can maneuver in any terrain. It has the

capacity to change direction and can be controlled by interne. It can be used in

case of emergency and it can carry l7Kgs of weight. Prof. Ramya, M.N. Harsha,

Anudeep and M. Aravind claim that the battery life of this robot is 45minutes.

At present, blind use a walking stick and hence a novel robotic stick is

designed. This gives the outline of the place to a radius of 50 to 100 Kms. This

facility is not available in the present blind stick.

In this context Prof. K.N. Ravi, N.S. Pallavi, Pavan Kumar, Poorva, Shilpa

were also present at the gathering.

P pal Saplitiagiri College of Engineering Chtlikasandra, Hesaraghatta Road,

Ban9310re-560 057

Raspberry pi 3 model afar calculation of each lane

traffic density and ambulance detection using

Template matching

Traffic lights Image of the lanewith

traffic

Camera

Traffic Signal Control System for Ambulance Prakash Jadhav, Dinesh K Anvelcar, H.C.Sateesh Kumar,

Abstract: TraffidJam now a days is common in all metropolitan cities. Due to this peoples are suffering a lot, especially the-patients are suffering lot. Patients may expire if they may not able reach to the hospital within the short time. Sometimes traffic police struggling to clear the road for the ambulance even though the buzzer sound siren. The vehicles may not move due to, bumper to bumper jam in major cities. Based on this traffic signal many researches have done for the road clearance for the ambulance.Also a decisive reason is the inadequate infrastructure that cannot manage the traffic problem. Traffic rules and signs are generally used to regulate this issue. Traffic lights are normally both manually and automatically controlled. Timers are the easiest way to automatically regulate the traffic light for each stage.Another way is to use electronic sensors for vehicle detection and signal generation. Indeed, these Traffic Jams are t

he reasons not to arrive at hospitals in time. The new research proposing here based on the radio signal transmission to the antenna which is proposed near the traffic pole, based on the signal immediately the signal changes from red to green signal rill the ambulance crosses the signal.

t I. INTRODUCTION The number of vehicles on the road increases day by day, so it is important to manage the traffic flow efficiently for the best use of existing road capacity. In particular in the towns, traffic congestion has become a severe problem. The main reason for this is the increase in the population of large cities that subsequently raise vehicle travel, which creates problem of congestion.There is also a growing cost of transportation due to moment wastage and additional fuel consumption due to traffic congestion. Traffic jams also create many other critical issues and issues that directly affect the lives of the human.routine and cause the loss of life at times. For instance, if an emergency vehicle such as an ambulance is on the highway with the critical patient on board.If an ambulance gets stuck in a heavy traffic jam in that situation, then there are high chances that the patient will not be able to teach the hospital on time. To avoid accidents, collisions and traffic jams, it is therefore very important to design an intelligent traffic system that intelligently controls traffic. An inefficient traffic signal is the most prevalent reason for traffic congestion in this world country. For instance, if one lane has less traffic and the other lane has enormous traffic but the duration of green light for both lanes is the same then this is the waste of available resources and is inefficient.

.If the lane with

grater traffic density is to turn on the green signal light for a longer period than the lane with lower density,

consider the example above:

Block Diagram Of Proposed Solution

Block diagram of proposed solution

' otD

Traffic Density Detection Algorithm

CAPTURED I/61AG

MISTICE I IA(

GS HS OHM CONvERSIO

INGGIS ItESIflNO

IMAGE IINHANCHIGH

RGS TO GRAY SONVOtHON

tnince RKSIZINC I

IMAGE. IR GANG

IMAGE MATCHING

- I TtRt4NG4Lt0r I

Block Diagram of Traffic Control using Image Processing

I- Reference image and the image to be matched is continuously captured using a camera that is installed at the

junction. 2. The output images of previous step are matched using pixel to pixel matchingtechnique.

3. After matching the timing allocation-is done dependingon The percentage of matchingas

If the matching is between 0 to 10%- green light is on for 50 seconds. If the matching is between 10 to 20% - green light is on for 45 seconds. If the matching is between 20 to 30% - green light is on for 40 seconds. If the matching is between 30 to 40% - green light is on for 35seconds.

If the matching is between 40 to 50% - green light is on for 30 seconds. If the matching is between 50 to 60% - green light is on for 25 seconds. If input image is of size (Wx.11) and template image is of size (wxh), output image will have a size of (W-w+1, H-h+1). Once you got the result, you can use cv2.minMaxLoc() function to find where is the maximum/minimum value. Take it as the top-left corner of rectangle and take (w,h) as width and height of the rectangle. That rectangle is

your region of template. If the matching is between 60 to 70% - green light is on for 20 seconds. If the matching is between 70 to 80% - green light is on for 15 seconds. If the matching is between 80 to 90% - green light is on for 10 seconds.

ierence road

Image o

Image of traffic junction!

SimulationResults trer2

delsyl 0.7y2

9 tred

g - delay4

Detected ambulance template

Ambulance in traffic

Amblingiffiggisi

CONCLUSION A technique is provided in this article to estimate traffic using image processing. "Traffic control using image processing" method that overcomes all the constraints of the previous traffic control methods used. Using the algorithm eliminates the need for additional hardware like sound sensors.For these vehicles, the enhanced response time is essential to preventing loss of lives. The major benefit is the signal time variation that uses picture matching to iegulate the suitable traffic density. High-priority vehicles can be identified with a high degree of precision that

helps prevent traffic congestion from losing lives. The benefits of this new technique include the use of image processing over sensors, low price, simple

configuration, and comparatively excellent -precision and velocity. Because this technique was implemented using

image processing and PYTHON-OPENCV software, the cost of manufacturing is small while achieving high

velocity and precision and identifying violations of vehicle spiral movements. The precision of time calculation owing to single moving camera relies on the position of the registration while facing the street each time. This technique reduces the use of additional hardware devices such as sensors, wireless routers, GSM modems, monitoring station set-up etc. Vehicle detection presence is consistent as traffic pictures are taken here.Reality is visualized and therefore functionality is more efficient and effective than any technique.

traffic [Sallee who struggle to make way for ambulant. es stuck behind rows of vehicles at signals.

Students of Sap-lapin i College of Engineering, un-der the guidance of their professors Dr Dinesh K An vekar and Dr Sas. m ita Mohapatra. created a light sea' sear of sorts that wall detect (Ile light pulse sequence ad am• bulance With Ibis. traffic pollee can manually opcsaie signals and let am bulances pass

The tram of students in eludes Ithirth-semester (Tonics and Communication Engineering students Ni tin 11 S. B K Ha Dahl lq•atInka V M anal Bbarad wad H P

"The electronics and au MI-minuted a an (land "sirs , the

EXPRESS NEWS SERVICE system are implemented by @ Bengaline two micnicontroller boards

in the traffic light unit and TO tackle one of the recur- one micro-controller within ring problems in the city • the torch." said the heavy traffic disrupting students.

rc emergency health serees The liaffic Lights control a group of students has r• system consists of a light come Mother to find a sr ilai e o al e sequence detector tion•They ant now pa tent Inc mounted above the red traf- I their 'Traffic Control Sys tielight. and a light pulse se- tem', which win be an Irmo quence emitting torch The valhae solution for light pulse se.

quence is li

ihe treat Opts control system unlit

of eget cork 'emerge detectog

metaled move theses eagle Ughtnanals tight

guise seouerce erratum tceosItse

tight prise sequencers detect/etre aught

sersorintellacedie a nitio-cantrollei. The

loiCh as a trilao-cantroiler Mel

producesa wedetermesed

SeQUEIMeal 1151111315.5.5

11,a.icat audaits

Es La

St board. it will aid ts the ambulance s driver in heavy baffle -The light code w

sequenur detector no recognises I aght as sequences and et

signals Its,' Online light cots- so trot circuit to switch inunP diately to green and allow hi the zunbultmcv to pass." they La) added an

The invention has been at talts1 or pa loin ias tic by the lu Indian Pal ruts.. Office. they tk ad ;ded

duces a pre-deter-mined sequence of light pulses,"Lhe group said.

Since the light Sensor is placed against a icon-slab:twits black. chow pat ern*

detected bya light et sensor Interfaced as to a micro-con- is troller. The torch Sr has a macro-con troller that pro- f'

FEED( FATIIIIIX @Be natural

JUSTa week ago. TheNew Indian F.Aprese had a report on the Bangalore Train Pu-

ce (DTP) carrying out special drives to ack down on people popp mg wheelies ad drag racing. Now, the traffic police ace not only decided to nab riders but ealsoouthe iookootformechwaacs and

garages who modify these bikes aunt cm a. or drag raclng They will get details Mom hear places

"Crame Friday we will launch a strict en forcemeat drive to curb drag racing. The traffic pollee will locate spots when,- drag races take place and will nab people alto participate Not only riders, we will also gn

ditlenent automobile engineering sin mis, garages. mechanics and tlarasr• Ut

'nil 0, the modification of oars and bakes warn them,' said Additional Column

inner arf tkal ice Charnel tIar,sli'-kano, P This apart, the traffic police at dl also seek their social media handles to Mel opt-tints of wheelie popping and drag elite. "If people tag 115 withI a pal lin id it di eir registration n umber. it will la, oat to nab people responsible." sant a eller traffic police °nor Harishekarail also pointed out that this lie then, will be no fines. A case will be eked krunediately and the Metier will be (swat 'All Die drag racers will be naught

alquistionedaboutothatalragnscays than low Thtmgh we have seen at wan to ant ato ieleitle in cases Dom last soar :Ps birth near put an teed to this." !wadded

Wheelie menace: Traffic cops to grill mechanics

cp

Students hom Sapthakin College al Engineering pretending a censor-based talk agna i an Bengaluru on Wednesday i Sawa oil

STUDENTS INVENT DEVICE TO HELP AMBULANCES IN TRAFFIC

Princip Septha girl College of neerIng 14/6,

Chikkaaandra, Hesaraghatia Main Road Dengaluru - 560 057

On'"" vitt., I

System for Swift Passage Ambulances _ _ _

1 1:

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 'NANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI -590018

A Project Report On

"DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARTICULATED 3—D PRINTER"

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

Mr. CHETAN GOWDA H S Mr. MANISH RAO S Mr. POOR VIK S Mr. ROHITH J

(1SG16ME402) (1SG16ME416) (1SG16ME426) (1SG16ME434)

Under the Guidance Of Dr. M ELANGOVAN

Professor

SAPTIIIAGIRI collage of Engineering Creating Tomorrow

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SAPTHAGIRI C4 LEGE OF ENGINEERING

14/5, Chikkasandra, Hesar. Main Road, Bengaluru-560057

[AFFILIATED TO VISVESVARA LOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVII

14

SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 14/5, Hesaraghatta, Main Road, Chikkasandra, Bengaluru-560057


SAPTHAGIRI College of Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled "Design and Fabrication of Articulated 3-D

Printer" carried out by Chetan Gowda S (1SG16ME402), Manish Rao S

(1SG16ME416), Poorvilc S (1SG16ME426), Rohith J (LSG16111E434) Bonafide

students of 8th semester, Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sapthagiri

College of Engineering, Bengaluru in partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of

Engineering in Mechanical Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological

University, Belagavi during the year 2018-19. It is certified that all

corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in

the Report deposited in the departmental library. The project report has been approved

as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the

said Degree.

Dr. M Elangovan Dr. P Mahadevaswamy r. K L Shiv2baslakii

Signature of the Guide

Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Examiner Name of the Reviewer

Signature with date

.

t\\,415

Dr .

PlIFIC: al

Sapthagirt College of Engineering

1416, chinesandre, tieseragbatte

Ikaln Road

Remelt's' - 560 057

ABSTRACT

This project introduces the implementation of a low-cost 3D printing Robotic Arm. Articulated

Robotic Arms made up of several joints and actuated by motors are generally used in industrial

field for lifting and manufacturing purposes. 3D printers are machines used for converting digital

3D model into physical 3D object. 3D object can be build by using Additive Manufacturing

process. In AM process successive layers of material are laid one upon another and the process

repeats until the final object is obtained. The additive process used in this project is Fused

Filament Fabrication. By using this method, it is able to print object more accurately and

smoothly. FFF model uses thermoplastic filament that is wound on a coil and unreeled to supply

material through cold end of an extrusion nozzle, which turns the flow on and off. The hot end of

the extruder melts the material and can be moved in both horizontal and vertical directions. Both

the movement of robotic arm and extruder is directed by a numerically controlled mechanism

that is directly controlled by a computer-aided manufacturing software package. The model or

part is produced by successively layering the thermoplastic material that is extruded from the

nozzle. Movement of extruder is controlled by stepper motor. By combining Robotic arm with

3D printing technology, it is capable for increasing range of operation and it is comparatively

more flexible than commercially available desktop 3D printers.

Pr

Sapthagirl CO of Englneering

1416, Chtkkensandra, Mosereghods Mato Road ad0151070 HO 057

JIftUvl 1 1 .14 ti

1.4

1.4.1

1.4.2

1.4.3

1.4.5

2.1.1

2.1.2

2.1.3

2.1.4

2.1.5

2.1.5.1

2.1.5.2•

2,1,6

.2

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.2.3

2.2.4

PAGE

1

2

2-4

5

5

Printing

Finishing

Application

Education

Apparel

Construction

Medical

Literature survey

Various techniques developed for additive manufacturing

Photo polymerization

The Material jetting

Two photon Polymerization

powder

Material extrusion

Fused deposition modeling

Direct writing assembly

Lamination

Laminated object manufacturing

Selective deposition lamination

Motion Configuration in 3D Printers

Cartesian configuration

Delta configuration

SCARA configuration

Polar configuration

5-6

6-7

7

7

7-8

8

9

10

11

11

11-12

12

13

14

14

14

15

15

15

16

16

16-17

17

18

Principa Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/6, Chikkasandra, Hasaraghalla Main Road

Benaaluru - 560 057

SLNO CONTENTS

1 Introduction

1.1 3d printer

1.2 History

1.3 Principle

1.3.1 Modeling

1,3.2

1.3.3

2.3 Materials used in FDM 3D Printing 18-19

Methodology 20

3.1 Flow chart 21

3.2 H Selection of process 21-22

3.3 Selection of mechanism 22

Electronics 23

Controller 23

Stepper motor 23

Stepper drivers 23

Software 23

3.5.1 Cad tools 23-24

3.5.2 Cam tools 24

Design and fabrication 25

Calculations 26

4.1.1 Motor torque calculation equations 26

4.1.2 Forward kinematics equations 26-28

Cad design 29-31

Assembly 32

Work envelope 33-34

Manufacturing drawing 35

Fabrication 36

Fabrication and postprocessing using manual machine tools 37

Assembly 38

Final assembly 39

Bill of materials 40

Electronics 41

Introduction 42

Controller board 42

.21 Arduino mega 42-43

Ramps 43-44

Prin pal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 1416, Chtkluesentrn, Heseragbatte Main Road

6engaluru - 550 051

2.1

6.6 2

<6-6 3 Arduino ide

6•6 3 Curstel wall CNC

Result and conclusion

Result

Conclusion

Specifications

References

Stepper motors

Selection of stepper motor

Stepper motor applications

Nema 17

Stepper drivers

LCD controller

Thermistor

Power supply

Software

SOFTWARE USED FOR DESIGNING THE 3D printer

Solid works

Software used for generating g codes for 3d printing

Cura

Laser GRBL

44

44-46

46

46

46

47

48

48.

49

50

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60-61

Principal Saptriagirl College of Engineering 1416, aliclunandrs,Hesaraghatte Main Read

Bengeturu - 560 057

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARTICULATED 3D PRINTER

INTRODUCTION 1.1 3-D PRINTER

A 3d printing is an added substance fabricating procedure where 3D articles and parts are made

by the option of different layers of material. It can likewise be called as fast prototyping. It is

a motorized technique where 3D articles are rapidly made according to the required size

machine associated with a PC containing outlines of any item.

The added substance strategy may vary with the subtractive procedure, where the material is

expelled from a square by chiseling or penetrating. The primary motivation to utilize 3d printer

is for 90% of material use, increment item life, lighter and more grounded. 3D printing is

productively used in different fields, for example, aviation, vehicle, restorative, development

and in assembling of numerous family items.

1.2 HISTORY

The 3D printing advancement is certifiably not another idea the same number of thinks.

Whenever FDM (melded affidavit displaying) licenses had terminated in 2009, the 3D printing

turned into another advancement point. Also, due to which it ended up being more standard,

people imagined that FDM was the only a solitary included substance delivering framework.

In any case, the underlying 3D printing system was SLA not FDM, and its first patent was

recorded in 1980's. Here is the verifiable scenery of 3D printing development, from 1980 to

today.

In 1980's there was the presentation of 3 essential 3D printing frameworks. Dr. Kodana was

the main individual to present layer by layer approach for gathering and moreover he was the

key individual to make quick prototyping methodology. In addition, he made an ancestor for

SLA. He polymerized a photosensitive gum with the help of UV light, in any case, did not

succeed. Amazingly for Dr. Kodana, the full patent detail was not recorded by him before the

one-year due date after the application, the reasons for 3d printing development can be pursued

from 1983.

In 1983 Charles frame was the individual to complete a patent on stereolithography. Casing

planned the term stereolithography in august 8, 1984 patent application for "Contraption for

making of 3 dimensional inquiries by stereolithography". Moreover, was the primary

individual to make SLA- (stereolithography) machine in 1987.Charles structure was the

author 3D framework Corporation (one of the greatest and more impel affiliation working in

3d printer division today). Body described stereolithography as the novel procedure which is

utilized for making strong articles by printing progressive layers of bright treatable material

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCE, B g uru Page 2

Pcknoip-

Sapthagiri Calle ngineering

1415, ChIldtasandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road Bengalutu - 550 05?

Page 3 a

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARTICULATED 3D PRINTER

over other. In edge's patent, he explains, a concentrated light discharge light is revolved around

the surface stacked with a liquid photopolymer. The light beam which is constrained by a PC

draws each layer of the model on the outside of the fluid. any place the brilliant light strikes

the surface, the photopolymer polymerizes and changes to strong. Utilizing the product

CAD/CAM scientifically cuts (changes over into layers) the models. at that point the procedure

fabricates the models layer by layer.

During the year 1990's the other 3D printing development and procedures were risen during

this year. What's more, the presentation of new 3D printer makers and lowlife apparatuses. 3D

frameworks make their first business clearance of stereolithography (SLA) framework. Also,

the other rising procedures were ballistic molecule fabricating (BPM) licensed by William

experts, strong ground restoring (SGC) was been protected by Itzchak Pomerantz et al.

Moreover, other creating associations saw in the midst of the nineties till today - Stratasys,

EOS, and 3D frameworks. The 1990's were the season of first utilization of the 3D printer in

medicinal scientists, who merged the method for pharmaceutical and 3D printing and opening

the odds to various customers. In 1992 the patent done on melded affidavit demonstrating was

issued to Stratasys, who had created may 3D printers both for expert and for people. The SLA

(Stereolithographic) mechanical assembly was made in this year by 3D frameworks. The main

SLA machine utilizes an UV laser setting photopolymer, and a fluid with the consistency and

shade of nectar that makes the item layer by layer. This was the main quick prototyping

structure that had changed the building scene and plan for ever.

From 1993-1999, the fundamental entertainers of the 3D printing segment, which had

developed with different methods. Sanders model (later Solidscape) and Z Corporation were

set up in 1996 as far as business task, Arcam was built up in 1997.

During that time where these 3D printing areas had begun to start the exhibit particular

broadening with these two quite certain areas accentuation that is unmistakably characterized

today. They were top of the line 3D printing and still they are over the top expensive which

were outfitted towards the standard creation for high esteem and complex parts. This are

developing quickly and progressing yet the outcomes are presently noticeable underway

applications over the car, aviation, medicinal and in gems areas. Furthermore, at the opposite

end, a portion of the 3D printing framework makers were creating and propelling the "idea

modelers", they were called around then. These 3D printers continued concentrating on by and

large advancement and improvement of these working prototyping that were being created on

explicitly as these workplaces and easy to use and the practical frameworks. Be that as it may,

these frameworks were particularly helpful in modem app ications.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCE, Be

Prin Sapthagici Coiiege oi Engineering

CIII6dvasandra, Heseraghatts MEtIn gOad

BeflittitUIU - 560 057

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ARTICULATED 31) PRINTER • -•-•1

At the lower end of market, the 3D printers that today are been seen. During this term there,

cost was a war between the 3D printing organizations with the expansion in progress, precision,

speed and materials. In 2007 the market saw the main framework under 10,000$ from 3D

frameworks however it never hit the market as expected to be. This was because of the market

impact of different organizations.

All through in 2000 3D printing innovation continued creating to make lower-estimated models

with different highlights. In 2003 there was the new development that 3D printer was utilized

to build cells when Thomas Boland of Clemson college protected for the utilization of inkjet

printers for printing of cells. To adjust these spotting frameworks for testimony of the cells into

the especially sorted out 3D networks set on a substrate this procedure were utilized. The

printing of organic structures is known as Bio printing. The thousand years saw the principal

3D printed kidney working. Furthermore, more methods for printing came vigorously, for

example, expulsion bio printing, have been inquired about and presented as a methods for

generation. Because of which the organs might be printed utilizing bio printing and can be

transplanted.

In2004 the starting of RepRap venture which comprises of a self-duplicating 3D printer. This

open wellspring of the RepRap undertaking prompted spreading of FDM 3D work area 31)

printers and fame of 3D printers starts from here.

In 2005, Z-Corp propelled the range Z510. The primary shading and top quality 3D printer.

The main SLS machine monetarily open in 2000, which offered chances to the producer to

=instruct modem parts. A 3D printing new business Objet assembled a machine that could

print more than one material, which permitted a solitary part that can be made and created with

trims material properties.

Pririzipa Sapthagirl College of Engineering 1415, ChlIdureandfs, Heaaraghatta Main Road

Bengaluru - 580 057

_cartnent of Mechanical Engineering, SCE, Bengaluru Page 4

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AR77CULATED 3D PRINTER

7.2 CONCLUSION The objective of the project was to design and develop a low cost articulated robot which caries

out 3D printing for non-precession applications towards this the robot was designed and

developed and fitted with a 3Dprinting end effector the entire device was interfaced through a

control device and software customized for this purpose the printing was successfully carried

out for various basic geometry as well as standard solid models using PLA material the work

volume of the articulated robot is comparatively larger then the regular cartesian type robot

that are presently available .

BUILD VOLUME COMPARED TO FLOOR SPACE CONSUMPTION

Compared to actual 3d printer floor space consumption and our articulated 3d printer

we have reduced 40% floor space consumption.

ACCURACY

Within given time frame and money constrains Compared to commercially available

3d printers we have achieved nearly same accuracy, but still greater accuracy can be achieved

with further improvement of algorithm, stepper motors, drivers and other hardware

components.

CAPABILITY

Most of the 3d printers available commercially are only meant for 3d printing but with

our design other then 3d printing it is capable of performing other operations like pick and

place, pen plotting, laser engraving, soldering etc.

Po at

SaPtbSg\tk College Ot

ErkreeCkng

S415, ChMessodts,tiesategliatta hkao Road Bengankru - 560 051

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SCE, Bengaluru Page 58

-

_7.7;7:1: • —

7S144'77 7 7 —;77' ::a7.

ttz fil'40:=:--$

=

4ar t7-7.7..7:ZZ7 7..iLt--"L.

- . =7:7.

fzzr..17rc r_atr_wct.

zfr.s.7

=Mt. CSC) r

dr

eltfet I I

Design and Fabrication of

Articulated 3-D printer

Prin @OMNI'', College Oftngjpgj 9

thlillttilfIntifIli HvilanighanaMIIn Road liaagaluru - 660 057

5.,

79

Satellite

Antenna

Arduino

Microcontroller

GPS Satellites based accurate clock with analog clock hands

15

Lit up

LEDs

Lit up

LEDs

LED

Strips

Description:

A unique accurate digital clock based on GPS signals and displaying time like traditional

clocks with 3 hands has been developed by the students and faculty of the Sapthagiri

College of Engineering. Dr. Dinesh K. Anvekar, Dr. Prakash Jadhav, and Dr.

Satheeshkumar H. C., the professors in the Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering of the Sapthagiri College of Engineering have guided the

students in developing the clock. The specialty of the clock is that it gets the time

information from GPS satellites and displays the time in analog manner even though all

processing is done digitally. It has 'moving' second, minute and hour hands, but there are

priii6pat Sapthaglrl College of Engtheorin

n

1415, Chitckasandra, n

no moving parts at all as the impression of motion of hands is created by switching light

emitting diode (LED) strings. There is no need to manually adjust the time at any time.

Once the clock is powered, it receives GPS signals from a compact antenna from at least

3 satellites and extracts the time value given as GMT. This time is converted to 1ST by

adding the lead time value with reference to GMT. The functions of the clock are

implemented with an Arduino microcontroller board and a GPS receiver board. Only an

uninterrupted power supply is required to keep the clock running. However, solar panel

based power supply has also been included in the design.

The clock is very useful for providing accurate time for public in railway and bus stations

and other public utility facilities. As the clock is free of any moving parts the maintenance

required is very minimal. The clock hands are displayed using 3 in 1 LED strips with Red,

Blue, and Green lights. As the LED lights are bright the hands of the clock can be seen

clearly even during daylight. The size of the clock can be minimized to a circle size of 1

foot and such clocks can be used in indoor environments.

The team of students Nandini S., Anusha S.V., Bhumika K.S.,Divyashree R.A. of ECE

dept and students Divij N. and Divya K. of CS Dept, and faculty designed and developed

the clock in a period of about 3 weeks during their post exam holidays. The cost of the

clock which is 3ft in diameter and 3 inches deep is about Rs 10,000/-. The cost can be

minimized further by mass production. The minimized 1 ft version of the clock will cost

about Rs4000/-.The students have plans to take it forward as an entrepreneurial venture

and commercialize it. The project was sponsored by the management of Sapthagiri

College of Engineering and was encouraged and supported by the Principal Dr. K.L.

Shivabasappa and Adminstrative Officer Dr. K. R. Nagabhushana.

Prin pal Sapthagiri College of Engineering 14/5, Chlkkaaandra, Hesaraohatta Main Road

eeneialuru -

Principal

Sapthagiri College of Engineering 1415, Chikkeaandra, Hesaraghatta Main Road

Benoaluru -560 0r7

Students create digital clock with LED hands

TIMES NEWS NETWORK

Bengaluru: One glance at this clock will tell you that times ha-ve changed! Students and fa-' culty of Sapthagiri College of Engineering have developed an accurate digital clock that gathers time from GPS signals and displays it like a traditio-nal analog clock.

The three-foot-tall clock rece-ives GPS signals from three sa-tellites using a compact antenna and extracts the time value as GMT It is then converted to 1ST by adding the lead time value and the time is shown through three hands of the clock.

However, the clock has no moving hands or parts and the impression of movement of hands is created by switching light emitting diode (LED) strings. The clock thus has 1,400

CHANGING CHIMES: The clock display creates the impression of needles using LED strings

different points to make con-nections, 2,000 soldering po-ints, 180 Darlington pair trans-istors, 60 strips of LED and one micro-controller board. "The challenge was to make these LED strips and the connec-tions. One wrong connection could spoil the whole clock," sa-id Nandini S, a student

The clock needs uninter-rupted power supply that can come through the solar panels attached to it. "The advantage is that it needs no maintenance as it doesn't have moving parts and batteries. LED has a life of 10-20 years. Also, the time once set needn't be reset again, and it is accurate. The clock can prove useful at railway or bus stations or places like a clock tower whe-re everyday maintenance is dif-ficult," said Dinesh K Anvekar, faculty at the college.

The clock cost Rs 10,000 to make, but it can come down to Rs 4,000 for a one-foot-tall ver-sion. The team of students who developed it are: Nandini S, Anusha SV, Bhumika KS, Divy-ashree RA, Divij N and Divya K under the guidance of Dinesh K, Prakash Jadhav and Sathe-eshkumar HC. Je

Digital CIOC th LED hands

SepthagIrl College Engin enrn 14/6, Chlkkesendra, Heeareg aft° Main k.i -f:

Bengaluru - 580 057

3.2.1 EcoSystem - SAPTHAGIRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Documents