31.land empires ii_1450-1750

“Made In China”

• What is Shaffer’s argument? Does her interpretation change how we understand Europe and/or China?

• What sources would you like to examine to support or undermine Shaffer’s argument?

ZHENG HE’s EXPLORATIONS (1405-1433)

Filled with admiration for the great Chinese empire . . . I came from the West on a boat in the

year 1582. —Matteo Ricci

BUSHIDO

BUSHIDO

Shiba Yosimasa: Advice to a Young Samurai

• What defines the ideal samurai?

BUSHIDO

Wielders of bow and arrow should behave in a manner considerate not only of their own honor, of course, but also of the honor of their descendants. They should not bring on eternal disgrace…for their limited lives.

BUSHIDO

…A genuine motive would be, for example, to give up your life for the sake of the sole sovereign, or serving under the commander of the military in a time of need; these would convey an exalted name to children and descendants.

BUSHIDO

…It is said that good warriors and good Buddhists are similarly circumspect. Whatever the matter, it is vexing for the mind not to be calm…Even if your parents may be stupid, if you obey their instructions, at least you won’t be violating the principle of nature.

Kinkakuji: The Golden Pavilion

So what happens next…

• Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)• Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598)• Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)

The Social Order

• Warriors• Farmers• Craftsmen• Merchants

Foreigners in Japan

Foreigners in Japan

Edicts of Hideyoshi, 15871.Japan is the country of gods, but has been

receiving false teachings from Christian countries. This cannot be tolerated any further.

2.The [missionaries] approach people in provinces and districts to make them their followers, and let them destroy shrines and temples. This is an unheard of outrage. When a vassal receives a province, a district, a village, or another form of a fief, he must consider it as a property entrusted to him on a temporary basis…

4. The black [Portuguese and Spanish] ships come to Japan to engage in trade. Thus the matter is a separate one. They can continue to engage in trade.

Edict of 1635

• Was this a wise choice? Why? Why not?

Golden Horde (Mongol Khan = tsar)

Tsar Ivan III: Ivan the Great

Tsar Ivan IV: Ivan the Terrible (c. 1550)

Region Z

Region Y

Region X

Other reasons for expansion?

– CAESAR TSAR/CZAR (3rd Rome)– Defender of Christianity (vs. Muslim

Ottomans)

Peter the Great

• Westernization Reforms (1689-1725)– Increased

centralization–Military reforms– Compete with West

6’ 8” (203 cm)

Peter the Great’s Westernization Reforms

• Selective Westernization

“You feed the foreigners too well,instead of bidding your folk to clingto old customs.” – priest to Tsar Alexis(cycles of enthusiasm and revulsion)

Consequences of Peter the Great:

– Russia and the West relationship? – Cosmetic Westernization• Class gap