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A STIIDT ur T TBLE COIWEUTTCMOf C

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A STUDT OK THI P0653 '-cr ccsiac RAT ^H, i^^m AITH

ATIRJflfflMTC PCmfTIAL OTADTBfT

PreMotA to xjm faoultjr of thc QraduataDiTt ion of tht TttxAj Tvchnologioal

Co l lag* in Part la l FUir i I jMn to f thm Rquirarnt6

For th Dgr ofmani or SCIEICI

KAroId YayxM BAHMr^ B t U M o o k | TXAfl

.hoM, I9U9

TryA-Tm.^nfocicAi^CCLlWf1 ' ', I l_A/\g

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T A 3 U : N T c . ? r r s

1 . I n t r o d u c t l o n Ib . n'tatlon6 of re s u lt a - 306 AcVnrwl* i YBtOt _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ "^7 . B l b x c T a y 3$8 . A- 36

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IfftlHMVftiiMFor A ha lf o#ntury , workera in r a d io a c ti v it y hv boon

OTax^ of the f Act th at A oharwi Itc tro c op o wiiX sicMly dis->ohart n hn no radiootT tource ^ ' >rBM r.v. '-MreTsrCouIOHbf M tflor M 178^, rcordd Uw fact that vhon prop&rproutions are takon to pr vn nt lAakaif d i jch are i i s t i UaotlMd on ahorfBd IotroMcp

Coka and RuthMrford^ aftdb tho first careful study ofth is pho notn on and f ound th at about 10 io ns per oar pr condw^r^ forMd in brM ^I fil ld with air when all knowaouroB of radiatian wrm oa r^ fu U y rMWT^d* Th^y a lJ o foundthat, bj ohiit ldlng th^ Ictroscop^ yr^^^ ^ ron and I^ad, thounknown radiation was xtrely pomtr. . ^j . .ing a daoroaaoof o n l j about UOJ in th s p rodu otion o f ion o*At f ir st i t waa tbooght tha t ta is rau iatio n was oft r r e st r ia l o r i ^ th at \a , i t was asMMd to bs ponetrat ingT' ra d ia ti on froa th^ groand . Oockol ^ in 1910^ HBW?, in 1911^and KoIhArster'', in I9I3-I9I14 showsdf hMsrvr, that tha rdA-tion Bust 0 o coa&ic ori^in oy sending Isctroscopes inba llo on s to U500 M tsr s^ 5^ . ^Mters, and 9000 M te r s a lt i t u d a ,rospsctiTvIjr* T IM M exrrMnts showed that ths radiat ion in-oroasod instsad of dacraasody as would ba xp^cted if th^ rays

1 K. Rutharford and Cooka, H L ., Ptri, ReT, 16 , Ifi3 (1 90 3)2 A. Oock l , Phys , i : e i t s , , I I , 28o"Tl?IoT r3 Hss, Phys,"I u 'I 7 T ? . 966 (I 9 I1 ) .h K oIh rs tr , ^h ^ . ^r i t s . , U L , I066 , I I53 (1913 ) .

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M re of t s r rv st r ia l or ig in* 'o lhdrster^ found that ths ion ima-t ion WM about Uo tM S M grsat a t 9000 M te rs as a t S M le v o l .H a l so ca lcu la ted a M S S a bsorp tio n c o f ' l c i c n t of ^ ^ 5 - '0^*'*!^,Itnich was Iatr shown to bs MOh V^o nigh a valua.

In other alt i tu d st ud ie s , Baeen, M iUikan, and Neharont ba l loons with recording baroMtrs , theraoMters , ande lec troscop es to w i th in 2% by we igh t of the top of the atBOphero,or about 22 i l e s . Pror Uieir data t iiey pl ott ed curves of ion[>airs forMd per c c . per sec aga inst the a lt i t u d e . TheM datawmr% taken a t F t . S M HMSton, Texas^, and Madras, Ind ia .^ Thsj^>ortance of these data WM recognisd when the curv^s rv>vealeddi f fe rc nt peaks for d i f fer^ nt M gn^t ic la t l tu do s* Another ro *veallnfr fact about th^ eurv*^ is that ths intens' ^ reached aptk at a cer tai n alU tu de and thn f^II off . This waa tho f i r s tTxMnM of tha xistsnco of a Mooodary raciUtion, whlchapparsntly was a radUUon forMd within ths aUiospnere of tharth and produced by a prlmary raiation coBng froei spac.

In I92U, 1925, and 1926, ki l l ikan and hls associaUs^*^sank electroscopes under wat-^r to a depth of 60 Beters and, froBthis evid^nM, concludod that the rays mist be htgh froquoncy lectroMgMtlc radiat ion of wava length approxinate ly I /300that o f the ahortest > ra d U ti on . ThsM data M re Uk en at

5 K olh rster , op> '' . p . U5 3.^ JL ? ^v> 'ill^it*n . Haher, and S . K. TlayMS. Ph ys, e v . .5 0 , 992 ( 1 9 3 2 ) . ^ *7 I . S . Bowen, R. A, i. lU ik a n , and B . V. Weher, Phys, ^ e v ..52, 8 0 ( 1 9 3 7 ) . ^ '8 R. A. l' iUik an and 0 . H. Caiwron, rh ys . ?. T . , 2:3, 8 ^ (1926)9 R. A . m i l ik a n and 0 . H. CaMron, r y s . Ig r . , 31 , 92I (1923)

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IKiir Lako and Arrowhasd Laks sinM thsM lakos, bsint' sf^

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ra di at io n undsr rock of ^. meters water aqu Ta lent. This iMqu iva lrn t to 12li M ie r s of le ad . Thus, i t is r.ot sur pris ingXJbAZ UTM rad ia t ion WM at f irst thought to be r ' "^^''"^ ^- st^^c^o f o h a r f i d p a r t i o l e s .

In 1927 , C la y^ d iscoT rred a M gn et i c la t i tu d e a f f e c t ,bot at first othcr workrrs were unAble to confirm his data.Aftar MbMqMnt Invest i^t i '^n , however , Mny others with i -provod techniqM and oqnipMnt hoMd his original findinc^s tobe t r M . Psrti ipe tho MOt r^I iab U of thoM in vc st i ga t io ns wasth at by Cos>pton sod T . ^ ThsM M asu ra M nts wor Mdo ontjtclve 8taasL'.p ToyiM* aoroM tM Pacific Ocaan fron p p ro MU Ijr 5$^ to It^ M gM ti o la t it u de T>ia OOMO rayintensitor was fo^uid to vary froa a osrtain valM at 55^ tolJ% Less at (f i latitudo, thsn upeard to ap^>raxBaUIy thao r i g i n a l v 1 u.-^ U5^* Thejs ujtXiux^ aiso sfxwsa rwii>11tMpora tura bar oM trio prMsoro Md saMnaI va r ia ti o n s. ^"er-hapa U Boot s ig n if ioan t WM tho variation with tM^ifratursan pr sM ur s . Ths xp IaM tioo that has boen s i igs ' ted i s thattssqicratu re caaB^Da cauM ' 's in ua ron ctrl c pr es su rs andthis ,^n tJim, accounU for a "thicker" or "thinner" atnosphsr*.

1$ J. Clay, Pr oc. Acftd. eton ach , AMUrdam, 3C, 1 U 5 (1 92 7) ,taken Trfn Stranathan, rHri' .c>a of Vodam ^yiysics , (Blakiston,P h il ad el ph ia , r ' ^ \ prTT'.16 A. H. wui t^ton *!. . . ?u m er , ^ y a . e v . , $2 , 799 (19 37 ).

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An increaM 1n ata iosnherlc th lckness wo^i ld obvious ly absorbore of the soft oos iponent of C O M C r a y s , t h u s l e s s e n i n g t hoO T s r a l l i n U n s i t y a t t h e m i r f a c e o f t h a e a r t h .

S i n o e te m p e ra tu r e arsu o a r o M t r i c p r e s s u r e i n d i r e c t l /M U M s oM ch an ge s i n e l e c t ^ l c n o t r n t l a l g r a d i e n t , t h e l a t U rh a s b e e n s u g ^ v s t e d a s t h e c a u M o f s o a e c o M c r a y v a r i a t i o n .B y a s s u n i n g c ru de T a l u e s f o r t h e s l e c t r i c p o U n t i a l - ' n tand t h o M i g h t o f t h ^ a t M f l p M r a , t h a w r i U r ha s c a l o u l a t e dt h a t I f a p a r t i c l e e t - r U d f r o r e a t a t th t o n o f th e a t a o s -p ihers and was ao c Isr ate d by a p o U n t ia l > ' cn the oa rtha n d t h e a t a o s p h s r e , t h s p a r t i o l e w o u l d g a i n e n e r g y g r * a t e n c u ^to oau M p OMb ly S O M T a r i a t i o n I n t h e e n e r g i e s o f t h e C O M Cra d l a t lo n .^ ' T h la ca l f fa la t^ on d s n o t U k e in to con a ld p rat^ .ont h e T a r i a t i o n o f p o U n t l a l '.'-At as O M go ss thr'^' :h thea tB Osph srv and sh ou ld n o t b e in t er p r et s d M S p o sa ib l s rMS onf o r t h e M c h h i g h e r e M r j j i s s o f t h e C O M C r a d i a t i o n b u t a s ar s a a o n f o r t h e v a r l a t l o n o f e o M c r a y I n U n s i t y w i t h a * . r o s -p M ri c ;> oU n t iaI rt; n t , i f su ch a p hanoMn on d oe s e x l s t .

L s M t r e and V a U a r U ^ a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d t he p o s s i b i l i t yt h a t t h s U t i t u d o s f f e o t i s oauM d b y t he e a r t h ' s M g M i i of i e d . Wh iU i t I s k novn frosi ab sorr ' t ion a tu d ie s th a t th e ra ysp M M S s v e r y h i g h e M r g i e s and t h a t t h s e a r t h ' s f l e l d i sr e l a t i v e l y w e ak , th a U t U r x U n d s fo r hu ridred s o f I T I P S abova

17 & ap p a n d ix .18 0 . LM ait re and V. S . V a l U r U , Phgjrt. I I I I T . , l3 , 8 7 ( 1 9 3 3 ) .

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tha arth's rorfaco^ thus, the bsnding of path for even veryhigh eMrgy rays My be apprsc iabU.

If ths shape of tne earth' field is uakon into account,( i . s . , sMiUr to ths fUId produc^d by a bar MgMt), norobonding should be producod at ths MgMtic equator than athighr U t i t u d s s . The bsnding i s found to be so great fo rsoM los t tMrgy part ic les ( thoM with less than 17 b i l l ion U ct ro n v o lU M r g y ) ^ th a t th ay w U l b^ b en t sway f roa th sar th s n t i r e ly . Thus ths oossdo ray in U n si ty would be sx -p^cted to be loMr at the MgMtic quator .

Anow.er cxperiAentai .

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tons hitting ths upper atBOphsr* of the earth^ byproMM this radiation is broken down into oth*r pax*ticles,SM pos i t i ve and soM M g t i vs , whlch co n st i t lU th^coodary ra dia t io n . Th M ft cMpon^nt usu al ly co n s i sUof eUctx*ons, pos itr on s, and protons (the eU ct ro n and p M -troo are producad by pair fomation fTM protons), and thhard or penetrating coapoMnt ia usuallj Mdo up of a novparticU discovered by Andar^on and Nadd^rMyer^^ in 1936.Thla nartlcU ia the neson, whlch la rari^oactlve and dsMysinto an eUctron or positron with a half l i fe of fri 2 to3 aicro-MConds, has s mmm appc^xi.Tuitrly 29o tises thit ofths e lectron, and oiay have either a posit ive or a negativschar gs . I t i s inU res t in t : to noU that th ls now p a rt ic U waip rsd ic t sd a th eMit i ca l Iy f ron th eore t i ca l con s id sra t ion s b y

^^ in 1935 snd for a long tiM was oalUd ttm "lkMaP a r t i c U ." P h y s ic is U a rs * '"fJr'! coM m agr^oM nt nowtha t tha "TkMa Pa rU cU " and tha Mson are tha M M p a rt lc U ^

This secondary radiation reachss th earth in amounU thatTary but U t t U ( , - lO^) betesn day and oight^ thu s, i tMB ot haTe or igi na ted in the su n. Osigsr-MUIUr oounUr Maaurs*M n U mtvcm th a t th s ooa i c ray in t sn s i ty i s s l i gh t ly gr saU rh on t hs pl lk y way i s '^rerhead than whn on the ho rl zo n . Thiis,

20 C. D. Anderson ftnd .;. H. M eddsnw yer, Ph ys. Ro T., 50 ,27C (1936).21 H. TukMs, '* ' a . ' 'ath . So c. Japan, quted fTMStranathan P a rt ic U s . .em rhy slcs (T^Ukiston, Ph ilad eli ihia .I9U6) , p . 5 3 3 , 5 5 1 .

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p r eM n t e v id en M M M S t o ^ n d ic aU Uia t th e cos n i c ra ys mayo r i ^ i n a U w i t h i n o u r g i a x y

T hs s u b j o t o f a t s > sp h ar ic p o U n t i a l g r s d i e n t , U k e w M ^h as oeen a f U i a o i s c i en ce th a t Hu s t p en a a i r tos t rn x .u re iyujjon e n p ir ic a l r e s u l t s ** r s t idy . *s ar ly aa 1752, Ls V^'^'Urrec og n U ed U u t th e re was a lw a / s , < >verywh ere , a n ore or l e s sp e r s a n e n t c l e c t r i c a l p o U n t i a l g r.. i o n t . "nrough t h s y s A r s , a n y M a a u r s M n U o L l c n t M r a M a u ir ^m g ho ut \,rm

22w or ld . o taL U aMn g th aM a r ly work ers wers Pe cca r ia ,P e l t U r ^ ^ , '.'orLnder^^, S in )M n2 5, and Parkinaon^^ vhoM paper*p o i n U d U t h f a c t t h a t t h e e U c t r i c g r a d i e n t w as e v e r c .& n i^ in g,due to tejnperatuxw, oartss ieu ' ic pressure , v inu vci .oc i ' . / , cxouasand o th e r aU os n h er i c c h a n je a . ThaM worVers fou nd an avera gso f a ro un d Uc v o I U p e r a e U r f o r a U ymtkr r o u n d .LaUr workers included Dvight^^, Depp^naan^ and othex*s whor o p o r to d M n U a l I y th a s aM d a U M g i v a n ^bovts e x o e p t f o r

22 0 . n ^o ca ria , p l U e l e c t r i c i U U r r e s t r e a U o s f e r i o aa c i e l o l e re n o , T u r ln 1775 , fT M T . PyMS , "A S tu d y o f th a Ata M -p h sr io Potan t ia l Grad ien t a t L u b b ock , T sxaS |" (T h es i s , T exasT M h n o U g i e a l C o U e . ^ , L u b b o e k , T X M , 1 9 3 5 ; , p . 2 .2 3 P o l t l e r , km. de C his de . e t dii P h ^ . IV, 38 5 , lf lU2, fr M s . o p . c l t . , p . 2 .2h I '. K. Nor in d sr , S ven sk s Vetenk ap s Ak sd . Han d l in ger . I v i i i ,1 9 1 7 - I 9 I 9 , l o . l , froBj H a yM S , o p . c i t . , p . 3 .i:5 0 . C* Slaipaon, Ro y. V et . ^-K T ^ u a r t e r l y '00^. , TV, 19Ih,p . 1 2 , f ro B H oyM ^ o p . c i t . , p . 326 Par kinson , Paper pres ' -nU d a t th# Ui P a ci f i c Sc ie nMC o n f s r e n c e , f r o s i H a y M S , o p . c i t . , p . 5 .27 D w it'h t, T e r r . " _ , _ ^ tm . n ^ c . , 3 6 , 3 09 ( 1 9 3 l ) .28 DopneriBan, TcrT . . a"T"AU. ^ e c . , 36 , 231 (1 9 3 1 ) .

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d l f f e r e n t n a r U o f t h e w o r l d .AroTind 1926, ProfeMor K. F. OoorfSf o^ TexM TechnoIogMl

CoIIegs, beosM InUrestod in the e lectrio gradient at i^bbock^TvxM, when he Mtad a d isohirgo of Uctr ic i ty fron an Mria lIra d- ln wlm to a sUaiii ra d U to r diirlnp a sandstorm . -'non nakli gM aa ur sM nU of th is v o IU g s which exoodd L'i,000 voI*!i . t.r' ena high anUnna and groond, he reportod his f^nd' u:a to thsM ri ca n bo cia ty for the HiirsnrsMnt of ScienM which M t InIMso in 1927.ProfesMr^ C. C. 9M dt ad W. H. Abbitt, of tha aaMinst i tut ion , took ovsr tha probUa v i th an Upoorad Uchn qMa fM y e a rs U U r . Thsy usad n t i a U y th s S S M s y s t M t h a tths wriUr usod In his obaorvstlons conMmsd with this napor.Ur Schsiidt and Dr. Abbitt found that as a sandstora approac^od,ths gradient r iuctuated :^Ueen pMitive and MgatTe Taluesaad went s trong ly M gs t lv s during sandstorM, sos nt i ne s as greatM 3000 to LOOO v o lt s osr M U r .^ ^

HoMtoQ^, in 1932, condi:ctd ro^Mrch atUnptinf^ too e r r a U U t h i s n n n a M l ffwiimnx, ith ataMphsr ic conit i >ns .Aaong h i s f ind ing s , hs prorsd tha t ths U c t r i c l t y could not bs ^ d b y co l l i a io n s o f Mmd p a r t i c U s w i th th e co IU eto r sv s tMi ,and, aiso, that th gradUnt lap^ndsd U a lUitad exUnt u->onU. Virpx ra iu re , ba ro M tric p r^s surs , and re ia ti v e hur.

29 C. Hou stcn, "A btudy of C rU in Ata osp hs ric FhMioMnonAoooBpanying Sand Sto na s," (T hc sU , Toxas .o gi oa l C ol U gs ,Lubbock, T^XM, 1932).30 Ib id .

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10In th^ su M sr of 1 935, Haynea^^ nade obs er va tio M of theM

Ta ria t io M , atUnp t in i : to d iscoTer po ss ib U causes for t ; / .His obMrvations ahowod MntiaUy tha aaM rauIU ^s Hoaston*sbut indicated furtiMr th^t CIMUT weauier ^iiaienx.9 ij*c prm^d n i n a U l y p o s i t i v e , SOM 10 o r 15 v o l t s p er M U r i n t h i s l o c a l i V .Tha w ri U r has al so f ound tha t in c U a r wsathar hr XJbm g r a d U n tU trom 2 or 3 U about >< or Uo v o IU per M U r . On dry, ho t,oUar days, the gradlsnt is uauaxx/ on the ordar of 2 or 3 Toltsp er B eU r p os i t ive , w h iU ^n days that ara s l ightly windy orcloudy, i t My ba p os it i ve u U 30 or Lo v o lt s per rveUr.

31 T. Ha/MS, op . c i t . ^

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APPARATUS AND MFrHCOS OF OBSERVATIoNS l a M o a l y a v r a f : v a l M S o f p o t o n t U l g r a n i e n t w e r a n a d e d

f o r t h i s o b M r v a t i o n , t h e w r i U r us e d a c r w io n D o U M U k q xia dr an te U c t r o M U r co nn ec te d U a c o l l e c t o r s y a t M a ou nte d th rM M U r sbOT^ ground. "le U e t r i c i i l conn

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12range o f tM U o tr o M U r . >MMr, th i s in s tru n en t wM M

For tM MA^ursMnt of OOSBC ray InUnaity, a coHMX^:ialooincidonc* oounUr, Mmifactux*d by EI-Tronics Incoi*poratod, wasus d . A sl R p Ii fi ed cix*cult dian* M of th i s instx*ucient i s shownIn figure L, and a photOf^raph of the instr-uaient is ahoen infigu rv 3 . Ths nnlnnlfonM c i r o u i t anoen was dSTisea uy Rossi^ in1929.

T h s co in o ld oB M eou n U r op eraU s e sMn t ia l Iy M fo l lMsxAs w i l l b s mmmit in fig or e h , th4* cathod cs of the coun Ur tub esax*e conMCtad to g o tM r , as are the of th^ 6c;.> tu b e s . Thgrids of ths 6c5 tubs are oooMctsd to tho anodes of the x*espec-t ivs countar tut^s throa^ oadMMrs M shown, so that tM 6C5tubes ar nonaally eoa dae ting . If a p ar U cU ( C O M C ray) pMMSthrougxi a coun'. r ' , i s e ar ri ve a on tM gr id cfths corx^opoading 605 tttb^ thus, it C S S M S to conduct and thstub b^ooMO n t ia l i y a high r^ sis ta no s. WhiU tha Ub^ wasc nducting , i t WM a auch l e r r e s i sU n c . Thus , i t w iU bo Msntha t tha p o U n tl a i of the coM m p U U c ir c u it la aetermin^d bytM eq u T aU n t o f a eys tM o f p a ra lU I re s i s ta n c es . ^f ons or U oof tho 6C5 tubs becoM high resistancss (by the pMMga of a coa-B ic ray thx^mgh O M or U o of the oou nU r tubf^s, t.hus ca us in g aM ga U v s pulM OB tM cri< -s;, t!

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13through ths low rosistanM, ths ohango in poUntUI of tho plattcix*cuit w i U ba M a U . If , hoerever, a oo sa ic ray should passthrough a l l tn re^ coMnt*r t;:* s , a l l 6c;t> tu: #3 wo-ild caaM to c c n -d u ct, thMs au sing a '''^' *^'rbU chanije ^^ ^>-r,4cT ea e ^nr-^ cly coass to c l i Ut r w iM tt d to thfl th :'.'. .- . *. J l^^r^m 885) *h athe pulM to 9uch a tM inUrval as to cause tne Mchan!calx^cox^ier to regiaUr.FTM the disctissiofi Auove, i t w i U SMn U iat , dependingon t. -Ing etMen th^ cmm Ur tub^s, the c o o d c ray coiintoan be a*de highly d i re cU on al . The w riU r used the l in e o f tubesin a vertical plane in ordar U alUinaU the backgi*oux)d countof radioactive pax*ticles In the building and gzx>und so that onlyooMc rays vouid be countod*

The counUr tubes ope rsU as fol lcerai A p o U n tU I ia plaoeda cr os s the cat.hods and ano da. The passa.re of a coM c ry thrtnigha tube ionUes the MaU Mount of gM that is put InU the t \ )S.The po^itive ioos are atu'a:te to the net^ativo catno and thoMgative lons to ths anode, thus causing the tubrs U conduetMMntarily, and this ^auMS ths n^gative milM, DX*eTlousIy dis-cusssd, to appe r on the grid of the 6C^.

SiaulUnaau^ rMdings of poUntial gradient were UKen, th^tM inUrral of x^ading dapandUg prMriIy on changes in po-t a n t i a l g r a d i e n t . For p U , i f th s U c t r o M U r ea s ur o d aci*Uin Talus, tha tM wo*jId be notm aa wall as the rsading ontha record ^r of the c o u n U r . Vthen thm U c t r o M U r o h a n g s d t o a

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11d i f faren t T a lu e , U\o time and counUr reading were at;ain noi-eu.FrM t h is WM obU ined the avarage po U n ti a l gradlent as M 1 1 mathe coMc rsv Intrnaitv 1n roimts por minuU durint: thie tMinU i-v a l . coM ic rai ' in U n si ty waa p lo t ted again st ths syraipountial graaient on an ax*t>itrary absciSM M can be Mon frosith ^ e\urves. Psfore Mkixi a run, the ap pro prU U sw iU he s werth rcw n in ord sr to ca l ib raU th s U c troMU r.

Tnm t M U tisM rec : wex^ taken of th wind v ^ I o c it y ,reU t ive h Ma i ty , b aror V r pressxure, ana tsap^raturw sinMc o M i c r a y i n U n s i t y M obMX*ved on the eax*th'8 surface S M t odopsnd on th ^ U t U r uro fa cU rs U a c s r t u U ex U n t .

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CO*' tS fD T*'T^'?P iiTT.'W. ';! w rvT"To roYlew ths nroblsa at haod, ths vriUr has attsaptad

to find aoas r s i a t i . >n co ai lc rsy in U n sl ty ryl at08 h#ricpot^nt^^i . *s ! d by pe fe rr ln c U th soorrss l throoi^ 8, tho tso factora . dy aro 9b1rc!t tolarge var ia t ion s f ro t v aean , rvm on s t l l l 3,

Sinco on dl stu . ny fa cU r s twist bs Uksn In Uoon sida rat ion , ths w r lU - ^ uvW w the S B M I I ,iT any, va ria tio n of oosBc r a / ir. i ty with n o U n tl a l gr -d len ton th ss s da ys . ti e r >rs aaks su h a grc^t diffep snoo inp o U n ti . . "st va ri ai -^ns, u *. : .i ll v..rlAtlon Unt i sU bs obsarvsd i s aIost o oa p ls U I/ aaakad. Typica l d is turbsdday T a ri at io n s ar s shovn by Ci nr ss 2 and 6 . T^se cMrvss wors

dsd for coB pIs Un sss of d aU for a l l typ es of da ys . Whsnrco .! .,: the p o U a i. t , i t shouia oe tsjcsn into co ns ide ra -tion th.w v.isse are STsrtfs values^ not peak TaL^es whioh forsh- ir t t iB inUnrals are vsry auch grsaUr.

rk) daU coiild be m when Uken on rainy days ordays on wLlc/. it snowrd, sinoo tho colicctor aysUc w. ^'y-^->oto ths elsaenU and the chars Isakage was an apprsoia;.le p

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ot hs r p a r t l c l s s , i t oan b sen th at in vtany oa'^es a coimgr inUnslty peak or doprsssion ra\\im occtirs 4*t XJtir- 5 -. t - asa p o U n t i a l r.i'!lont cn^ '* d sg rs ss io n v u lu e. T-^rr'lc ray I n t - B s i t y a n d p o U t i a l grm.'^nt wmrm unrslatsd In sny wny, ths lawof pr ob ab ili ty would s U t ^ th at ther^ s be as many l a c e s

ths psak or lepresfion values would not oooor toither m9vh srs thsy vould * Taking va lu ss fr c s ths - r^es, ws gs tt

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11ftom ths f ir-^''" hftv *t sAflsia nossibli! that ths gradient andoo m ic ray ' / r^. :: rsliktsd.

Anothsr inUrest ing point U b notsd frcn a cons idsrat ionof curves 1 t;.r co sa ic ray inUnsxw j so sa s Ufl u c tu a U at* e r U i n t i s s tha - t oth r s, and *n sotne ca sesw^ttn Um p o U n ti a l gridient i s undsrgoin^ ui**^t f lu ct ua tio n, thsoos io ray InUnsit^ actsd vsry auch ths S S B S . v.is is not sur-pr^amg ausas iv ...s iumii u.tkx, co isi ic r a / iiiUnsilOf' " ^ ^** s l i g h t l ywith saae of the sssis fsrtnT^s that 1nnu(*nc var*ation3 in ootntUI

I Nsglrct iBg changes that are d i f f i c t i l t to d s U c t or tho in ot at s o I u U l y r e l i a b l s *

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*, thus a grsa t var iat i^ n in ths po U nt ia l gra dicnt co ^lia lao bs froa ths SSBS oaitM ati a va*iu^.m in the - ;-ay in-U n s i t y .

- rve 6 and ths d a U iven ars / takin gths sn rsra^ va lu ss fra r v arl us da^'s 4L.d att^ pting U co rr el aUtban* As can bs ss sn frasi uuc curve^ th io uutempt was un su oo sss fu lfvhieh i - id i tu iUs that mss b ly var iat lons o f sosmlc ra^ 1ntna^ywit h .t i a l gradien tf if s iCh doss e x i s t , are aors or l e s sinstantansGus variatio .ns*Ths w rit r 'a oata ^ " " ^ - iow '. a* t ia lgrwiisnt that HajfSS^ dhU1n#d on clear days In thla loralitv aseoBipard with U.e hthei' Vil.es found at othsr placss*

Si nc s th er s was no d a U ava .i It ^n o o a d c ray ni tyusLn^ ths SMJM o r is n U ti o n * ' ^ubss that ths w ri U r uasd1n hla oh r vat 'or.s , i t m s ianos s ehsok ths Lnb': ockrcsi-lU.

ftPOB a study of ths prscedin^ r s s u I U , i t is obvious t ha tfuruT at ou / L- wiia ^ujsooBsnon i s nesd od. ?y us in g iap rov sdtootoniqus that w^ld enable the vorker to obUin instantmsOMva lu es perhaps aore co il d bs aooosipl shed. unr s ., cs ti o n i s anautoatic recording dsvios whioh w .Id record on phot^fTarhic naporva ri a ti o n s in ux* Uu :a ct or s under stu dy . Thus continuoos readingseould bs Uken 2\x hours a dv f^r ncvrrR.^ mon'.ha, without re-.uir-Ing ths s s r v ic s s of the op' ra* i U do roir4 ns BainUnanoo^

2 Hayes, 0 . c l t . t r*. 2 7 .

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33auoh as eha njin.- and develot ini^ f i l a , ad.iu jtin ^ eqiiicmenty s t

i f s Ta riaU .on of ' r i \'*' r.i.'.y > it> . v- r lcpoUntial gradisnt doos toxisu^ Uisrs c^ * ^ibXe axplana-tions for thp corr*lationt

1 . lc rays ionise ths alr, thas prodoeBCOhanss in th s .1 jra^i rnty w ith changoa BcoMiic Tc .V .s:;y. This could bs nsasursd on s t i l l ,Clsar - nTrr -ml':, .(T' o t h e r ' ct '^ rs M lVS SO WlOhd if f e r in r - ^ andy dsya*

2 . Thc p o U n ti a l p nt nsay ex sr t a foroo oocosBic ra^-s gr sat oaoocb to d s f l sc t thsa s l i ^ t l y frosith lr rzsxixl Indiser lr inaU patUm so that ohsngss inpo t ^I gr ad ian t c iy pr xiuce chan.ws incosBiic ray mUns \ .

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3).

A C X S O V L E D O E M E I T

Tho v r i U r wiahss - 's opportunityto sxtsnd his thanks U all ths Bsribsrs of thoDopartr,.wvi fnr tv r p at ir n t hslp with ths ; : stha t k Tr - U t i s in ofloosotion wit hthe g ath eri ng of Ihe ss cL ..i.

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35

BIBLI^ORAi'ifT

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BIBLIGRA;'

Cork, ^ . , Ra dioac i -^ ar Ph ys ics \,^:\ .OTork, i .., .( t t i , E l e p e n U o f l i o j l s a r P h y s i c s ( P r s n t i c s - H a l l ,Tor k, . .

'^ U ys r, K. K*9 and Kennard, E . K .| Introd^ j t ofcoasm /h y a ic s ( l loOrsw -HiI l , ew York, I9 l i2 ) .Stranathan, T , "# ftpr.f^^tt pf l iodsm Phys^cs,( f f l a k i a t o n , ^ l a a , T

^ r i o ^ ^An dsrao n. C . D . , aoA aioarrrr,'^r, '". M ., i ^ l Keview ,5 0 , 2 7 C ( 1 9 3 6 ) .B am at hy , J . , and nr^n, . , s c a l Rrvi#w,

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37l i i i l i k a n , H. A ., aixi Caaaron, G. H., ?h ysic al Rcview, 31,921 (1926 ) .k iH ik a n , R. A., Neher, . . . , and Havrnn, f., r . , Ph ys ica lRsTisw. 50 , 992 ( :Hiahiaa, Y., bekido, T.. yiyasake, T., and ICasuda, T.,P h ys ica l rveview. 59 , U ol ( m i ) .R oa si, B ., uid Ciawnto, f ., Ph ysikalisch e '^ -'^ ^- 'ft, 68 ,6 l i ( 1 3 1 ) .Ru therfn rd,, 1 . , and Cooki, H. L ., Ph ys i:a l 'eviini, I6 , I83( S U rr er , C , vl Ifagiet^sin and AUospher ic r ie c t r ic i t y ,

3 7 , 375 (1 93 2) . ^W ilaon, V. C , Phy aieal Review. 53, 2Qii, 337 ( 19 38 ).rhssss

Haynes, T ., "A Study of ths At aos ph srio Pr al Oradienta t ' , Tsx at", (T h ss is , Tsxaa TsohDOlogloai ^ o ll s g s , Lub'>ock,T s x a a , X ? J 5 ) .Ro ustan , f ,, "A Stiidv o ' C sr U in Atonhr1c Vhsnosietian

nyin g

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kV 'FHDn

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39

APPINDUCALCULATIOII IIADS TO SHOI TH/ 'J E m O T QAINID BY AN KLECTRONfSTARTim FROM RST AT T 'HIU AKD rlNDINO ATTMI SURfAC? tiVBOr CCMPARABLE TOTHI OBSIRVU^ ^.S An s l e c t r o n v o l t o f enerf^ i s d s f in ad as th s saou n t o f on srgy ans l s c t r o n w ou ld g a i n i n f a l l i n g t hr ou gh a p o U n t i a l d i f f e r r n o s o f1 v o l t . T h u s , i f w% wak s th a fo l l c m in g as s u w p t i on sA

1 . th e h s ig h t o f th s a tn osp h ers i s ab ou t 200 k a .2 . the av^rai^s ^ g r a d i e n t a l o n g t h s a t a o s p h e r sfr oa th s sa r t h t o f th s a tooap h srs i s aVou t100 T o I t s ^ U r ,t h sn a p o U n t i a l d i f f s r e n o s o f s b ou t 2C a i l l i o n v o I U a a ys x i s t b s twosn th e ea r th and th s U p o f th s a B Osp h srs . T h u s ,a n s l s c t r o n f a l l i n g th ro og h t h l s p o U n t i a l d if - Idg a i n 2 0 a i l . i o n s l s c t r o n v o I U o f so ar gjr *

I l a k i n g t h s a ss ux np tio n a l s o t h a t d i s U r t i o n of t h ss l s c t r i c f i s l d d o s s n o t s x i s t *T E X A S TIL lIIRRAffY

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