308 punam

Paper No. 308 Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of cooking fuel sources used in

India households

10th December, 2013

IVth ICAER 2013

Punam Singh Prof. Haripriya G.

Background cooking activity pivotal to the well-being of human society

dominant end user of primary energy carriers in India

over 75% of rural HH use traditional biomass fuels

annual cooking energy expenditure is about 1250 billion

rupees (NSSO 2012)

cooking fuel (kerosene +LPG) subsidies was 525 billion

rupees for 2011-12 (MoPNG 2012)

fossil fuel resources are depleting rapidly (may last less than

150 years, Lior 2008)

fuel subsidies resulting in illegal diversions (e.g. kerosene to

transport sector)

Aim & Objective

Cooking fuel analyzed: 10 biomass & fossil fuels

(a) firewood (b) crop residues (c) dung cakes (d) charcoal

(e) biogas

(f) Kerosene (g) LPG (CO) – derived from crude oil

(h) LPG (NG) – derived from natural gas (i) coal (j) electricity

To determine: average daily cooking heat energy requirement of Indian HH

energy equivalent of manual labour involved in collecting and

preparing biomass cooking fuels

life cycle energy efficiency of cooking fuels

Methodology # 1Estimation of avg. daily cooking heat requirement : Experimental setup using LPG, kerosene & electric cook

stove

Stove efficiency & combustion rate determined by WBT

Food quantity based on average food intake given by NSSO

Dish type based on common daily preparations in urban &

rural HH

Average cooking time of dishes used to determine heat

energy requirement:

= LHV*(avg stove eff.)*(avg comb. Rate/1000)*(avg. cooking time/60)

Avg. heat energy/ HH/ day = 2150 kcal

Methodology # 2Estimation of energy use equivalent of manual labour: Not accounted for fossil fuels due to high throughputs, high

levels of mechanization & focus on man-machine interface

Based on method proposed by Zhang & Dornfeld (2007) EPWH = TPES [1- (IFC/TFC)]/ (population* working hours

per year)

India’s Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES), Industrial &

Transport Final Consumption (IFC) & Total Final

Consumption (TFC) data from IEA 2013 Worker population data from Economic survey of India 2013 India’s Energy use per worker hour = 900 kcal

Methodology # 3Estimation of life cycle energy efficiency:

FEC = final fuel energy content at output

Ep = primary energy content of feedstock (crude oil, biomass etc)

Ed = energy produced and used by the plant from own captive sources

Em = embodied energy (e.e.) of material used for production of fuel

Ef = e.e. Of fuel used for production and transportation of cooking fuels

Ee = electricity purchased from local grid

Eh = energy equivalent of manual labour

For fossil fuels: Et = Ed + Em + Ef + Ee

For biomass fuels: Et = Eh

LCEE = FEC/ (Ep + Et)

Life Cycle Energy InventoryCooking fuel/

Life cycle stages Ep Ed Em Ef Ee Eh Et

(in kcal per kg fuel or per kWh electricity)LPG (Cr. Oil)Extraction

9486

1092 103 84 17 x 1296Refinery 50 583 688 1 x 1322Bottling x x x 22 x 22Transport x x 186 x x 186LPG (Nat. Gas)Extraction

11443 1104 103 84 16 x 1307Fractioning 717 55 x 31 x 803KeroseneRefinery

9486 60 1324 882 1 x 2267Transport x x 81 x x 81CoalExtraction

2811 x 81 9 x x 90Transport x x 38 x x 38Electricity 1802 x x 23 x x 23Firewood 3334 x x x x 306 306Crop residues 3069 x x x x 127 127Dung cake 1001 x x x x 117 117Charcoal 3334 x x x x 985 985Biogas 3705 x x x x 332 332

Life Cycle Energy Flow Schematic

Physical Process

Biogas Charcoal Firewood Crop Res. Dung Cake

Digester

Cook Stove

4574 (1235)

All values in kcal (in g). Cook stove output = 2150 kcal Phys. process includes activities requiring manual labor.

4667 (1260)

3909 (900)

Physical Process

Kiln

Cook Stove

20838 (6250)

21935 (6579)

12286 (1875)

Physical Process

Cook Stove

15926 (4777)

Physical Process

Cook Stove

19545 (6369)

Physical Process

Cook Stove

25294 (8893)

Et : 1847 Et : 299

Feedstock Processed fuelEnergy eq. of manual labor inputs

16590 (4976)

Et : 1462

20793 (6776)

Et : 809

27644 (27605)

Et : 1040

Biomass cooking fuels:

Life Cycle Energy Flow Schematic Fossil cooking fuels:

Extraction

LPG (Nat. Gas) LPG (Cr. Oil) Kerosene Electricity Coal

Transmission

Coal Power Plant

Extraction Extraction Coal Mine

Fractioning Refinery Refinery

Bottling Transport Transport

Cook Stove Cook Stove

3871 (339) 4488 (473)

3924 (363)

3791(351)

3772 (349)

5076 (535)

4574 (447)

4644 (453)

9184 (3268)

4265

Cook Stove

Transport

Cook Stove

14011

13871

(4985)

(4935)

All values in kcal (in g)Cook stove output = 2150 kcal

FeedstockProcessed fuelEnergy eq. of all inputs

Et : 443

Et : 291

Et : 8 Et: 65

Et : 480

Et : 613 Et : 693

Et : 1027

Et : 36

Et : 75

Et : 449

Et : 188 (4.96 kWh)

3071 (3.57 kWh)

Results & Findings

LPG (N

G)

LPG(C

O)

Kerose

neCoa

l

Electric

ity

Firewoo

d

Crop R

es.

Dung c

ake

Charco

al

Biogas

45.0

%

38.0

%

31.5

%

14.7

%

23.2

%

11.9

%

10.0

%

7.5%

9.0%

43.3

%

LCEE

(in

perc

ent)

Conclusion

Life cycle energy efficiency performance of commercial fossil

fuels (i.e. LPG & kerosene) significantly better than

traditional biomass fuels

Biogas can potentially be most suitable and sustainable

cooking fuel option in Indian context

LCEE (43.3% ) comparable to those of LPG produced from NG

completely renewable, produced from variety of organic substrates

including wastes (e.g. animal manure, food and agro waste, sewage etc)

high local availability of substrates in both rural and urban areas

India’s vast experience (> 30 years) in biogas technology

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Frischknecht, R., Jungbluth, N, Althaus, H.J. et al. (2007) Overview and Methodology, Ecoinvent report No. 1, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Kandpal, J.B., Maheshwari, R.C. & Kandpal, T.C. (1995) Indoor air pollution from combustion of wood and dung cake and their processed fuels in domestic cookstoves, Energy Conversion and Management, 36(11), pp. 1073-79

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