THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN 3 year B.Sc. Physics (Honours) Course Course Structure Part-I (1 year) (Total Marks: 200) Paper I: Full Marks – 100 Mathematical Methods – I (50 lectures) Mechanics – I (40 lectures) Electrostatics (30 lectures) Paper II: Full Marks – 50 General Properties of Matter (25 lectures) Thermal Physics (45 lectures) Paper III: (Practical Paper) Full Marks – 50 (Experiments on G.P.M., Heat etc.) Part- II (1 year) Total Marks : 200 Paper IV: Full Marks- 100 Electronics- I (35 lectures) Ray Optics (20 lectures) Electrodynamics – I (65 lectures) Paper V: ( practical Paper) Full Marks - 50 Paper VI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50 (Electrical, Electronics experiments in Paper V and VI) Part-III (1 year) Total Marks: 400 Paper VII: Full Marks - 100 Mathematical Methods – II (50 lectures) Mechanics – II (40 lectures) Statistical Mechanics (35 lectures) Solid State Physics (35 lectures) Paper VIII: Full Marks: 100 Wave optics (30 lectures) Electrodynamics-II (20 lectures) Electronics- II (30 lectures) Oscillations and Waves (25 lectures) Paper – IX: Full Marks: 100 Atomic Physics (30 lectures) Special Theory of Relativity (25 lectures) Quantum Mechanics (30 lectures) Nuclear Physics (40 lectures) Paper – X: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50 (Optical Experiments) Paper XI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50 (Electrical and Electronics Experiments)
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THE UNIVERSITY OF BURDWAN
3 year B.Sc. Physics (Honours) Course
Course Structure
Part-I (1 year) (Total Marks: 200)Paper I: Full Marks – 100 Mathematical Methods – I (50 lectures)
Mechanics – I (40 lectures)Electrostatics (30 lectures)
Paper II: Full Marks – 50 General Properties of Matter (25 lectures)Thermal Physics (45 lectures)
Paper III: (Practical Paper) Full Marks – 50(Experiments on G.P.M., Heat etc.)
Part- II (1 year) Total Marks : 200Paper IV: Full Marks- 100 Electronics- I (35 lectures)
Ray Optics (20 lectures)Electrodynamics – I (65 lectures)
Paper V: ( practical Paper) Full Marks - 50Paper VI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50(Electrical, Electronics experiments in Paper V and VI)
Part-III (1 year) Total Marks: 400Paper VII: Full Marks - 100 Mathematical Methods – II (50 lectures) Mechanics – II (40 lectures) Statistical Mechanics (35 lectures)
Solid State Physics (35 lectures)
Paper VIII: Full Marks: 100 Wave optics (30 lectures)Electrodynamics-II (20 lectures)Electronics- II (30 lectures)Oscillations and Waves (25 lectures)
Paper – IX: Full Marks: 100 Atomic Physics (30 lectures)Special Theory of Relativity (25 lectures)Quantum Mechanics (30 lectures)Nuclear Physics (40 lectures)
Paper – X: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50(Optical Experiments)
Paper XI: (Practical Paper) Full Marks - 50(Electrical and Electronics Experiments)
Part-I Full Marks: 200
Paper- I (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100
Group-A: Mathematical Methods – I [50 Lectures]
1. Review of the following topics in vector algebra: Basic vectors, unit vectors, scalar and
vector products, products of three or more vectors, reciprocal vector triads. Scalar vector
fields. Gradient of a scalar field. Directional derivative. Divergence and curl of a vector
field and their physical significance, Solenoidal and irrotational vector. Conservative
vector field and scalar potential. Identities involving gradient, divergence, and curl. L82. Vector integration: Line integral, Path independence, Exact differential, Surface integral,
of simple function occurring in physical applications. L58. Partial differential equations of mathematical physics. Elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic
equations. Laplace’s equation in two and three dimensions. Solution by the method of
separation of variables. Initial and boundary value problems. Heat flow equation in one
dimension. L8
Recommended Books
1. E. Kreszig – Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley Seventh Edition).2. G. Arfken – Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Prism Books. Fourth Edition).3. B.S. Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics (Khanna Publisher, Delhi)
Group- B: Mechanics – I [40 Lectures]1. Critical review of Newton’s laws of motion. Resistive motion. Motion of systems of
theorem. Conservative force fields. Galilean invariance. Conservation of linear momentum
and energy.
L6
2. Angular momentum and torque. Conservation of angular momentum for a system of
particles. Centre of mass of a system of particles of continuous mass distribution. Impulse.
Elastic and inelastic collisions. Direct and oblique collisions. L63. Rigid body motion. Moments and products of inertia. Principal axis transformation.
Ellipsoid of inertia. Angular momentum and kinetic energy of a rigid body in terms of
angular velocity and moment of inertia. Parallel and perpendicular axis theorems. Moment
of inertia of common symmetrical bodies. Compound pendulum Kater’s reversible
pendulum (Detailed discussion of various corrections is not needed) L104. Central forces: Two-body force problem. Reduction to one-body problem. Important
features of motion under central force field (conservation of angular momentum, co-planar
motion). Radial and transverse velocities and accelerations. Kepler’s laws. Differential
equation of the orbit under inverse square law of force. Conditions for parabolic, elliptic
and hyperbolic orbits. L105. Non-inertial frames. Fictitious forces. Velocity and acceleration in rotating frames.
Centrifugal and coriolis forces. Direction of ocean currents and river flows. Motion of a
particle relative to the earth. L8
Recommended Books:1. M.R. Spiegel – Theoretical Mechanics (Sehaum series. McGraw Hill)2. N. C. Rana and P. S. Joag – Classical Mechanics (TMH)3. H. Goldstein – Classical Mechanics.
Group C: Electrostatics [30 Lectures]
1. Idea of quantized charge, value of e- the electronic charge, conservation of charge,
idealization of point charge and continuously distributed charge; superposition principle of
electric field and calculation of E due to many charges at one point, at different points and
due to continuous distribution of charge, electric flux and Gauss law, its application to
simple cases (charge line, cylinder, spherical shell, sphere and plane sheet); line integral of
electric field, electric potential V, 0, =×∇∇−= EVE and conservative nature of
electrostatic field: superposition principle of electric potential and its application;
Posisson’s equation and its simple application to charge sphere, Laplace’s equation and
it’s solution in one variable only with simple boundary conditions (two large parallel plane
surfaces, coaxial cylinders and spherical surface etc. all maintained at constant potential
with respective reference applications).
L10
2. Multipoles: Electric dipole and its moment, derivation of field and potential due to a
dipole, potential energy for a dipole placed in an external field, mutual potential energy of
two dipoles, force and torque between tow dipoles, linear and planner quadrupoles – their
potentials and fields; multipole expansion of the scalar potential general expression in
terms of Legendre polynomials, statement and explanation of Earnshaw’s theorem on
stability of charge.
L5
3. Conductors and capacitors: Mobile charge carriers in a conductor, electric field at
outside points close to the surface of a charged conductor, conductor placed in an external
electrostatic field, method of image its application to calculation of electric potential and
field 1) due to point charge placed near a grounded conducting plane of infinite extension
and 2) due to a point charge near an insulated conducting sphere; parallel plate, spherical
and cylindrical capacitors with free space inside- derivation and analysis of capacitance,
energy stored in a charged capacitor and energy density in electrostatic field; mentioning
of the principle of measurement of charge by quadrant electrometer. L54. Dielectrics and electrostatic field: Idea of polarization of dielectric materials placed in
external electric field and polarization vector P, electric field within a dielectric, Gauss’s
law in terms of free charge in dielectrics, boundary conditions on E and D. Linear isotropic
dielectric and its susceptibility, dielectric constant and permittivity; potential and field at
external and internal points of a dielectric sphere placed in an otherwise uniform electric
field; simple microscopic theory of dielectrics, idea about atomic and molecular
polarisability; polar and non-polar dielectrics. Clausius Mosotti relation and its application;
idea about ferroelectric materials (electric); property of piezoelectric crystal; capacitance
of a capacitor with a dielectric material inside, energy stored in such a charged capacitor
and energy-density of a dielectric in an external field; principle of measurement of
dielectric constant of a material by introducing it in a capacitor and measuring the charge
constant of Gravitation. Gravitational potential and intensity due to spherical and other
symmetrical bodies. L62. Elasticity: Elastic constant, Poisson’s ratio, bending of uniform beams clamped at open
end and both ends. General equation for bending and applications. Flat spiral spring. L63. Surface tension. Capillary rise. Excess pressure. Shape of liquid drops. Vapor-pressure
over a curved surface. Surface tension and evaporation. L64. Fluid motion. Euler’s method of describing fluid motion. Path line and Stream line,
Viscous flow through a capillary tube, Poiseuilli’s formula. Strokes law. Reynolds’s
number, Rotating cylinder method. Euler’s equation of incompressible fluid. Bernoulli’s
fluid. Bernoulli’s theorem. Velocity of efflux of a liquid. Pilot tube, Venturimeter L7Recommended Books:1. Newman & Searle – General Properties Matter2. C. J. Smith – General Properties of Matter
GROUP – B: Thermal Physics [45 LECTURES]
Kinetic theory Gases : Ideal Gas, basic assumptions of Kinetic theory, pressure exerted by ideal gas, Its relation
with average K.E., Kinetic interpretation of temperature and gas laws. Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocity
components and speed of molecules from probability approach, deduction of average speed, r.m.s. speed, most
probable speed, energy distribution law. Direct and in direct evidence of Maxwell’s law (no proof). Equipartion
of energy(no proof). Evaluation of Cp, Cv for monoatomic, diatomic, polyatomic molecular gases. Limitation of
Kinetic theory in the interpretation of specific heat.
Evidence of finite size of molecules, mean free path, expression for mean free path assuming same average
velocity. Maxwell’s modification (no proof). Distribution of free path & survival equation. Transport phenomena.
General method of deduction of transport-property. Derivation of η, K and D therefrom the relations among the
transport coefficients. Dependence of transport-coefficients on temperature and pressure. L6
Real Gas : Deviation from ideal gas as implied by Andrew’s and Amagat’s experiment. Van der Waal’s
equation, derivation (simple theory) and its comparison with experiment. method of finding constants ‘a’ and
‘b’. Critical constants. Virial coefficients. V.W. equation. Reduced equation of state. Law of corresponding
state. Virial theorem (statement only). Deduction of ideal gas equation therefrom. V.W. Equation in powers of P
and V
1 and implication. Brief survey of other equations of state. L5
Heat conduction in solids: Variable and steady state of heat flow, thermal conductivity, thermal receptivity,
thermometric conductivity. thermal conductivity of a composite Fourier equation of heat conduction in one
dimension. Steady state solution and application to Ingen Hausz’s experiment, extension to three dimension for
spherical and cylindrical heat flow. Lee’s method. Cylindrical shell method. Statement of Wiedemann – Franz’s
law. L5
Thermodynamics : Basic Concepts & First Law, system and surroundings, state-variables-intensive and
extensive, thermal equilibrium and zeroth law, thermodynamic concept of temperature, state function and path
function, exact and inexact differentials, equation of state for simple systems and some derivations there-form.
Interaction of heat and work, quasi static processes. path dependence of heat and work. origin of first law;
internal energy. differential form of first law, Cp and Cv and their interrelation, quasi-static isothermal and
adiabatic processes, work done, adiabatic lapse rate equation, enthalpy as a state function corresponding to Cp,
Work done in stretching a wire surface film. L8
Second Law and entropy. Conversion of heat into work. reversible and irreversible processes. Second law,
photodiode – principle of operation, applications; LED – fabrication principle and applications; metal
semiconductor junction diode – special features. L5
4. Power Supply Circuits : Half wave and full wave rectifiers, expressions: ripple factor, efficiency, dc. output
voltage; bridge rectifier; capacitor filters; L-Section and π section filters (analysis not required); voltage
regulators – Zener-diode based regulators, three terminal IC regulators (outline only). L4
5. Solid State Three Electrode Devices : Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) – basic structure. n-p-n and p-n-p
types, different methods of biasing, possibilities of emitter- base and collector-base junctions; CE, CB, CC
configuration; I-V characteristics of input and output ports in CB and CE configuration, explanation of the
characteristics. Introduction of α and β parameters; cut-off, active, saturation and breakdown regions of
transistor operation; DC models of BJT at different regions of operation; field effect transistor – JEET and
its I-V characteristics, pinch-off voltage, applications; MOSFET – structure, specialties, classification of
MOSFET-s, enhancement and depletion types, typical applications; structure, I-V characteristics and
application; SCR – structure, I-V characteristics and application. L5
6. Small Signal BJT Amplifier (Single Stage) : Biasing problem of BJT, operating point of a transistor
amplifier, typical biasing circuits – fixed bias, voltage divider bias with emitter resistor, bias stability
consideration and stability parameters; other biasing circuits – collector bias, emitter bias; ac equivalent
circuit of BJT, simplified h-parameter ac mode; analysis of CE, CB and CC amplifiers for voltage gain,
current gain, input resistance and output resistance; high frequency equivalent circuit of transistor, Miller
effect, single stage R-C coupled amplifier, gain-bandwidth consideration, half power frequency. L8
7. Feedback in Amplifiers : Feed back principle, negative and positive voltage feedback; effect of negative
feedback on the response of amplifier in terms of gain, stability, input impedance, output impedance (no
mathematical deduction), bandwidth and distortion of the amplifier. L2
Recommended books:
F E Terman – Electronic and Radio Engineering (Chapter 6)
B G Streetman – Solid State Electronics Devices (Chapters 2,3,4)
J. D. R – Electronic Fundamental and Application, Millman et al – Microelectronics,
S M Sze – Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Malvino – Electronic Principles
Paper – V (Practical Paper) Full Marks: 50
List of preparatory experiments (6 periods per experiments)
1. Determination of horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field (Bh) at the place using deflection
and vibration magnetometers.
2. Measurement of potential difference across a low resistance and hence the current through the resistance
with the help of a potentiometer (resistance of the potentiometer to be measured by a P.O Box)
3. Verification of Thevenin and maximum power transfer theorems using Wheatstone bridge with suitable
load resistances in place of the galvanometer.
4. Determination of the temperature co-efficient of a material in the form of coil of wire using meter-
bridge.
List of Hounours Experiments (9 periods per experiment)
1. Construction of One-Ohm Coil
2. Determination of Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lees and Charlton method.
3. Determination of specific heat of water by Calendar and Barne’s method.
4. Determination of ECE of copper.
5. Determination of the boiling point of a suitable liquid using a platinum resistance thermometer.
Paper VI (Practical Paper) Full Marks: 50
List of Preparatory Experiments (6 Periods per experiments)
1. Resistance of a suspended coil dead beat galvanometer by half-deflection method and hence
calculation of current sensitivity of the galvanometer.
2. Determination of the constant of a ballistic galvanometer by capacitor discharge method.
3. Study of I-V characteristics of a suitable resistor and a junction diode within specified limit on a
graph and hence to find dc and ac resistances of both the elements at the point of intersection.
List of Honours Experiments (9 Periods per experiment)
1. Determination of the melting point of a suitable solid.
2. Determination of the constant of a ballistic galvanometer using a suitable stand solenoid and by
drawing R- λ curve.
3. Study of (i) static plate characteristics and calculation of µ & rp (ii) dynamic transfer (mutual)
characteristics with three load resistances and calculation of gains and comparison with theoretical
gains.
4. Study of reverse characteristics of a Zener diode and location of break down voltage of the Zener
diode, wiring of a full wave rectifier circuit using a center-tap transformer, In 4007 diodes and a
capacitor filter, study of load regulation (VL –IL) graph, use of the Zener diode as a voltage regulator
across the rectifier circuit and study of load regulation (VL –IL) graph and comparison of percentage
regulation at specified value of IL.
5. Study of (i) input characteristics of a CE mode silicon transistor under opened output, shorted output
conditions; Calculation of ac input resistances at a specified IB value, (ii) output characteristics for 5
different base currents of the CE mode transistor and calculation of dcβ and acβ at two specified IC
values.
Part-III Full Marks – 400
Paper – VII (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks – 100
Group-A : Mathematical Methods – II [25 Lectures]
1. Functions of a Complex Variable: Complex number, Argand diagram,
Geometrical picture of algebraic operations on complex variable. Single
and multi-valued functions, Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann
equations, Harmonic functions. L62. Complex line integrals: Cauchy’s integral theorem (no proof is required)
for simply connected regions. Simple consequence of Cauchy’s theorem.
Cauchy’s integral formulae. Poles. Residue at a pole of order n, Cauchy’s
residue theorem (statement). Evaluation of simple integrals with the help
of residue theorem. L93. Linear Vector Spaces and Matrices: Definition of linear vector space
Examples. Linear independence. Basic and dimension of a vector space
Scalar product. Orthogonality of vectors. Linear transformation. Linear
operator. Matrix representation of linear operator. Matrix algebra.
Transpose of a matrix. Hermitian conjugate. Unitary matrix. Orthogonal
matrix. Matrix for rotation in two dimensions. The inverse of a matrix.
System of linear equations. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square
matrix. Simple problems. L10
Recommended Books: 1. E. Kreyszig – Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Wiley, Seventh edition)2. G. Arfken – Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Prism Books, fourth edition3. B S Grewal – Higher Engineering Mathematics (Khanna Publisher, Delhi
Group-B : Mechanics – II [25 Lectures]
1. Constraints and Constrained Motion: Constraints and their
classification. Degrees of freedom. Generalized coordinates. Difficulties
with Newtonian formulation of mechanics in the case of motion in an
arbitrary coordinate system and for motion under constraints.
L72. Lagrangian Dynamics: Elements of the calculus of variations. Stationary
value of a definite integral. The brachistochrone problem. Hamilton’s
variational principle. Derivation of Lagrange’s equations of motion from
Hamilton’s principle. Lagrange’s equations for holonomic systems from
d’Alambert’s principle. Application of Lagnangian formalism to simple
systems. Single particle in space described by Cartesian and plane-polar
coordinates. Atwood’s machine, pendulum with a sliding support, double
pendulum. Particle in a central field of force, motion of a dumbbell in a
vertical plane. Generalized momenta and energy. Cyclic or ignorable
coordinates. Space-time symmetries. Conservation of linear and angular
momentum and energy from Lagrangian formulation.
L103. The Hamiltonian Formalism: Legendre’s dual transformation to the
Lagrangian of a system. Hamilton’s function and Hamilton’s equations of
motion. Properties of the Hamiltonian and Hamilton’s equations of
motion. Hamilton’s equations of motion for holonomic systems from
variational principle. Application of Hamiltonian formalism to simple
problems.
L8
Recommended Books: 1. M. R. Spiegel – Theoretical Mechanics (Schaum series, McGraw Hill).2. N C Rana and P S Joag – Classical Mechanics (TMH).3. H. Goldstein – Classical Mechanics
Group-C: Statistical Mechanics [35 Lectures]
1. Probability theory: Probability of occurrence of an event, theorems of
total probability and compound probability. Binomial, Poisson’s and
Gaussian distribution. Random errors, mean value, variance, standard
deviation. Random-walk problem in one dimension. L32. Statistical description of Systems of particles: Need for statistical
approach, phase space, microstates and macrostates, statistical ensembles
– isolated, closed and open systems, postulate of equal a priori
probability, number of accessible states and entropy. partition function,
thermodynamic functions in terms of partition function, mean energy and
mean pressure exerted, validity of classical approximation, equipartition
theorem, specific heat of a monatomic ideal gas, mean kinetic energy of a
gas molecule, mean energy of a harmonic oscillator, Brownian motion –
Langevin’s and Einstein’s theories, determination of Avogadro’s number. L63. Classical Statistics : Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution, volume of a
uniphase cell, number of accessible state, most probable distribution and
MB distribution law, entropy, Gibbs’ paradox, Sackur – Tetrode formula,
Maxwell’s law of distribution of molecular speeds from MB statistics.
Specific heat of hydrogen – ortho-and para-hydrogen. L6
4. Quantum statistics: Identical particles, Symmetry of wave functions:
bosoms and fermions, quantization of phase space, number of accessible
states of Bose-Einstein (BE) and Fermi Dirac (FD) distributions, most
probable distribution and distribution laws, degeneracy parameter,
conditions under which quantum statistics reduces to Bolzmann statistics. L55. Ideal Bose gas: Thermodynamic behavior, Bose-Einstein condensation,
condensation temperature, application to photons and derivation of
Planck’s law of blackbody radiation, phonons, lattice specific heat of
solids. Einstein’s and Debye’s theories. Debye temperature.
L5
6. Blackbody radiation: Nature of blackbody radiation, blackbody – its
practical realization, emissive and absorptive powers, Statement of
Kirchhof’s law, radiation pressure and energy density. Stefan-
Boltzmann’s law – derivation from Planck’s law, energy distribution in a
blackbody spectrum - Wien’s distribution law and Rayleigh- Jeans laws
as special cases of Planck’s law, Wien’s displacement law from Planck’s
law, temperature of stars, solar constant.
L5
7. Fermi-Dirac distribution: FD function at T=0 and T>0, Fermi energy,
null-point energy and null-point pressure, Fermi level, degenerate free
election gas, specific heat of free electron gas, thermionic emission,
derivation of Richardson-Dushman equation.
L5
Recommended Books: 1. F. Reif – Statistical Physics, Berkeley Physics Course. Vol. V. McGraw Hill2. F. Reif – Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw Hill3. M N Saha & B.N. Srivastava – treatise on Heat; Indian Press, Allahabad.4. R. D. Present – Kinetic theory of Gases, Mc-Graw Hill5. F.W. Sears and G.L. Salinger – Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical
Thermodynamics, Narosa Publishing House.
Group – D: Solid State Physics [35 Lectures]
1. Crystal Structure : Crystalline and amorphous solids. Translational
symmetry. Elementary ideas of point symmetry operations. Crystal
structure. Lattice and basis. Unit cells. The sc, bcc and fcc structures.
Miller indices. Planes and directions in cubic crystals. The reciprocal
lattice. X-ray diffraction. Laue and Bragg equations. Ewald construction.
Experimental diffraction methods. The powder method. L102. Crystal Binding : Different types of binding. Van-der-Waals interaction.
Binding of inert gas atoms. Ionic crystals. Madelung constant. Cohesive
energy of ionic crystals with repulsive interactions of the type exp
( )ijRλ− or nijR −λ L5
3. Dielectric Properties of Materials : Polarization, Lorentz local field.
Induced and oriental polarization. Langevin’s theory of orientational
polarizability. Classical theory of electronic polarizability. Clausius-
Mosotti relation.L4
4. Electron States in Solids : Classical free electron theory and its defects.
Sommerfeld’s free electron theory of metals. Free electron gas in three
dimensions. Fermi energy, temperature, velocity and momentum.
Electrical and thermal conductivity of free electron metals. Wiedmann-
Franz law. Hall effect. Hall coefficient in one and two-band models. L85. Magnetic Properties of Materials : Dia-, para-, and ferromagnetism.
Langivin’s theory of diamagnetism. Langevin’s classical theory of
paramagnetism. Elementary quantum theory of paramagnetism. Curie’s
law. Effective number of Bohr magnetons. Gouy method for the
measurement of the magnetic susceptibility. Ferromagnetism. Weiss
molecular field theory. Domain structure. Hysterisis. L8Recommended Books: 1. C Kittel – Solid State Physics (John Wiley)2. A J Dekker – Solid State Physics ( PaperMac)3. R K Puri & V K Babbar – Solid State Physics ( S. Chand)
Paper- VIII (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100
Group – A: Oscilations and Wave [25 Lectures]
1. Superposition of many S.H.M s : With constant phase difference and
frequency difference (use of complex method) Beat, Lissajous figures.
Two pendulums connected by spring string with n beads – normal modes
and normal vibrations – energy exchange. L52. Damped and forced oscillation : Single treatment – steady state –
resonance, Q factor, power dissipation, sharpness of resonance, band
width, Q-factor and band width, Mechanical filter, transient beats.
Combination tone
L5
3. Equation of plane progressive wave : Spherical and cylindrical waves –
validity of inverse square law – mechanical waves in solids, liquids and
gases. Bel and Phon, absolute and relative intensity, standing waves and
Kundt’s tube.L5
4. Resonator : Ultrasonic generators and detectors. Building acoustics –
Sabine formula, reverberation time and optimum reverberation. L55. Vibration of Strings : Differential equation for transverse waves. Plucked
and Struck Strings, normal modes, energy of a vibrating string. L5Recommended Books: 1. Bajaj – Wave & Oscillatons2. R Chowdhuri – Waves & Oscillations3. Crowford – Waves, Barkeley Course of Physics - III
Group – B: Wave Optics [30 Lectures]
1. Wave Nature of Light : Electromagnetic nature of light waves.
Electromagnetic spectrum. Wave equation. Plane, cylindrical and spherical
waves. Huygen’s principle. L22. Interference : Interference between two independent sources. Spatial and
temporal coherence. Two-beam interference. Interference of light by division of
wave front and division of amplitude. Young’s double slit. Fresnel’s biprism.
Lloyid’s mirror. Michelson’s interferometer. Circular and straight fringes.
Visibility of fringes. Multiple-beam interference. Interference in thin films.
Haidinger and Brewster fringes. Localization of fringes. Newton’s rings. Fabry-
Perot interferometer. Intensity formula. Coefficient of fineness. Resolving
power. Fabry-Perot etalon and its applications. Wiener’s experiment. L103. Diffraction: Fresnel diffraction. Division of wave-front into half-period zones.
Zone plate. Rectilinear propagation. Fraunhofer diffraction. Diffraction at a
single and at two parallel slits. Plane diffraction grating. Resolving power.
Rayleigh’s criterion. Resolving powers of telescope, microscope and prism.
Resolving and dispersive power of a plane diffraction grating. Concave grating
(brief discussion).
L8
4. Light Propagation in Anisotropic Crystals : Propagation of a plane
electromagnetic wave in an anisotropic medium. Fresnel equation. Possible
types of waves. Dependence of group velocity on direction. Optical axis,
Biaxial and uniaxial crystals. Birefringence. Ordinary and extraordinary rays.
Huygen’s construction. Analysis of polarized light. Half-wave and quarter-
conditions. Vector and scalar potentials. Coulomb and Lorentz gauges. Field
energy and field momentum. Poynting’s theorem. Pointing vector. L52. Electromagnetic Waves : Plane waves in isotropic dielectric media. Energy
and momentum of electro-magnetic waves. Intensity. Plane waves in
conducting media. Skin effect. Reflection at a conducting surface. Polarization
of electromagnetic wave and their mathematical representation. Reflection and
refraction of plane waves at a plane interface between dielectrics. Fresnel’s
relations. Polarization by reflection. Brewster’s angle. Total internal reflection. L73. Radio wave Propagation : Modes of e.m. wave propagation through space –
ground wave. Sky wave, line-of-sight propagation; mechanism of ionospheric
reflection; critical frequency, MUF and optimum frequency. L2
4. Scattering and Dispersion : Scattering cross-section, Scattering of radiation by
a free charge. Thomson scattering cross-section (the formula for the time
average of the power radiated per unit solid angle by a charged particle may be
assumed). Scattering by a bound charge (assuming the damping term). Rayleigh
scattering cross-section. Blue colour of the sky, dispersion. Elementary theory
of normal and anomalous dispersion. Cauchy’s formula. L6Recommended Books: 1. D. J. Griffiths – Introduction to Electrodynamics (PHI)
2. J. D. Jackson – Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley Eastern)
Group – D: Electronics – II [45 Lectures]
1. Review of BJT Amplifier: Design principle and technique of ac analysis. L32. Special Purpose Amplifiers: Cascaded BJT amplifiers – two stage R – C
coupled and transformer coupled amplifiers; large signal amplifiers –
distinction between voltage and power amplifiers, class A, class B and class C
operation of amplifiers; class A power amplifier – expression of Concept of
push-pull configuration; tuned amplifier – requirements of RF amplification,
impedance of a tuned circuit, gain and bandwidth of single tuned amplifier,
3. Electronic Oscillators: Classification – sinusoidal and relaxation, audio
frequency and radio frequency, feedback and negative resistance; Barkhausen
criterion and oscillator principle; R-C Phase Shift Oscillator, Wien bridge
oscillator; derivation of condition of oscillation; general reactance oscillator –
circuit and derivation of condition and frequency of oscillation, hence Hartley
and Colpitts oscillators; Astable multivibrator circuit using BJT – principle of
operation and frequency of oscillation. L8
4. Principle of Modulation and Demodulation : Need for modulation, its types;
amplitude modulation – analysis modulation index, frequency spectrum, power
analysis, collector modulator circuit and its working; Envelope detector using
diode, Frequency modulation (single tone) – analysis, peak deviation, FM
index, frequency spectrum (statements only), Cursson’s rule; Principle of
detection of FM signal; Phase modulation-relation between FM and PM;
elements of AM broadcasting (outline only). L105. Operational Amplifier: Linear amplifier with two input terminals and one
output terminal; common mode gain and difference mode gain, CMRR; OP-
AMP as in ideal difference amplifier; idea of inverting and non- inverting
inputs; characteristics of ideal and practical OP-AMPs; Virtual ground and
application of OP-AMP as inverting amplifier, unity gain buffer, adder, phase
shifter, integrator, differentiator and differential amplifier; digital-to-analog
converter circuit; basic principle of analog to digital converter. L56. Digital Electronics: Number systems – decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal
and their inter-conversions (integer and fraction), binary addition and
subtraction, 1’s and 2’s complement, method of subtraction.
Boolean algebra: Basic postulates and laws, absorption theorems and De
Morgan’s theorem, simplification of Boolean expressions (simple example and
problems), Karnaugh mapping upto 4 variables – techniques and examples.
Logic gates and some applications: AND, OR and NOT gates – functional
explanation with truth tables, EX-OR gate, NOR and NAND gates as universal
gates, idea of positive and negative logic systems; implementation of OR and
NAND gates with diodes and resistors, NOT gate using transistor,
combinational logic circuits – Half adder, full adder, binary comparator,
multiplexer and demultiplexer; sequential logic circuits – SR, JK flip-flops. L12Recommended Books: 1. F E Terman – Electronic and Radio Engineering2. J D Ryder – Electronic Fundamentals and Applications3. D Roddy and Coolen – Electronic Communications4. Millman et al – Microelectronics5. R P Jain – Modern Digital Electronics6. Malvino and Leach – Digital Principles and Applications7. Malvino – Electronic Principles
Paper – IX (Theoretical Paper) Full Marks: 100
Group – A: Atomic Physics [28 Lectures]
1. Background experiments: Particle like properties of radiation. The photo-
electric effect major characteristic features. Einstein’s quantum theory of
photoelectric effect. Compton effect. Wave like properties of particles. de
Broglie’s postulate. De Broglie Wavength. Davisson-Germer experiment. The
wave-particle duality. L72. Atomic Models and Old Quantum Theory: Line spectra of atoms. Hydrogen
series. Balmer formula. Rydberg’s constant. Bohr’s postulate of quantization of
angular momentum. Quantization of energy of one-electron atoms. Correction
for finite nuclear mass. Singly ionized helium. Frank and Hertz experiment.
Ionization energy. Wilson-Sommerfed quantization rule and its applications.
Sommerfeld’s elliptic orbits (derivation not required). The correspondence
principle. Features of old quantum theory.
L7
3. One-electron Atoms: The Stern-Gerlach experiment. Electron spin. Spin
quantum numbers S and ms. Orbital and spin magnetic moment, gyromagnetic
ratios. Coupling between orbital and spin angular momenta, Conditions
satisfied by j and mj. Spectra of alkali atoms. Principal, sharp and diffuse series.
Doublet structure. Spectroscopic notation. Fine structure. Simplified account of
spin-orbit interaction. Atomic transitions and selection rules (qualitative
discussion). Atom in a magnetic field. Normal and anomalous Zeeman effect.
Simple derivation of magnetic energy is vector model. Lande’s g-factor. L7
4. Many-electron atoms and Molecules: Pauli’s exclusion principle. Shell
structure, periodic table. Brief discussion on LS coupling scheme. Hund’s rule
(Statement and illustration). X-ray spectra. Continuous and characteristic
spectra. Moseley’s law. Elementary theory of rotational. vibrational and
electronic spectra of molecules. Raman effect. L7
Group – B : Special Theory of Relativity [22 Lectures]1. Experimental Background: Aberration. Fizeau’s experiment. Michelson-