3 Storey Mixed Use Building

3-Storey Mixed-Use Building: AutoCAD Design

Melissa R. CoderesJhon Kelly B. Hilario

Alexandra Marie L. Marqueses

Technological Institute of the PhilippinesQuezon City

October, 2015

APPROVAL SHEET

This design project entitled “3-Storey Mixed-Use Building: AutoCAD Design” is prepared by Melissa R. Coderes, Jhon Kelly B. Hilario and Alexandra Marie L. Marqueses of the Civil Engineering Department was examined and evaluated by the professor and is hereby recommended for approval.

ENGR. RONNIE M. DYSANGCOProfessor

Panel Members:

ENGR. ALLAN O. BENOGSUDANDepartment Chair

ii

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINESQuezon City

AutoCAD Design Experience InformationCPE003 Design Project 1

1st Semester, SY 2015-2016

Student/TeamGroup

Melissa R. CoderesJhon Kelly B. HilarioAlexandra Marie L. Marqueses

Design Title 3-Storey Mixed-Use Building: AutoCAD Design

Program Concentration Area AutoCAD

Design Objectives

Project ObjectiveThe general objective of this project is to design an AutoCAD plan for a 3-storey mixed-use building in accordance with codes and engineering standards and considerations of trade-offs based on the multiple constraints such as Economic, Manufacturability, and Sustainability.

Specific Objectives Design a 3-storey mixed-use building AutoCAD plan Develop an AutoCAD design for a 3-storey mixed-used building

Constraints

Economic

The components that were used for the building of the design project were put into consideration based on the client’s requirements and the availability of the components. The designers used the components that are not harmful to the client and the environment. Considering the cost of the components, the designers used not only the affordable materials, but also the précised functionality that was needed for the design.

ManufacturabilityThe manufacturability of the components would be highly affected depending on the availability of the materials. The capability of the design produced with the needed part and maintenance referred the design’s manufacturability.

Sustainability

The designers also considered the functionality of the device. The design project had an easy to use functionality and was environmentally friendly. Considering the procedures, the designers made sure that there are fewer procedures so that the client was able to understand and work with it without so much time wasted.

Standards

iii

NBC, section 707:Maximum Height of Buildings

The designers took in consideration the character of occupancy and the type of constructions for them to decide how high their building is.

NBC, section 704:Location of Property

The designers should consider the location of the property to be able for it to give maximum convenience and comfort to the public.

NBC, section 806:Size and Dimension of rooms

The designers took in consideration the size and dimensions of rooms. For human habitations, it should be 6.00 sq. meters with atleast dimension of 2.00 meters.

NBC, section 701:Occupancy Classified

The designers shall identify the buildings proposed for the construction according to their use or the character of its occupancy.

NBC, section 1205:Floor Construction

The designers took in considerations that all floors shall be so framed and secured into the framework and supporting walls to form an integral part of the whole building. The types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beam and girders from lateral buckling.

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 Input-Process-Output.................................................................................................................6Figure 3.2 3-Story Mixed-use Building Design 1..........................................................................................8Figure 3.3 3-Story Mixed-use Building Design 2........................................................................................10Figure 3.4 (b) Design 3 Floor Plan..............................................................................................................12Figure 3.4 (a) 3-Story Mixed-use Building Design 3...................................................................................12Figure 4.1 Subordinate ranking of Georgian Colonial Style in economic cost............................................15Figure 4.2 Subordinate ranking of Mid-Century Modern Design in economic cost...................................16Figure 4.3 Subordinate ranking of Modern Architectural Design in manufacturability.............................17Figure 4.4 Subordinate ranking of Georgian in manufacturability.............................................................18Figure 4.5 Subordinate ranking of Georgian Colonial Design based on sustainability...............................19Figure 4.6 Subordinate ranking of Modern Architectural Design based on sustainability.........................20Figure 5.1 Final Design Model...................................................................................................................23

v

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1 Cost of Materials of Design 1.........................................................................................................7Table 3-3 Cost of Materials using Design 2....................................................................................................9Table 3-5 Cost of Materials using Design 3..................................................................................................11Table 4-1 Designer Tabulation Form............................................................................................................14Table 4-2 Initial Cost of each component.....................................................................................................14Table 4-3 Availability of the Materials...........................................................................................................16Table 4-4 Sustainability of components........................................................................................................18Table 4-5 Tabulation of Trade-offs............................................................................................................... 20

vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CAD Computer Aided DraftingNBC National Building CodePhp Philippine PesoSq. SquareMm Millimeters

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...iAPPROVAL SHEET........................................................................................................................................ iiAutoCAD Design Experience Information...................................................................................................... iiiLIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................................... vLIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................... viLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................... viiTABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... viiiCHAPTER 1. PROJECT BACKGROUND................................................................................................1

The Project.............................................................................................................................................1Project Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 1The Client............................................................................................................................................... 1Project Scope and Delimitation..............................................................................................................1Project Development..............................................................................................................................2

CHAPTER 2. DESIGN INPUTS................................................................................................................4Design Constraints.................................................................................................................................4Design Standards.................................................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER 3. PROJECT DESIGN............................................................................................................6Input-Process-Output.............................................................................................................................6

Design 1: Georgian Colonial Design..................................................................................................7AutoCAD Design........................................................................................................................ 8

Design 2: Modern Architectural Design.............................................................................................9AutoCAD Design....................................................................................................................... 10

Design 3: Mid-Century Modern Design............................................................................................11AutoCAD Design....................................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 4. DESIGN TRADE-OFFS....................................................................................................13Design Trade-offs................................................................................................................................ 13Influence of Design Trade Offs in the Final Design..............................................................................21

CHAPTER 5. FINAL DESIGN.................................................................................................................23Final Design......................................................................................................................................... 23

Conclusion....................................................................................................................................... 23

8

CHAPTER 1. PROJECT BACKGROUNDThe Project

Based on Joseph Minicozzi (2012), the construction of a mixed-use building can give the best return on investment for the public coffers come when smart and sustainable development occurs. If you construct a single-use or commercial building separated to residential, it can be costly not only on financial but also in many aspects. Examples of these aspects are saving the land consumption when constructing a mixed-use building rather than having a single-use building because there is more is more than one use of a building for commercial and residential compared in building them separately. It also allows a certain area to gain more in financial aspects because a mixed-use and a single-used structure have almost the same building cost but a mixed-use structure can be able to produce more profit. Therefore, it is better to construct mixed-use building.

The designers, proposed the AutoCAD design of a 3-storey mixed-use building with the first storey as a commercial space like stores and market while the remaining two storeys are for residential use that can suit for a family in a comfortable manner. The designer also want the residents in the proposed project to be near in their basic public landmarks like school, hospital, church and other places so that they can see the convenience being offered by our proposed building.

Project Objectives

The general objective of this project was to design an AutoCAD plan for a 3-storey mixed-use building in accordance with codes of ethics, engineering standards and consideration of trade-offs based on multiple constraints such as economic, manufacturability and sustainability constraints.

Specific Objectives

Design a 3-storey mixed-use building AutoCAD plan. Develop an AutoCAD design for a 3-storey mixed-use building.

The Client

The client of our proposed project is anyone who needs a place to stay and be able to meet the requirements of the management. Moreover, clients who have a capacity to pay the given amount. Examples are businessman, family and anyone the same.

Project Scope and Delimitation

The scope of our proposed project is any consumer who is a able to meet the needed requirements to use the building while the delimitation is the capacity of the building to accommodate a minimum of 100 and a maximum of 200 clients. The space given to the clients is enough for them to move comfortably. The amenities present in our proposal are mostly the basics needed by our clients (gym, pool, chapel, entertainment area). The ground floor on the commercial space can accommodate more or less five business enterprises.

Project Development

9

Gathering Data Project Conceptualization

Identify the ComponentsImplementationMaintenance

To represent the development of the project, a flowchart was used to draw the chain of a process that connects the phase of development of the design. Figure 1.1 shows the development process in completing the project.

Figure 1.1 Project Developments

Figure 1.1 is an illustration of the project development process in the Design of a 3-storey Mixed-Use Building.

Identify the Problem:

Identifying the problem was the first step. The designers identified the problem through research, education and self-curiosity. Finding the problem would help the designers to prepare for a solution.

Gathering Data and Requirement

Gathering of data and requirements were important since it would set as a way in providing the best solution for the identified problem. The designers needed to gather data and the necessary requirements to complete the AutoCAD design.

Project Conceptualization

Project conceptualization was the ability to formulate any idea that occurs at the beginning of a design activity. The designers were able to formulate an initial design of the project when the scope of the project was drafted and as a result the designers came up with an AutoCAD design.

Identify the Components

10

Identify the Problems

Identifying the components needed for the completion of the AutoCAD design was very important not only for the sake of completing the design but also to seek the better quality of components to be used. After the designer built the model of the project, the designers were able to identify what are the exact components that were used.

Implementation

Implementation was necessary as it would execute the plan that was laid out upon the beginning of the design. Once all the necessary requirements have been met the designers would prepare for the implementation of the design according to the model created. The designers must meet the objective of the design for the completion of the project.

Maintenance

Maintenance was offered to prevent any unnecessary difficulties, error and to maintain the ability to monitor the effectivity of the design. And lastly the designers would provide maintenance for the design as part of the service for the client so that if there would be any unnecessary problem met with the design, the designers could automatically fix the issue at hand.

11

CHAPTER 2. DESIGN INPUTSDesign Constraints

The consideration of multiple constraints was applied. The aspects that determined the feasibility of the system was served by these constraints. There were different kinds of constraints applicable to the creation of this design project, but the designers have selected the constraints that could affect the entire development process and these are the following:

Economic (Cost) The components that were used for the building of the design project were put into consideration based on the client’s requirements and the availability of the components. The designers used the components that are not harmful to the client and the environment. Considering the cost of the components, the designers used not only the affordable materials, but also the précised functionality that was needed for the design.

Manufacturability (Availability of materials)In developing the project, the availability of material of the design was also considered by the designers. The availability of the materials would vary the time before the start of the design. The designers’ main concern was if the material would be available locally or should it be shipped from other country.

Sustainability (Life Span)A component does not last longer than expected. There were times that components would need replacement. The designers considered the sustainability of each components used for the design to be completed. There were researches conducted to specify how long take a certain component would last before replacing it. This became important for the designers, should any of the component from the design needs to be replaced.

Design Standards

The designers used a list of standards for this project design as a basis for the circuit design and other related to the following codes and standards which are stated below:

NBC, section 707: Maximum Height of Buildings – The maximum height and number of storeys of every building shall be dependent upon the character of occupancy and the type of construction as determine by the secretary considering population density, building bulk, widths of streets and car parking requirements. The height shall be measured from the highest adjoining sidewalk or ground surface: Provided, that the height measured from the lowest adjoining surface shall not exceed such maximum height before by more than 3.00 meters: Except, that towers, spires, steeples, erected as a part of the building and not used for habitation or storage are limited as to height only by structural design if completely of incombustible materials, or may extend not o exceed 6.00 meters above the height limits for each occupancy group if of combustible materials.

NBC, section 704: Location of Property – Among three given standards, the designers considered the general standard (a) No building shall be constructed unless it adjoins or has direct access to a public space, yard or street on at least one of its side. For the purpose of this Section, the centreline of the adjoining street or alley shall be considered an adjacent property line. Eaves over required windows shall not be less than 750 mm from the side and rear property lines.

12

NBC, section 806: Size and Dimension of rooms- Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows: (1) Rooms for Human Habitations 6.00 sq. meters with a least dimension of 2.00 meters; (2) Kitchens-3.00sq meters with a least dimension of 1.50 meters; (3) Bath and Toilet 1.20 sq. meters with a least dimension of 0.90 meter.

NBC, section 701: Occupancy Classified – Among four given standards, the designers considered (2) Group B Residential, Hotels and Apartments: Group B Occupancies shall be multiply dwelling units including boarding or lodging houses, hotels, apartment buildings, row houses, convents, monasteries and other similar building each of which accommodates more than 10 persons.

NBC, section 1205: Floor Construction – Among the three given standards, the designers considered the standard (b) All floors shall be so framed and secured into the framework and supporting walls as to form an integral part of the whole building. (c) the types of floor construction used shall provide means to keep the beam and girders from lateral buckling.

13

CHAPTER 3. PROJECT DESIGN

Input-Process-Output

The Input-Process-Output is a graphical representation of all factors/procedures in which the required inputs such as knowledge, hardware and software along with multiple constraints processed through data gathering and planning to produce the most efficient hardware and software design to meet the design objectives and arrive at the output of producing a prototype.

Figure 3.1 Input-Process-Output

Figure 3.1 shows the requirements and how the design was processed. The inputs have all the necessary requirements before the design can be process. It is the first thing that should be prepared. The process is made up of engineering methodologies required for the production of the design project.

The inputs are made up of Knowledge, Hardware, Software, Multiple Constraints and Standard requirements. The knowledge requirement consists of the expected functionality of the design project.

Multiple constraints were also part of the input where it would remind the designers the different considerations to be observed such as economic, sustainability and manufacturability.

The process illustrates how the design would function based on the given inputs. The knowledge requirements consist of the detailed functionality and the engineering techniques to be used. The hardware shows how the components would be used according to the designers input.

Design 1: Georgian Colonial Design

14

INPUT

Requirements in:

Knowledge:

2D AutoCAD 3D AutoCAD Designing

Multiple Constraints

Engineering Standards

PROCESS

Data Gathering

Design

3D Modelling

OUTPUT

Design of Automated Beehive with Android Technology

The designers made the first model as a square or symmetrical shape building with paneled front door at the center. It has also a medium pitched roof and a minimal roof overhang. These characteristics were based from the Georgian Colonial home and building styles. Windows were rectangular and the same width but sometimes the height varies from floor to floor or based by the plan of the designer. Like in the design 1, the windows on the first floor are floor-to-ceiling windows and the windows on the second and third floors are made with the same width and height.

In this design, we consider the following standards: (1) NBC, section 704: Location of property (2) NBC, section 806: Size and dimension of rooms. (3) NBC, section 701: Occupancy Classified. (see Chapter 2: Design Standards)

The designers add a little bit of modern touch by not using bricks for the walls and didn’t put any chimneys on top because the designers think that it is not appropriate for a mixed-use building to have a chimney. And also, one chimney cannot accommodate 20-50 fire places. The designers can say that the design 1 is the simple design among the three because it almost obeyed the characteristics of a simple designed building. Sustainability

The sustainability of the Design 1 is based on the quality of the materials to be used and also based on how the workers will build the structure. But the designers are expecting for the Design 1 to last long because it is has the characteristics of a simple structure. And simple structure are expected to last in a good number of years because it focuses on the structure and not on the its design.

Manufacturability

The manufacturability of the components would be really beneficial for the designers because the materials can be purchased within the country itself and there’s no need for ordering it from another country.

Economics

The designers took consideration of the cost of the materials to be used in this design. As stated in Table 3-1 below the list of costing that would be used in designing a 3-storey mixed-use building based on a Georgian Colonial Architecture. As stated below the paint is the most affordable component compare to all of the materials because there is no need to color the walls for there are wall tiles to be applied.

Table 3-1 Cost of Materials of Design 1

15

Materials CostsCement PHP 540,000.00Hollow Blocks PHP 380,000.00Plywood(formworks) PHP 330,000.00Wood(rough) PHP 255,000.00Wall Tiles(Plain Semi-Gloss)

PHP 290,000.00

Glass PHP 250,000.00Roofsheets PHP 350,000.00Paint(Flat Latex) PHP 100,000.00

Table 3-1 shows the different components and total cost of the materials of design 1. The designers used Cement because it is one of the most needed materials in constructing any structure and those cement cost Php 540,000. Hollow blocks are also used to support and erect the structure which cost Php 380,000.00. Plywoods are also on the list which costs Php 330,000. Rough woods are also considered and it costs Php 250,000. Plain semi-gloss wall tile are also one of the materials to be used which costs Php 290,000. Also, glasses to be used on windows are one of the lists and those glasses costs Php 250,000. A building will not be completed without a roof to protect the insides of it that’s why roof sheets are also considered which costs Php 350,000. And lastly, the paint which will be used to add beautiful colors for the structure and used for the completion of the design is also on the list and it costs Php 100,000.

AutoCAD Design

The Figure 3.2 illustrates the design of 3-story mixed-use building: AutoCAD design.

The designers constructed a Design

of 3- Storey Mixed-Use Building using the Georgian Colonial Architecture design.

Figure 3.2 shows the structure of the 3-

storey mixed-use building using the Georgian Colonial Style. As shown on the figure, the design one really emphasizes the square and the symmetrical shape of the design. It can be also clearly seen that the windows of the second and

16

Figure 3.2 3-Storey Mixed-use Building Design 1

third floor are really made with the same width and height while on the first floor the floor-to-ceiling windows are used.

Design 2: Modern Architectural Design

In this design, the designers want to break away from cookie cutters and traditional aesthetics. They strive to create home designs that go beyond standard ideas and instead pursue projects inspired by layout, location, and function. And modern architectural design became the answer.

Based on Louis Sullivan (1896), “Form follows function”, this idea is expressed by Modernisms’ tendency to have land or the function of a project dictate much of the design ideas. By this, the designers take inspiration from the project itself. The goal is to build a 3-storey mixed-use building to be used by entrepreneurs, families and anyone the same (see Chapter 1: The Client). So we aim to design for each unique situation and to be inspired by its purpose.

Also, we took in consideration the NBC standard, section 707: Maximum Height of Buildings, section 704: Location of Property, section 806: Size and Dimension of rooms, section 701: Occupancy Classified, section 1205: Floor Construction. (see Chapter 2: Design Standards) Design 2 is different from the preceding design because instead of opting for the traditional triangular-based or craftsman style roof lines, the designers dare to push the envelope on roof design. Structures might have multiple roof lines at different levels, showing off the complexity of the overall design and the uncommon silhouette of the structure. Varying lines and elongated vaulted ceilings, as well as interesting overhangs or unusual linear elements are mixed to create a more unique statement.

Many mid-century structures use windows extensively to bring in light. That’s why the designers feature floor-to-ceiling windows and a sliding door. They also include open interior floor plans with fewer walls.

Sustainability

The question of sustainability is not a separate design question, but is part of the design of the whole building, contributing to a comfortable, low maintenance, high performance home. By aiming to design for each unique situation and to be inspired by its purpose as discussed a while back, the designers assure that when designing the building, the sustainability will be highly considered.

Manufacturability

The manufacturability of the design would be really beneficial for the designers because the materials can be purchased within the country itself and there’s no need for ordering it from another country.

Economics

The designers took consideration of the cost of the materials to be used in Design 2. As stated in Table 3-3 below the list of costing that would be used in designing a modern architectural 3-storey mixed-use building. As stated below cement has the highest price but still reasonable.


Materials Costs

Cement PHP 540,000.00Hollow Blocks PHP 420,000.00Metal Bars PHP 460,000.00

17

Plywood(Formworks) PHP 350,000.00Roof sheets PHP 400,000.00Wall Tile(Astoria Blue) PHP 150,000.00

Wall Tile(Casey Light Blue) PHP 120,000.00

Wall Tile(Casey Blue) PHP 120,000.00

Two-way mirror PHP 260,000.00

Paint(QDE) PHP 160,000.00

Table 3-3 shows the components and total cost of the materials of design 2. The difference between table 3-1 and table 3-3 is that they use different kinds of wall tiles and paint.

AutoCAD DesignFigure 3.3 (a) illustrates the second design of a 3-storey mixed-use building and Figure 3.3 (b) illustrates the floor plan of Design 2.

The designers constructed a 3-storey mixed-use building: AutoCAD design using Modern

Architectural Design. Figure 3.3 shows the Design 2 using the modern Architectural Design. The design uses different types of wall tiles and paint. Two-way mirrors are also used in this design.

18

Figure 3.3 3-Storey Mixed-use Building Design 2

Design 3: Mid-Century Modern Design

Figure 3.4 (a) shows the third design of the proposed 3-storey mixed-used building. The designers used the mid-century modern touch as a basis for this design because the designers want to have an emphasis of rectangular forms and horizontal and vertical lines. Because in the mid-century, shapes of houses are based boxes or linked boxes and materials are often used in well-defined planes and vertical forms. It also has low, horizontal massing and flat roofs.

We consider all the given design standards discussed further at Chapter 2 because Design 3 is the designer’s final choice of design

This design is not that complicated and do not have any ornamentation. It is a building with a simple floor plan and it is not that elaborated. Decorative moldings and elaborate trim are eliminated or greatly simplified, giving way to a clean aesthetic where materials meet in simple, well-executed joints.

It also uses modern materials and systems. Steel columns are used in exposed applications, concrete block is used as a finished material, concrete floors are stained and exposed, long-span steel trusses permit open column-free spaces, and radiant heating systems enhance human comfort. Generous use of glass and natural light was also considered. Windows are no longer portholes to the outside, but large expanses of floor to ceiling glass providing dramatic views and introducing natural light deep into the interior of homes.

Sustainability

Based on Build LLC (2011), old school passive designs are highly sustainable. And because of mid-century modern design also uses modern materials and systems, the design is expected to have a high sustainability rate.

Manufacturability

The manufacturability of the design would be really beneficial for the designers because the materials can be purchased within the country itself and there’s no need for ordering it from another country.

Economics

The designers took consideration of the cost of the materials to be used in design 3. As stated in Table 3-5 below the list of costing that would be used in designing a 3-storey mixed-used building based on a mid-century modern design. As stated below, the cement is the material to be bought which the price is a little bit higher, but still reasonable because it will be used as one of the main material to build the structure.


19

Materials CostsCement PHP 520,000.00Hollow Blocks PHP 300,000.00Plywood(formworks) PHP 230,000.00Wood(rough) PHP 230,000.00Wall Tile(Daphne Matte Brown)

PHP 150,000,00

Wall Tile(Ashley Hi-Gloss White)

PHP 280,000.00

Glass PHP 260,000.00Roof sheets PHP 390,000.00Paint(Flatwall Enamel) PHP 150,000.00

Table 3-5 shows the cost of each component for design 3. From the table, it could be seen that different kinds of wall tiles and paints are to be used. AutoCAD Design

Figure 3.4 (a) illustrates the third design of a 3-storey mixed-use building and Figure 3.4 (b) illustrates floor plan of the Design 3

The designers constructed a 3-storey mixed-use building: AutoCAD design using Mid-Century Modern Design. Figure 3.4 (a) shows the Design 3 while the floor plan that has been used in the design 3 is shown in Figure 3.4 (b).The design emphasize rectangular forms and horizontal and vertical lines. It also breaks

away from the usual high pitched roof by using a flat one.

20

Figure 3.4 (a) 3-Story Mixed-use Building Design 3

Figure 3.4 (b) Design 3 Floor Plan

CHAPTER 4. DESIGN TRADE-OFFS

Design Trade-offs

Starting up the design trade-offs, the designers consider the functionality that can satisfy the constraints discussed at chapter 2. The designers select the most efficient design to be used that will give the appropriate functionality for the project design.

In the project, the use of the right design was placed under consideration. The trade-offs provide the comparison of each component to be used in the proposal.

Based on the constraints articulated previously, the various decision criteria were derived. Using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design presented by Otto and Antonsson (1991), the importance of each criterion (on a scale of 0 to 5, 5 with the highest importance was assigned and each design technology’s ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from -5 to 5, 5 with the highest ability to satisfy the criterion) was likewise tabulated.

Below is the computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:

%difference=(Higher Value−Lower Value)Higher Value

Equation 4.1

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank− (%Difference ) x 10 Equation 4.2

The governing rank was the subjective option of the designers where in the value for the criterion’s importance and its ability to satisfy the criterion would be chosen by the designers. Unlike subordinate ranking, governing rank does not require any calculating. The table below shows the sample of trade-offs of the design.

Three schematic designs have been considered for the trade-offs to be used. The three schematic designs have a different advantages and disadvantages for the efficiency of the 3-storey mixed-use building: AutoCAD design. Design 1 used Georgian Colonial Style; Design 2 used Modern Architectural Design while Design 3 used Mid-Century Modern Design. In order to find the best component, it was rated using the designers’ criterion. Each design has been discussed previously.

After considering the design constraints, the designers came up with the initial rankings on the AutoCAD design of a 3-storey mixed-use building. Table 4-1 shows Designers raw ranking based on given constraints at Chapter 2.

Table 4-1 Designer Tabulation Form

21

Decision Criteria Criterion’s Importance(On scale of 0 to 5)

Able to satisfy the criterion(On scale from -5 to 5)Design 1(Georgian)

Design 2(Modern)

Design 3(Mid-Century)

Economic (Cost) 3 5 4 4Manufacturability (Availability)

5 3 3 5

Sustainability (Life Span) 4 4 5 3Overall Rank 46 47 49Reference: (Otto, 1991)http://www.design.caltech.edu/Research/Publications/90e.pdf on March 11, 2013.

In determining the trade-offs for the designs, the designers assigned respective importance values for each criterion shown in Table 4-1. The manufacturability or the availability was given the importance by ranking it into the highest value, which was given a five because as discussed in the Project objectives at Chapter 1, the goal of this project is to offer maximum convenience and comfort. It really does matter that the materials needed should be bought as planned. The designers had also taken into consideration the importance of sustainability or the life span of the materials used and it were considered to be the second on the highest value such as four since the materials has its own capability to stay longer. The economic constraints or the cost of the materials to be used for the design was considered to be the third because the cost doesn’t really matter as long as it will satisfy and met the goal of the design.

TRADE-OFF #1: Economics

Initial Cost Estimate for an AutoCAD Design of a 3-Storey Mixed-Used Building

Table 4-2 shows the over-all cost of the Design 1, 2 and 3. The ranking, stated in the trade off table would be based on the formula that is computed. The total cost for each specific component to be used was tabulated previously.

Table 4-2 Initial Cost of each component

Design Category TotalDesign 1 PHP 2,490,000.00Design 2 PHP 2,980,000.00Design 3 PHP 2,510,000.0

Table 4-2 represents the price of the device in the industry and its quantities when manufactured. The equations mentioned above were considered to calculate for the values of the ability to satisfy the criterion.

Computation for Trade-Offs #1:

To compute the value of the ability to satisfy the criterion the designers need to determine the value of the subordinate rank. As for the Design 1 (Georgian):

22

%difference= (Modern−Georgian )(Modern)

To get the percent difference, subtract the value of the first design that consists of Load cell to the value of the third design that consists of Touch sensor and divide it into the value of Load cell.

%difference=2,980,000−2,510,000(2,980,000 )

%difference=0.16

Subordinate Rank=Governing Rank− (%difference ) x10

Subordinate Rank=3−(0.16 ) x10

Subordinate Rank=1.4

Figure 4.1 Subordinate ranking of Georgian Colonial Style in economic cost

Figure 4.1 represents the subordinate ranking of the design, Georgian, to satisfy the criterion from Table 4-1. The value calculated signifies the importance of a design in a design project. As the Figure shows, Georgian has the significance of 1.4 which means that it was one of the main components of the design.

The value calculated from the subordinate rank would be tailing in the Table 4-1. To calculate the value of the criterion of MidCentury, use equations 2.1 and 2.2:

%difference=MidCentury−Georgian(MidCentury )

%difference=2,510,000−2,980,000(2,510,000 )

%difference=−0.19

23


Subordinate Rank=3−(−0.19 ) x10


Figure 4.2 Subordinate ranking of Mid-Century Modern Design in economic cost

Figure 4.2 represents the similarity to the Georgian; Mid-Century criterion was tailed under Table 3-2. This shows that Georgian has a higher criterion that it acquires during the calculations. This was due to the affordability of the materials in the market. Considering the value of the Figure 4-1, it shows that in Figure 4-2, Georgian has a higher importance than Mid-Century having a value of 4.9 for the economic cost criterion.

TRADE-OFF #2: Manufacturability

Table 4-3 shows the estimated number of days in order to acquire the sensors used for the three designs. The table is used as the basis of the ranking on Trade-offs in accordance with the computations.

Table 4-3 Availability of the Materials

Design Day(s) to AcquireDesign 1 3Design 2 1Design 3 5

As stated on the previous chapter, manufacturability was one of the most important design constraints because the designers want to follow what has been planned and bought all the materials which are exactly needed. The estimated days to acquire the desired component are 1 day since the component is available within the country.


24

All of the designs have similarities when it comes to the availability of the materials. Though they still differ on the materials to be used and other materials are hard to find. Using the equations 4.1 and 4.2, the value of manufacturability criterion can be calculated.

%difference= (MidCentury−Modern )(MidCentury )

%difference= (5−1 )(5 )

%difference=0.8



Subordinate Rank=−3

Figure 4.3 Subordinate ranking of Modern Architectural Design in manufacturability

Figure 4.3 shows the computed value acquired for the manufacturability of the Modern considering the time it takes to acquire the materials of the design. From the calculated value, -3 represents the ratio of availability of the material to be used to complete the design.

Using the same equations, the value of the Modern Architectural Design can be calculated as follows:

%difference= (Georgian−Modern )(Modern )

25

%difference= (3−1 )(3 )

%difference=0.67



Subordinate Rank=−5

Figure 4.4 Subordinate ranking of Georgian in manufacturability

Using the same equation used to compute the value of manufacturability on Modern, Figure 4-4 represents the computed value for the Georgian. Considering the value of 5, it represents the ratio of the availability of the materials in the market.

TRADE-OFF #3: Sustainability

Table 4-4 shows the life span or sustainability of each component depending on their quality. The designers considered another method of computing the sustainability criterion. The criteria were ranked from 1 to 3 wherein 3 is the highest which means it was the best. 2 mean better and 1 means good. The ranking was based upon the sustainability of the materials that is being used on the design prototype. The basis of these criteria was taken based on the components accuracy, sensitivity, stability, time it would response, linearity and their life span.

The designers chose the Load cell design to obtain the highest rank due to its availability and sustainability to be used in the prototype. To calculate the values of the ability to satisfy the sustainability criterion, it was required to determine the value of the subordinate rank.

Table 4-4 Sustainability of components

Criteria Design 1 Design 2 Design 3Accuracy 3 2 3Sensitivity 2 2 2Stability 1 3 2

Life Span 2 2 3

26

Fast Response Time 1 2 3Linearity 2 3 3

Total 11 14 16

The designers chose the Design 3 to obtain the highest rank due to its availability and sustainability to be used in the design. To calculate the values of the ability to satisfy the sustainability criterion, it was required to determine the value of the subordinate rank.


By using the same equations from before equations 2.1 and 2.2, the designers were able to compute the value needed for the said criterion.

%difference= (Higher value−Lower value )(higher value )

%difference= (16−11)(16 )

%difference=0.3


Subordinate Rank=4−(0.3 ) x 10


Figure 4.5 Subordinate ranking of Georgian Colonial Design based on sustainability

Figure 4.5 shows the acquired values for the subordinate rank for Georgian depending on the designers chosen device to work on the design. The calculated value of 0.1 represents the sustainability of the device according to the designers.

The same equations would be used to compute the said criterion for Modern Architectural Design.

27

%difference= (Higher value−Lower value )(higher value )

%difference= (14−11)(14 )

%difference=0.21


Subordinate Rank=4−(0.21 ) x 10


Figure 4.6 Subordinate ranking of Modern Architectural Design based on sustainability

The calculation in Figure 4.6 shows that the Modern Architectural design takes advantage in terms of its sustainability. It has the quality that was needed for the design to be completed among other designs presents. The calculated value of 1.9 shows the sustainability of the Georgian according to the desired of the designer.

Summary of Trade-Offs:

Based on the constraints articulated previously, the various decision criteria were derived. Using the model on trade-off strategies in engineering design presented by Otto and Antonsson (1991), the importance of each criterion (on a scale of 0 to 5, 5 with the highest importance was assigned and each design technology’s ability to satisfy the criterion (on a scale from -5 to 5, 5 with the highest ability to satisfy the criterion) was likewise tabulated.

Table 4-5 Tabulation of Trade-offs

Decision Criteria Criterion’s Importance(On scale of 0 to 5)

Able to satisfy the criterion(On scale from -5 to 5)Design 1(Georgian)

Design 2(Modern)

Design 3(Mid-Century)

28

Economic (Cost) 3 5 4 4Manufacturability (Availability)

5 3 3 5

Sustainability (Life Span) 4 4 5 3Overall Rank 46 47 49

The designers ranking section depends on the importance of the constraints. The manufacturability was set to five (5) the highest, because the designers wants all the materials to be available in the country. The sustainability criterion which rank as four (4) because the client wants it to have a long life at the same time, functionality of the building is in there.

Last was the economic criterion was set to three (3) because the client don’t care too much on its worth but its availability. The Table 4-1 shows the values taken from the computation that the designers came up with in order to find the satisfying value for the trade-offs of each component. The one with the highest value would be chosen for the design. As seen in the Table 4-1, Design 3 has the highest overall value among the other two design based on the computations considering the cost, availability and its sustainability that was suited for the design.

The designers based the cost of each component depending on the prices of the materials in the market. The Design 1 obtained the highest value since it has the lowest price among others; it was then followed by Design 2 and Design 3 as equal. As for the sustainability of each sensor, Design 2 obtained the highest value due to its sustainability while the rest of the sensor does not, however, even though Design 2 has the highest value of sustainability the designer still choose Design 3 due to other reasons such as availability. The designers also need to consider the time and availability of each design and based on the manufacturability criterion, Design 3 has obtained the highest value since the device was available within the country. And since Design 3 has second to the lowest value when it comes to cost, the designers preferred to use it due to how it fitted for the design.

Influence of Design Trade Offs in the Final Design

The constraints, trade-offs and standards contributed in the production of this design. In accordance with the multiple constraints that the designers stated, choosing the right component depends on the affordability of the materials; the numbers of years that the component may be used without being replaced; and the availability of the materials in order for the production of the design to meet the deadline. These constraints became the criteria for the tradeoff table where the comparisons for each design to be used were expressed.

The standards stated in the previous chapter have been considered when measurement for each specific component and process were taken. The standards stated previously become one of the contributing factors towards the success of the design.

Design Criterion 1: Economic (Cost)

The costs of each component have been taken into consideration in the development of the design. The designers anticipated the over-all cost based on the price of each component. The tradeoffs of the designs were conducted through calculations to determine the right component to be used. As calculated from the previous chapter, Table 4-2 shows that Design 1 has the highest scale due to its low cost, however, even

29

though the Design 1 has the lowest cost, Design 3 was still chosen for the completion of the design since it’s available in the country.

Design Criterion 2: Manufacturability (Availability of Materials)

The availability of the material has been taken into consideration for the success of the design therefore the chosen component must be available to meet the deadline of the production. Table 4-3 shows the different availability of each component used for trade-offs. The use of Design 3 has the highest scale due to its availability within the country.

As calculated in the previous chapter, Design 3 is more advisable to use compared to Design 1 and Design 2. The designers have chosen Design 3 knowing that the cost is affordable, sustainable for the design project and since the materials was available in the country. The standards have been the basis that needs to be considered upon the use of each specific component and process taken by the designers.

Design Criterion 3: Sustainability (Life Span)

The life span of the component was also taken into consideration to make the design building last a long time. Table 4-4 shows the life span of each component. The component with the highest value was Design 2 and this was due to the fact that Design 2 was more expensive and therefore has the quality to last longer than the rest. However, the chosen component to complete the design was Design 3 because of how affordable it was compared to Design 1 and due to its availability in the market. Also Design 3 was ranked second for lasting longer unlike Design 2.

30

CHAPTER 5. FINAL DESIGNFinal Design

Figure 5.1 shows the Mid-Century Modern AutoCAD Design of a 3-Storey Mixed-Use Building which is chosen as the final design. The selection was made based on the different constraints discussed in the Chapter 2. The third design has the most available materials among the three designs. It also satisfies the goal of this project which is to provide maximum convenience and comfort for people because of the availability of its components. This design is also a worker friendly design because it is not that complicated. It doesn’t have any ornamentation and it is not highly elaborated but still sustainable and its price is reasonable even it uses modernized materials. By that, the designers rest assured that the design of the structure will come to life as what has been planned.

Figure 5.1 Final Design Model

The designers design a 3-storey mixed-use building to bring comfort and convenience to people who are searching for a perfect place to live or start a business. Especially today, traffic is one of the main problem of the cities that’s why many people are searching for a place which is near from their landmarks like school, hospitals etc. the proposed building has also so much to give because it has its own market or department stores and also some facilities like the chapel and the gym.

Conclusion

The designers were able to complete the design considering the codes and engineering standards, multiple constraints and trade-off.

To iterate, the designers had taken consideration of the computation and decision made in trade offs in order to come up with a good design. Among the multiple constraints that were used for the completion of the design were economics, manufacturability and sustainability. In the final design, considering the availability and sustainability of the building, the designers used the materials that are available in the country and can sustain the structure.

31

3 Storey Mixed Use Building

Documents