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Raghied Atta and Naseer AhmadTaibah University, Saudi Arabia

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Importance of Underground Pipelines

•3.5 million km of

pipeline in 120 countries around theworld.

•The United States had65%, Russia had 8%,and Canada had 3%

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Pipeline Transport

Oil “steel or plastic pipes”

Natural gas “carbon steel pipes”

Water “Cold, Hot and Steam”

SewageBrine

Alcohol Ammonia

Milk

beer

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Underground Pipeline Failure Pipeline failure can

cause severe damage to human health andproperty and

interruption of water,gas or oil supplies

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Landslides and Displacement

Underground pipelines are difficult to be inspected

The systems should be designed for near zero leakage.

They must account for thermal expansion, degradation ofmaterial, high-pressure and hydraulic shock, heat loss/gain,and corrosion.

Displacement and possible failure of the pipeline might

result because of the displacement induced landslides.

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Ground Pipelines Installation The pipe network is buried

underground for safety and to

avoid any disruption“presence on ground” .

For buried non-pressureapplications trench

construction, bedding,haunching, initial backfill,compaction, and finalbackfill.

Following StandardPractice for UndergroundInstallation of

Thermoplastic Pipe andOther Gravit -Flow

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Trenches Specifications Adequate width to allow convenient installation,

As narrow as possible “Joining pipe outside thetrench and lowering it into the trench”

Trench widths will have to be wider where thermal

expansion and contraction is a factor.Trench depth is determined by intended service and

local conditions.

Susceptible to freezing liquids should be buried noless than 12" below the maximum frost level.

Permanent lines subjected to heavy traffic should

have a minimum cover of 24".

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Pipeline Materials Pipe material selection and joining methods are governed

by the utility service T & P. Commonly used direct-buried carrier pipes

Ductile iron (DI)

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

high-density polyethylene (HDPE)

Crosslinked polyethylene (PEX)

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Faults in the Pipeline

The pipeline faults

depend on a variety ofconditions including:

Pipeline material

(e.g. metallic,concrete and HDPE)

Pipeline diameters

Difference ingeotechnical conditions

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Ground Deformation Effect Permanent ground deformation imposes :

Flexural bendingShear on the pipeline

Axial compression or tension, depending on theorientation of the pipeline crossing an active fault.

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Joint Failure Joint is also another primary cause of pipe failure.

Under axial compression Crushing of the jointbell

Under axial tension Joint pullout

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iron pipe joint failure (10 years). iron pipe joint corrosion (18 years

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Strain

High magnitude, repetitive strainscan lead to fatigue or yielding inthe material.

Strain is therefore an importantmeasurement for pipelines

structural integrity and condition monitoring.

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Pipelines Nondestructive Test Techniques

Technologies such as thermal imaging technique is used fordetecting pipelines failure but it has its own limitations.

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Ground Penetrating Radar and Guided Waves Techniques such as ground penetrating

radar and guided waves can also detectsubterranean conditions from the surface.

However, these techniques are stillunreliable for accurate characterization ofpipeline damage.

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Wire Integrated along the Pipelines Copper wires can be installed during

fabrication to aid in detecting andlocating liquid leaks in the pre-insulatedpiping system.

These systems can monitor the entirelength of the underground piping systemby looking for a short circuit test ormonitor the impedance change.

The copper wires can also be used as atracer wire for future locating the buriedpipe using metal detectors.

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Sensors Integrated into Pipelines Sensors integrated into

pipelines coupled witha delivery of sensedinformation

Benefits for pipelinesoperators include:

Fewer catastrophic failures Improved emergency response

Conservation of natural resources

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Data acquisition device

performs analog-to-digitalconversion of signals,filtration, hits (useful signals)detection and it parametersevaluation, data analysis andcharting “Sophisticated”!!”.

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Fiber-optic Sensor Recent studies have been conducted to monitor pipeline

buckling with distributed Brillouin fiber sensor.

Sensitive but temperature dependent

Strains gauges can also be used to estimate a structure’sstresses, loads and moments.

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Sensors Connection Sensors used to measure pipeline characteristics can be

connected by wires or fiber optic. Wires are usually long and can be a subject to breakage or

connector failures.

They need installation and long term maintenance .

Limits the number of sensors used

Affects the overall quality of reported data.

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Wireless Sensor Network “WSN” Using wireless networks for sensing making installation

much easier and more efficient.

The WSN is a smart programmable solution:

Fast data acquisition

Reliable

Accurate over long termRequires no real maintenance

Costs little to purchase

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Event-driven Triggering The proposed monitoring system is based on the

development of a sensor network with event-driventriggering of the wireless data transmission.

It can run on semi-active or even absolutely sleeping modes “make it consumes very little power”.

WSN Pl f d f Pi li

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WSN Platform used for Pipelines

Structural Monitoring

•Multiple nodes grouped in a star topology.

•Each of these groups can further form a node in a two-peer network topology

Wi l S N d F i l Bl k Di

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Wireless Sensor Node Functional Block Diagram

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Strain Gauges Every sensor node comprises 5 strain gauges

They are attached to one portion of the pipeline They detect stain changes in 3 different directions

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Quarter-bridge Circuit

Each strain gauge is connected as a part of quarter-bridge

circuit

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One-node Circuit

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Star Central NodeThe central node is used to support

communications with the sensor nodes within its star topology.

It consists of an RF-Solutions BRAVO 868 wireless transceiver connected with theMicrochip PIC16f88 microcontroller.

For a large network, multiple of centralnodes with their star node sensors are used.

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Central Nodes CommunicationsThe central nodes communicate with each other

to transfer the sensors’ strain information.Each central node is capable of communication with up to 70 other nodes.

Each node has its 16-digit unique ID

It is transmitted along with the stain informationto identify its location.

The main central node is connected to a PC tostore this information for further analysis &decision making.

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System Power ConsumptionsTo prolong the battery life for buried

wireless sensors a low power prototype was adopted.

the microcontroller is programmed to

operate in a pulsating mode which powerthe sensors’ electronics, whilesynchronously performing ADC.

The RF communications is onlyused if there is any change detected

in the data of the node.

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Battery Life Using a lithium-ion battery with 400 mAh and five

sensor nodes. The life cycle of the sensor network is calculated to be in

the range of three years.

b

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Lab System Setup The strain gauges are installed on 3 axis of the pipeline; X, Y

and R with their lead wires along the length of the pipeline to

measure its response introduced during events of pipelinedisplacement.

In total a set of five strain gauges are installed at each node; 2 horizontal “on opposite faces”, 2 vertical plan “on opposite

faces” and one along the circumference direction.

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Deformations Measurements (bending) Two nodes with 5 strain gauges each were prepared

The pipe was subjected to controlled deformations (bending)using three point bending procedure

C i d

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Compressive Loads

Pipe is subjected to compressive loads, which eventually

buckle the pipe.

l l h

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By measuring the change in the strain gauge resistance, the

output voltage V0 of the strain gauge can be calculated:

Alternatively the bridge voltage change is directly measured

Calculating the Strain ϵ

where GF = Gage Factor

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where GF = Gage Factor

A GF of 2 was selected as recommended by the manufacturer(Omega) for the strain gauges made of Constantan material

type

where RG is used to control the gain value of the

instrumentation amplifier.

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Results and Discussion The strain gauges showed the strain in the form of tension

and compression as per their location.

Strain at various locations during radial loading

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Data Prediction

The data in the Figure can be used to predictthe redial deformation at any node.

Known deformations were introduced at node 1.Predict deformations at node 2.

This can be further extended to know the radialdeformation at any other point along the pipe.

“provide that the bend is linear ”

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Applying Axial Compression Along the Pipeline

The pipe was compressed between 1 mm and 2 mm along the lengthand it can be seen that all the gauges showed approximately similarchange in strain.

B kli

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Buckling

When the pipe was further compressed axially to about 5.5

mm, this resulted in sudden buckling of the pipe. The gauges showed the effect in the form of strains in all

directions

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FBG Strain Measurement under Pressure

PVC pipe with 3 mm thick wall, standard dimensional ratio(SDR) of 41 and a length of 2 meters that was sealed on

both ends to facilitate its pressurizing with compressed air .

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FBG Spectrum The spectrum detected of 5 FBG sensors with different Bragg

wavelengths separated by 5 Km of single modecommunication fiber

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FBG vs Strain Gauge

R² = 0.9869

-0.05%

0.05%

0.15%

0.25%

0.35%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 R E L A T I V E C H A N

G E

PRESSURE, PSI

ELECTRICAL GAUGERELATIVE CHANGE IN RESISTANCE

Increasing Pressure

Decreasing PressureLinear (DLB/LB0)

Linear (Decreasing Pressure)

R² = 0.999

-0.05%

0.00%

0.05%

0.10%

0.15%

0.20%

0.25%

0.30%

0 10 2 0 30 40 50 60 7 0 8 0 90 10 0 R E L A T I V E C H A N

G E

PRESSURE, PSI

FBG Relative Change (Detuning)in Bragg Wavelength

Increasing Pressure Decreasing Pressure

Linear (DR/R0) Linear (Decreasing Pressure)

Conclusions

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Conclusions

In this paper, a technique for predicting pipeline faults is

proposed by continuously sensing the strain across the pipeline

using WSN distributed along the longitudinal axis of thepipeline.

A set of 5 strain gauges connected to each node of thenetwork measures the hoop and axial strain along thepipeline.

Each node contains strain gauge regulated sensorexcitation, instrumentation amplifiers withprogrammable gains, microcontroller with an on-boardmemory and A/D, and bi-directional RF serial data

transceivers link.

The nodes are capable of continuous RF

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The nodes are capable of continuous RF transmission from over 70 nodes, over frequencybands of 868 MHz, at data rates of 9.6 Kbaud

over a distance of 1 km between them.Collected data from at least two points along the

length of the pipeline helped in predicting the

nature of bend, its direction, magnitude andlocation.

This data is sufficient for predicting any change in

pressure inside the pipe and calculating thechange in length either extension or contraction.

The data was also helpful in showing buckling in

the pipe.

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Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Bin Laden Chair, TaibahUniversity for facilitating measuring equipmentfor this research

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