ΗΜΕΙΩΕΙ ΜΑΡΞΙΣΙΚΗ ΠΟΛΙΣΙΚΗ ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΙΑ I Θανάσης Μανιάτης Όκινο Μαξμζηώλ Δξεπλώλ Σκήκα Ονλνκώλ Δζηκώλ Παλεζηκίνπ Αλώλ
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-
I
-
2
---------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
1.
..........................................................................
1.1. ..................................................................................
1.2. ..............................
1.3. ...............
2. .................................................................................
2.1. ..........................................................
2.2., .............................
2.3. ....................................................
2.4. ............................
2.5. ..................................................................
2.6.
3. .......................................
3.1. .....................................
3.2. ......
3.3
4.
4.1. .........................................
4.2. .......
5.
5.1. ...................................................................
5.2. ....................................
5.3. ....................
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3
1.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.
,
.
, ( )
.
.
.
(materialist method),
.
,
,
,
( ) .
,
, ,
-
4
.
,
,
.
.
,
19 , .
,
,
1930,
. ,
-
(
welfare capitalism)
19 . ,
20 (
1970 1980)
-
5
,
,
,
,
.
2007
1970,
,
. ,
,
(financialization)
, .
,
.
,
, ..
,
. ,
,
(
-
6
)
.
,
.
,
/
.
,
, (
)
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
-
7
,
,
,
1930
.
,
,
,
1970,
,
.
,
.
1.2.
-- :
1
1 (mode of production)
, ) , , , (), ) , (economic base) , ) .
-
8
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
.
,
,
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
-
9
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
,
.
(
" ")
( , ,
, )
.
( )
1844
. 1843 (Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy).
(
)
1844.
(
, . . )
.
,
,
.
.
-
10
, , alienated
labor, (
,
)
,
,
.
( )
,
,
.
1845-1848
( . ) "
"
(
, )
.
.
( . . )
,
(
)
.
1845-1848
1845: " "
1845: " "
1846: " "
1847: " "
1847: " "
1848: " "
-
11
, ,
, .
.
""
, , , ,
.,
( absolute impoverishment of the
working class) .
,
.
, ,
.
1848-1850
.
1848
"...
..."
()
,
.
-
12
1850-1857
"".
,
(
)
.
1857 (
)
1848
. 1857
1858 Grundrisse (
).
.
, () ,
()
.
, ,
, , ,
,
, , , .. ,
,
, " " .
-
13
.
, Grundrisse
,
( 1 )
.
, 1859
( ) ()
,
. ()
,
.
...
....
1861-1863
(
1908 .
)
. 1862 :
("Economics").
1864-1865
1867
. ,
-
14
(
,
) .
(1875), (1876),
(1870, 1878)
, 1885,
, 1894.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
-
15
,
1850
(1859)
(1867). ,
,
,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1: "" ""
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6 ) (3 )
. .
1. 1.
1) 2.
1) 3-5.
1) 6.
2. 7-8.
3.
4. .
.
. .
. 1-3.
. 4.
. 5.
6.
7. (Revenues)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
16
,
.
,
, /
.
(.. ,
) (..
,
)
.
.
1.3.
:
civil society (
),
,
.
("guiding principle") .
-
17
,
, ()
.
- - .
"
, ,
, , ,
,
." (, , , . 103,
).
. ,
(
"
", 1841)
, (The Essence of Christianity,
1841)
, . ,
, ,
()
,
. /
.
,
-
18
, ,
. , (economic base),
(
,, ,
) (, superstructure)
, , , , ,
.
( )
,
,
.
()
.
, ,
,
, (fetter)
, .
...
.
,
-
19
-
-
20
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
()
,
.
:
,
......
.... (, , . 12, 16 ).
""
( )
, , ,
.., ,
, ... ,
(, , ,
-
21
, , , ..)
,
. ,
(.. ,
, ).
,
.
. ,
,
,
,
.
(abstraction)
2.
.
(concrete) (abstract)
, ,
,
2
. " . ( , . , . 12).
-
22
.
, ,
(concrete)
, ,
. ,
.
.
,
(
)
.
(, ) , ,
, , , -
() , ,
,
,
.
(
,
,
, ,
,
-
23
,
- )
, , ,
.
-
24
, "
, ,
". ,
(
)
- - - - - - / --- --
-
25
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
()
, .
, 3
.
3
" Mandel (1978, p. 17).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: () ( ),
, ,
.
: ( ),
,
.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
26
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
....
, ,
,
. ....
, ,
(Grundrisse, . 62, 65)
(
)
.
.
, . ,
, , ,
(..
-
27
,
)
.
,
,
,
, .
,
- (logical-
historical method).
.
... ,
, (
)
. ....
.
, .
.
.
.
....
(Grundrisse, . 70-71).
"
"
, ,
,
.
-
28
,
.
, . , . , , , 1978,
. 11-26.
, . ,
, , 1956, . 5-9.
, . Grundrisse (
, . ) . , , 1990, .
. "" . , , 1976,
. 40-51.
Fine, B. and Harris, L. Rereading Capital, Macmillan Press, London, 1979,
ch. 1.
Fine, B. and Saad-Filho, A. (2003) Marxs Capital, (4th ed) London, Pluto Press.
Foley, D. Understanding Capital Harvard University Press, Cambridge,
1986, ch.1.
, , ,
, 1998.
Little, D. "The Scientific Standing of Marx's Capital" Review of Radical
Political Economics 17 (4) 1985.
Mandel, E. Marxist Economic Theory Vol I Monthly Review Press, New
York, 1971, Introduction.
Mandel, E. The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx
Monthly Review Press, New York, 1971, chs 1, 5, 10.
Mandel, E. Late Capitalism Verso, London, 1978, ch.1.
Moseley, F. (ed.) Heterodox Economics: True or False? Edward Elgar,
Aldershot, 1995.
Oakley, A. The Making of Marx's Critical Theory Routledge and Kegan
-
29
Paul, London, 1983, chs 1 - 6.
Rosdolsky, R. The Making of Marx's Capital Pluto Press, London, 1977,
ch. 2
-
30
2.
2.1.
.
,
.
,
,
,
:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- ---- --- .
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
31
.
.
, ,
.
,
,
:
, ()
() ()
,
, ,
( , )
(simple commodity production).
.
. ,
,
,
.
,
-
32
.
,
. ,
-
, .
- ,
.
,
,
.
.
2.2. ,
, , ,
(use-value),
(exchange-value). , ,
(, ,
, ..)
.
,
,
. , ...
(,
. , . 50).
-
33
,
.
(
,
)
, .
20 = 1 =
1 = 3 = 100
, ,
.
,
,
( )
.
(, , )
,
,
( , . 52).
,
(M. Dobb, Political Economy
and Capitalism, p. 38).
. ,
-
34
() ()
.
, , ,
, ,
. (congealed)
, , .
,
.
,
, , ,
()
, , ...
(,
)
. /
(
) .
(socially necessary labor time) ...
(skill) (intensity) (,
. , . 53). ,
.
-
35
:
,
, .
,
2
8.66
.
2: .
10000 1000 10
25000 5000 5
30000 1500 20
65000 7500 -------- 8.66
(second sense of socially necessary labor time)
( )
.
(..
)
()
,
, ,
.
-
36
( ) ,
() , :
3:
60.000 30.000
40.000 20.000
100.000 50.000
100.000 50.000
(= = ) 1 = 2 = $2
1 = ( ) $1
() = 40.000
> 40.000 $2 = $80.000 ()
, 1 $2 = 2
( $1.6 = 1.6 )
50.000 $1.6 = $80.000 () .
100.000 = $100.000
80.000 = $80.000
.
... ,
.....
(, , . 791)
( )
.
,
.
-
37
. (, , .
791).
( )
(
)
.
,
.
2.3.
, ,
. ,
(useful, concrete labor)
,
.
(
,
,
)
... .
, , (simple, abstract labor)
, (,
-
38
. , . 58) , ,
(congealed)
.
,
, ,
, (substance of value).
, (regulating principle)
.
(
)
.
, ( ) (
) = .
, , , ,
,
() .
,
,
, (, . ,
. 60).
-
39
, ,
=
=
-
40
2.4.
,
(value - form).
, ,
.
, , ()
,
. ;
;
(. , , . 175).
, ,
.
,
:
=
20 () = 1 .
(relative
form of value) (equivalent form).
.
. .
.
.
-
41
20 = 20 ,
. ,
,
. 1 = 20
(
). ,
,
.
( ,
).
.
. = , ,
, , .
. .
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
, , .
,
. .
-
42
.
, .
.
, .
,
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, ,
-
43
,
.
,
, ,
, .
5 =
5 = 1
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
20 = 1 20 = 1/2 20
= 2 20 = 3 20 = 1
, ...
-
44
,
( )
,
, ,
.
, "....
.
,
" (, , . ...).
,
, ,
.
1
1/2
2 = 20
3
1
...
,
, .
(
)
.
-
45
( , . 201) . , ,
,
. ,
.
1
1/2
2 =2
3
1
20
...
,
,
, , (price-form)
20 2
(.. 10 ) , 20 = $2, $2
2 ( 1
= $1 mint price).
(20 )
, ( = 10
, = $2).
,
-
46
,
,
(, . , . 83).
,
,
.....
, .
, .
, ( ),
( ) : 20 = 1
= .
, , ,
, ,
.. ,
.
, : 20
= 1 , : 20
= 2 , . . ( , . 203 -
204).
2.5.
,
, , ,
, .
(
,
, )
.
-
47
(
)
( )
,
. ,
( direct prices)
. .
(11 1868)
,
.
:
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
.
,
-
48
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. .
.
.
:
) ( )
( )
)
)
( )
-
49
)
(
)
( )
,
(
), .
() /
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
, ,
( ,
) .
, ( ,
)
(
) .
, ,
(surplus labor)
-
50
(surplus value)
.
,
,
.
(social division of
labor)
)
) (
) .
, , , ...
,
,
,
. ,
,
,
()
(circulation or exchange sphere). , ,
,
( , ) ,
() .
. ,
-
51
.
-
.
(occasional or
accidental barter),
.
.
. ,
( )
,
.
, .
.
(regular barter)
.
, , ,
.
,
.
. ()
-
52
,
.
,
.
,
.
(simple commodity production).
,
.
,
,
(
, ) , (regulate)
, .
,
(,
. , .88). ,
,
(l), ,
, (c),
( = c + l),
.
(. ,
, ...)
.
-
53
.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,
() ( )
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,
,
,
,
.
(
)
, (direct prices),
.
() i = 10 /
() g = 2 /
( , mint price) 3 . (1 = 3
.) Pg = 10
/ : 2 / = 5 /
Pi = 15 /. Pi
i
,
() .
-
54
,
, ,
.
. ,
, - (
) ,
,
,
...,
. ,
( )
,
.
-
. ,
,
. , ,
-
.
-
55
, / .
,
(),
.
,
,
,
,
(, , . 85).
.
,
( )
,
.
2.6.
,
,
, ,
-
56
. ,
( ) .
.
( )
(. , , . 45).
(
).
.
------------------------------------------------------------------
1. (Money of account)
1) (measure of value)
1) (standard of price)
2. (Medium of circulation)
2) (means of purchase)
2) (means of payment)
3. (money).
---------------------------------------------------------------------
2.6.1.
(measure of value) ,
, (
) ,
.
,
-
57
( )
. ,
, .
-
- . (, , . 107).
,
....
.
(, , . 108 - 109).
(
)
,
.
,
.
( )
(
)
(standard of price). Pi = 10
,
( )
(, 1 )
-
58
, (
) () ,
,
(, , .
107).
, (mint price)
(.. 1 = $2)
(price form)
Pi = $20.
.
,
3 , 17 10.5 .
(, , . 113).
,
( )
.
() ( ,
, , ...),
.
2.6.2.
,
()
1 - - 2 , 1, 2 (
) = .
(means of purchase)
-
59
( )
(means of payment).
(
) ,
,
.
.
-
,
- ( )
- ,
. (
,
)
,
- .
(
)
.
,
,
( )
.
,
-
60
(
)
.
(forms of money)
.
(gold coins)
:
Pi = (i / g ) R
Pi = , i = (
) , g = ( )
(.. ), R mint
price (.. 1 = $2).
,
,
.
.
:
circ V P Q Mcirc = P Q / V = (/g) R (Q / V)
M = Mcirc + Mhoards
-
61
, = , circ =
, Mhoards = , V =
,
, P = , Q
= (),
() ,
( , , .)
circ ,
(.
)
(),
(g) (), R.
, > circ ,
, hoards
.
. ,
( )
( )
(, g , R P Mcirc).
.
( ) Q V
,
,
(M
P). ()
,
-
62
. ,
,
( )
, (..
)
.
.
(convertible tokens of gold)
, ,
(paper money)
(.. 1 = $2 ($)
)
.
(
)
.
(
)
,
R (.. 1 = $4 $2 ). R
, P
()
,
g . ,
-
63
.
:
.... ,
,
.
. 1 2 1
. 1/8 1/4.
.
1 2
(, , . 140-141). Q V
( )
P , g R
.
( )
(mint price).
.
.
.
( )
,
(
) .
-
64
(inconvertible paper money)
.
.
. ,
.
.
() R (
),
, P
.
. ,
,
(, , , ...)
-
65
(
)
.
(commodity money)
()
(paper money)
;
,
,
/
.
2.6.3.
:
.
( ) .
( )
,
,
(,
, . 142).
. ,
,
()
-
66
, (fiat paper money).
, .
, , ,
( )
.
, . ,
,
,
.
.
()
.
,
.
(S. DeBrunhoff, Marx on Money, Urizen Books, New York, 1976, p. 42)
,
,
.
(hoarding)
,
.
.
-
67
.
,
.
( )
.
-
68
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1.
,
, .
,
.
- -
- -
,
(, , . 159).
(, circuits). ,
,
. () ()
( - )
( - )
-
69
.
.
,
.
- - ,
() , ,
.
,
,
.
: (surplus value). ,
, , (valorized).
. (, , . 163).
()
.
- - ,
,
- -
.
.
. ,
- -
,
.
.
-
70
.
- -
. - -
. ,
- - ,
- - .
,
.
, ()
,
, , (,
, . 168). (circuit)
- - ( - )
( - )
. ,
.
(s = X - X).
.
(, , . 172-173).
-
71
.
- - .
()
() ( - )
( - ) ()
() .
.
(
)
(
. ).
.
40 .
(50 .)
, (90 .)
.
.
.
- .
(, , . 176).
().
.
-
72
(, , . 178). ,
,
.
.
,
()
,
.
(labor power)
.
.
, ,
,
(, )
(
)
( /).
,
, ,
.
.
-
73
(, , . 183).
(value of labor
power).
.
, /
/ .
.
.
(
)
.
:
,
( )
( ) .
,
,
,
,
.
/
-
74
.
(valorized)
.
( )
,
,
(
6).
.
(domestic labor) /
/ (, , ,
) .
.
()
,
.
(" ")
(. ,
, , , )
(. , , , ).
(
6).
-
75
(" ")
. 4
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.
= + +
.
()
=
-
.
()
=
-
()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
76
= V +
.
(, , . 188).
.
3.2. .
V = =
subsistence wage
=
-
V
-
77
()
(labor process)
(valorization process).
.
.
(, , . 190).
, .
.
(, , .
191).
(manual and mental labor)
.
:
+
( ) + (
+ ) .
-
78
(.. )
(
)
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
() . ,
.
.
()
. ,
.
-
79
,
.
1 ( )
1 (mint price)
1/2 . 1
1/2 . ,
1 , 1 2/3
1 2/3 .
6 , 10 20
10 .,
()
, 4 2 . 10
.
10 24 12 .
()
.
, ...
(, , . 201).
()
.
3 . 6 .
,
, , ,
()
.
6 ,
()
-
80
(. 5).
(10 ) (15 . 30 )
. ,
.
,
,
... ,
.
(, , . 206).
6 12
,
( 5).
20 12 (
) 6 . 3 . (6 )
3 . (6 )
.
. .
. .
, ,
. .
.
20 () 30 (.).
. 1.5 (.)
-
81
(), . 3
(.) . ,
,
.
. ,
(, , . 207).
(valorization process)
(self-expansion of value).
,
,
(, , . 209).
-
82
5
(, , . 199-211)
3) = 6 (= )
,
10
+
10 .
20
+ = 24 +
4
6 =
30
1=1.5.
= 3
10
+ =12 . +
2.
3 . =
15 .
1 = 1 , 1 = 1/2 (mint price). 1
1 2/3 1 2/3 . 1
2 . 6 10
() 4 = 2 . 10
. = 3 = 6
5
: = 12 (=
+ )
,
20 .
+
20 .
40
+ = 48 +
8
6 (v)
+ = 12 =
6 (s)
60
1 = 1.5 =
= 3
20
+ = 24 . +
4 .
3 (v)
+ = 6 . =
3 (s)
30 .
. ()
.
,
-
83
.
(3 . = 6 )
( 6 . = 12 ).
-- --
:
--- (, ) ...... ....... --- = +
= , = , =
, = - = .
. ,
. (
) (
, )
.
.
(constant capital)
. ,
(variable capital)
-
84
.
,
( ) ( )
.
(,
, )
()
(rate of surplus value).
,
, ,
.
, .
,
, ,
(, , . 229).
,
( - - )
.
,
,
-
85
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6
+ =
+
(6 )
=
(6 )
(12 )
+
(3 .)
=
(3 .)
(6 .)
+
(2 . )
=
(2 . )
(4 . )
= / = 100%
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(s)
(v) ,
, (c)
(v).
, ...
.
,
.
-
86
, (
, )
() ().
, , ,
.
.
.
, ,
, , ,
(, , . 244).
( )
,
.
(
, )
,
,
/ /.
-
87
..........................................................
(
)
(absolute surplus value).
(relative surplus value).
/ /.
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
-
88
.
, , (,
, . 246).
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
-
89
. ,
(, , . 296).
.
.
()
()
( )
(
)
( ).
.
:
S = V x S/V = N x v x (S/V)
S = , V = , S/V =
, N = , v = .
, . ,
.
24 .
7 ,
-
90
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7
, . (, ,
. 9)
(N)
(v)
(V)
-
(V+S)
(S)
12
s/v=100%
500 3 .
(6 )
1500 .
(3000
)
3000 .
(6000
)
1500 .
(3000)
18
s/v=200%
200 3 .
(6 )
600 .
(1200
)
1800 .
(3600
)
1200 .
(2400
)
12 18
100% 200%
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(
- )
.
,
-
-
,
(, , . 319 - 320).
-
91
(
)
(
)
.
(
)
( )
. (
)
(
) .
...
. ,
( ,
,
, .) ,
.
(
)
,
-
92
(direct prices) ,
.
3.3.
(
,
)
( )
, ,
, .
, (
4,
)
,
(v)
. ,
,
(c+v).
4 " " : " ... . , , , , (, . , . 39-40)
-
93
()
. ,
(, , . 54).
( )
.
(), (c+v).
[r = /(c+v)]i
( )
( ),
.
( )
.
() (
10) .
,
( ),
()
. ,
-
94
.
(tendential
equalization)
(convergence)
(long-run equilibrium) ,
. ,
(gravitational center)
.
(tendential regulation)
,
.
(, )
, , .
(natural prices) .
(prices of production), ()
.
(direct prices) ()
-
- ()
( 8)
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
95
c1 + v1 + s1 = p1 r1 = s1 / (c1+v1) =
s
vc
v
1
11
11
c1/v1>c2/v2
s1/v1=s2/v2
c2 + v2 + s2 = p2 r2 = s2 / (c2+v2) =
s
vc
v
2
22
21
r1
-
96
, (
9)
.
9: , .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-
-
(-
)
(-
)
-
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
-
97
rgeneral
(),
( )
.
Kugelmann (11 1868) ,
, ....
.
.
,
(
, "direct prices") ( )
.
,
.
(
) .
.
(c/v) (s/v)
.
-
98
( )
. , (Pi)
(C+V)i
. (i)
. ,
,
(
) (
).
)
(Pi)
Qi Ci Vi Si Pi=
ri Pi =
-
p=Pi
/Qi
i=Pi-
(C+V)i
I 100 1000 1000 1000 3000 50% 3333.33 33.33 1333.33
II 100 500 1000 1000 2500 66.6% 2500 25 1000
III 100 0 1000 1000 2000 100% 1666.6 16.66 666.6
300 1500 3000 3000 7500 66.6% 7500 3000
s/v = 100%, = 1 /, 1 = 3000 , 2 = 2500 , 3 = 2000 .
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
(, , . 324).
-
99
,
,
.
( )
,
. ,
( ,
) ()
, (
)
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
-
100
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.
( , . 60)
,
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
()
(
10),
-
101
, /
. ,
( ) ,
(price-
takers) .
, .
, (
) .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.
, (,
, . 10).
c = $1 Q=12 l=v+s=$24/12=
$2
=c+l=$1+$2=
$3
c = $1 Q=24 l=v+s=$24/24=
$1
=c+l=$1+$1=
$2
= 12 , 1 = 1 , 1
= $2 ( , mint price).
c = , Q = , l =
( ) , v =
, s = , =
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V = $20 w x Q = 3
x 12 = $36, s = ( - c - v) x Q = ($3 - $1 - $1.666) x 12 = $36 - $12 -
$20 = $4.
-
102
24 12
(
)
, $1 $2,
.
() ($3)
, ($2),
p = $2.5, , s = (p - c - v) x Q = ($2.5 -
$1 - $0.833) X 24 = $60 - $24 - $20 = $16.
, ($16 - $4 = $12)
()
( )
.
,
.
... (, , . 330).
, .
-
103
.
.
,
( 12 $3 $2).
,
.
. ,
(, , . 334). ,
,
.
:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( , ,
(=) ) ------->
( ) ---------->
------------>
(
) ---------------> ----------->
() .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
-
104
.
(Pi)
Q C V S i=Pi
ri Pi =
-
p=Pi
/Qi
i=Pi-
(C+V)i
I 100 1000 1000 1000 3000 50% 3333.33 33.33 1333.33
II 100 500 1000 1000 2500 66.6% 2500 25 1000
III 100 0 1000 1000 2000 100% 1666.6 16.66 666.6
300 1500 3000 3000 7500 66.6% 7500 3000
s/v= 100%
-- ----
.
1 2 3
L () 20 30 50 100
C 500 300 200 1000
V 200 300 500 1000
S 200 300 500 1000
V+S =l 400 600 1000 2000
C+V (=K) 700 600 700 2000
C+V+S 900 900 1200 3000
-
105
s= S/V
c= C/V 250% 100% 40% 100%
Q () 50 30 20 100
c (=C/Q) 10 10 10 10
v (=V/Q) 4 10 25 10
s (=S/Q) 4 10 25 10
v+s 8 20 50 20
(c+v) =(C+V)/Q 14 20 35 20
c+v+s 18 30 60 30
= p 33.3 33.3 33.3
= [p-(c+v)] 19.33 13.33 -1.666 13.33
(=Q) 966.66 399.99 -33.333 1333.33
r = / 138% 66.6% -4.76% 66.6%
-S 766.66 100 -533.33 333.33
s/v= 100%, = 10 , = 2 /, = 10 , v =
5
,
.
4.2.
, (cooperation),
-
106
(manufacture)
(machinery and large-scale industry).
, ,
(, , . 340)
.
.
,
,
,
(, , . 337).
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
(, , . 339).
,
-
107
,
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
( )
.
,
.
,
,
,
(, , . 348).
( )
. ,
-
108
...
...
,
(, , . 351).
16 18
,
(division of labor), (manufacture).
:
(),
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
-
109
,
.
, .
()
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
(, , . 354).
,
(division of labor in manufacture),
(division of labor in society) . O
()
,
()
.
-
110
.
.
. (
) ,
.
.
,
. ,
, ()
,
.
,
,
(, , . 372)
,
.
-
111
,
(
),
.
,
,
,
.
...
...
(, , . 381).
.
,
(
)
( )
.
,
(
),
-
112
.
(, , . 386).
,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
, .
.
(
- / ,
)
.
,
-
113
. ,
( )
,
.
,
()
.
( )
. [c/(c+v+s)]
[(c+v+s)]
.
(moral
depreciation) (
)
.
(
)
(
)
.
()
-
114
,
.
,
,
. 2
24 ....
,
, ,
(, ,
. 422 - 423).
,
.
(
)
.
,
.
,
(formal and real subsumption of labor to capital) -
-
115
- ,
...
,
.
.
(, , .
525 - 526).
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
, () ,
,
-.
-
116
,
, , . ...
,
,
,
.
(. ,
, /, 1984, . 104).
.
. ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
( , . 108).
,
, ,
.
-
117
(). ( )
.
,
( )
()
, ,
, ,
.
----------------------------
----------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
118
5.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.1
. ,
,
,
,
.
,
(
) ,
, , , .
,
,
.
.
( - {, } ............... - )
,
.
-
119
,
.
, ,
,
(, , . 599).
.
,
()
, ()
()
.
.
(drafts)
.
(, , . 588).
( )
( )
,
,
, (
11)
.
-
120
(
)
.
11:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: c1 + v1 + s1 = c1 + c2
v1 + s1 = c2
: c2 + v2 + s2 = v1 + s1 + v2 +s2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,
(
)
.
.
(),
,
,
.
... sine qua non (
) ...
.
,
-
121
(, , . 591, 598-599).
5.2
(, , .
600).
, ( )
,
. ,
( )
, .
.
.
(
)
. ,
()
.
,
.
-
122
,
.
.
,
(, , . 613).
5.3
,
(technical, value and organic composition of capital)
,
.
.
(). ,
()
.
-
123
.
: .
,
(, , . 634).
.
(
)
(
) .
.
.
.
...
(, , . 641).
()
.
...
-
124
(,
, . 641, 643).
.
.
(natural law of population)
.
,
. ,
.
.
. , ,
, ,
, ,
, , .,
.
-
125
,
,
.
.
. ,
.
()
() ,
,
(reserve army of labor).
,
.
,
(, ,
. ).
.
-
126
.
.
.
.
(, , . ).
,
, ,
.
( )
( ).
.
.
(
)
.
-
127
. ...
() (pauperization).
,
(, , . 667).
A
.
faux frais [ ]
(, , . 667 ).
,
,
, .
.
.
--------------------------
--------------------------
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