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Core Core Curriculum Pain Management MODULE 2
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3 Pain Module · 2019-04-19 · NCP, 2018. Core Goals of Pain Management ... 80% experience acute unrelieved postoperative pain 25% of residents in nursing homes receive no ... Cancer

Mar 21, 2020

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Page 1: 3 Pain Module · 2019-04-19 · NCP, 2018. Core Goals of Pain Management ... 80% experience acute unrelieved postoperative pain 25% of residents in nursing homes receive no ... Cancer

Core

Core Curriculum

Pain Management

MODULE 2

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Core

Section I: Introduction to Pain Management

Definition of painMultidimensional approachBarriers to pain assessment and managementReview a case study

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Pain Is…

“An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage”

“What the person says it is…”

Biopsychosocial/spiritual/existential model

IASP, 2017

Pasero & McCaffery, 2011

Paice, 2016, 2017, & 2019

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Cancer and Pain

~80% of patients with advanced cancer have moderate to severe pain

Challenges to pain management: Fear pain may mean disease progression/recurrence Not wanting to appear ‘weak’ & have treatment reduced Not wanting to ‘distract’ their provider Not wishing to appear to be drug‐seeking Patients may believe anything that everything is being done 

for their pain 

NCI, 2018 

Coyne et al., 2018 

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Non‐Malignant Diseases & Pain

Assess for co‐morbidities that could cause pain

More research needed 

Fink et al., 2019; Paice, 2019 

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Effects of Unresolved Pain

Pain associated with depression in patients with heart failure

Inadequate pain relief may hasten death by: Increased physiological stress Decreased immunity Decreased mobility Increased possibility of pneumonia and or         

thromboembolism Increased workload of heart and lungs

Paice, 2019 

Pantilat et al., 2016

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Barriers to Pain Relief

Specific barriers Professionals Healthcare systems Patients/families

Coyne et al., 2018

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Strategies to Overcome Challenges in Pain Management

Education of healthcare professionalsOvercoming system‐based issuesManagement Use current guidelines Use appropriate analgesicsMonitor outcomes Attend to adverse effects

Education of patients and families Set realistic goals—most pain can be alleviated

Provide psychosocial support

Research

Coyne et al., 2018; Kwon, 2014

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Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care:  Issue of PainInterdisciplinary careAssessment should be regular and on‐goingPain level should be acceptable to patient and familyDocument responseIdentify and address barriersFor controlled substances, implement a risk management plan

Consider cultureEducate the family/caregiverAddress sufferingRefer to providers with specialized skill

NCP, 2018

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Core

Goals of Pain Management 

Providing adequate pain and symptom controlDecrease distress caused by pain in the patient and familyProvide an acceptable sense of controlRelieve caregiver burdenStrengthen relationshipsOptimize quality of life (QOL)Enhance meaning of life and illness, providing personal growth

NCCN, 2018

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Pain vs Suffering at the End of Life

Existential distress:  spiritual/religiousDimensions of quality of life (QOL)Requires interdisciplinary approach

Ferrell & Coyle, 2008

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Patients at Risk for Undertreatment

Children and older adultsNon‐verbal or cognitively impairedPatients who deny painNon‐English speakingCultural considerationsHistory of additive disease

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Core

Sound Familiar?

Lee is 62 years‐old and has just returned home after having his right shoulder ‘pinned’, due to his fallHas a history of CHF, emphysema & Type II diabetesHis homecare nurse notes various sites and types of pain (pain score): At the incision site (7/10) Phantom pain from LBKA due to diabetes (8/10) Residual post‐herpetic neuropathy (PHN) from shingles (5/10) 

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What Role Does Culture Play in Pain Assessment and Management?

Preferred languageHealth literacyFear of pain medicationsConcept of pain and sufferingCorrect labeling of pain:  Pain versus hurt

Cormack et al., 2019; NCP, 2018

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Ethical Responsibilities of Providing Excellent Pain Assessment and Management

Assessment and treatment of pain is a basic human right, yet:  80% experience acute unrelieved postoperative pain25% of residents in nursing homes receive no intervention for pain reliefUnrelieved pain:  Does it correlate with euthanasia or physician‐assisted suicide?  

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Your Ethical Responsibility

Assessing and managing pain is an ethical and legal principle everyone must adhere to.Ethical tenets: Beneficence:  Duty to benefit Nonmaleficence:  Duty to do no harm Autonomy:  The right to self‐determination Justice:  Equal and fair access to pain management

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Section II: Pain Assessment

Pain history Acute Chronic

Physical examinationLaboratory/diagnostic evaluation

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Goals of Pain Assessment

Determine pain diagnosis  Etiology of pain Nociceptive or neuropathic pain Acute, chronic, acute on chronic Response to pain interventions

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Pain Assessment Vignette

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Pain Experience

Patient’s description of painLanguage used: Ache Hurt Pain

Location(s), intensity, quality, timing, aggravating/alleviating factorsMeaning of painHow pain impacts quality of life

Fink et al., 2019; NCCN 2018; Paice, 2019

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Pain Experience (cont.)

Cultural considerations for painMedication use history Current Past 

Psychosocial historySubstance use historyGoals of care

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Physical Examination

ObservationPalpation AuscultationPercussion

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Functional Assessment

Muscle toneCoordinationReflexesAbility to perform self‐careWalkingCookingWhat are the patient’s goals?

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Laboratory/Diagnostic Evaluation

Rule out potentially treatable causes

Need for additional laboratory or radiographic evaluation is directed by the goals of care

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Reassess

Changes in pain

Response to analgesics Relief Adverse effects

Make pain visible

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Communicating Assessment Findings

Communication improves pain managementDescribe location, intensity, limitations, and response to treatmentsDescribe effect on functionDocument medications, efficacy, and adverse effectsAsk for suggestions, but be ready to make recommendationsBe objective Fink et al., 2019; 

Paice, 2016

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Section III: Pharmacological Therapies

NonopioidsOpioidsAdjuvantsRoutes of administration

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Nonopioids

Acetaminophen Analgesic and antipyretic High doses can cause liver dysfunction Use cautiously with older adults

Paice, 2016; Paice, 2019 

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Nonopioids: Role of NSAIDs

Antipyretic, anti‐inflammatory, and analgesic

Toxicity

Adverse effects

Paice, 2019

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Opioids: Most Commonly Used in Palliative Care

BuprenorphineCodeineFentanylHydrocodoneHydromorphoneMethadone

MorphineOxycodoneOxymorphoneTapentadolTramadol

Mechanism of action: Opioids block the release of neurotransmitters that are involved in the processing of pain

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Opioids: Adverse Effects

Respiratory depression ConstipationSedationUrinary retentionNausea/vomitingPruritusMyoclonus 

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Opioids: Definitions

Substance‐use disorder AddictionTolerancePhysiologic dependence

Paice, 2019; Volkow et al., 2016

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Opioid Epidemic

Drug overdose: Leading causes of death among those < 50 years of age in US

Challenge:   How do we reduce pain/suffering and contain the toll of harm caused by the misuse of opioids?

How do we prevent unintended consequences of efforts to control misuse and protect access to opioids for those with life‐threatening illness?

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Adjuvant Analgesics:  Antidepressants

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

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Adjuvant Analgesics:  Anticonvulsants (AKA Antiepilepsy Medications)

Used for neuropathic pain

GabapentinDose: 100 mg po TID and titrate gradually

PregabalinDose: 50 mg TID  x 1 wk then 100 mg BID or TID

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Adjuvant Analgesics:  Local Anesthetics

Topical: Lidocaine gel, lidocaine/prilocaine creamand lidocaine 5% patch

Intravenous

Spinal

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Adjuvant Analgesics: Corticosteroids

Indications

Activates/increase appetite

Proximal muscle wasting

Administer ‐ q am

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Cannabis:  A Few Words

33 US states and DC legally permit use for medicinal use10 US states legalized for recreational usePros/consClinical practice recommendations Research is limited

Berke & Gould, 2019

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Routes of Administration

OralTransmucosal Buccal Sublingual Nasal

RectalTransdermalTopical

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Routes of Administration (cont.)

Parenteral Intravenous Subcutaneous Intramuscular

Spinal Epidural Intrathecal

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Lets Practice: A Case Study

Ms. T is 86‐years‐oldTwo days ago, she fell and broke her hip and had surgery yesterday Many co‐morbidities (e.g. diabetes, CHF, renal failure), and diagnosed with stage III colon cancer 10 months agoMorphine 1 mg/hr continuous rate with no breakthrough dosageAssessment: Multiple sites of pain with pain score of “8” for incisional pain Surgeon “I'm afraid of overdosing her” Your response?

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Section IV:  Principles of Pain Management

Opioid dose titrationLong‐acting medicationsOpioid rotation/equianalgesiaAddictive diseaseInterventional therapiesNon‐pharmacological techniquesYour role

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Principles of Opioid Dose Titration 

Sustained release medications

Immediate‐release for breakthrough pain

Distinguish types of breakthrough pain

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Principles: Use of Opioid Rotation

Use when one opioid is ineffective, even with adequate titration

Use when adverse effects are unmanageable

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Principles of Equianalgesia

Determine equal doses when changing drugs or routes of administration

Reduce by 25% when changing drugs

Use of oral morphine equivalents(OME)

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Treatment of Pain in Persons With Addictive BehaviorsTeam meetings with interdisciplinary approachSet realistic goalsSet limitsUse nonopioids as ableConsider tolerance

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Treatment of Pain in Persons With Established Addictive Disease (cont.)

Avoid parenteral injections, if possible

Prevent withdrawal

Treat depression and other psychiatric disorders

Use alternate opioid if on methadone for maintenance

Universal precautions

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Cancer Therapies to Relieve Pain

Radiation

Surgery

Chemotherapy

Hormonal therapy

Bisphosphonates

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Interventional Therapies

Neurolytic blocks

Neuroablative procedures

Vertebroplasty/kyphoplasty

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Non‐Pharmacologic Strategies 

Physical

RehabilitationExerciseHeat or coldTENS (transcutaneouselectrical nerve stimulation)Cognitive‐behavioral therapy 

Psychosocial

RelaxationMeditationHypnosisMusicBiofeedbackSystematic desensitization

Complementary & Integrative

AcupunctureQigongTherapeutic massageReiki

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Summary

Pain relief is contingent on adequate assessment and use of both drug and non‐drug therapiesPain extends beyond physical causes to other causes of suffering and existential distressInterdisciplinary care

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Core