#3 ledesma taxonomy domains and kingdoms, classification of life

Taxonomy

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StandardsEssential QuestionsCarolus LinnaeusSix KingdomsThree domainsKingdomsCladistic analysisDNA EvidenceCell Assessment

STANDARDSBenchmark:SC.912.L.15.6 – Discuss distinguishing characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living organisms. (AA)SC.912.L.15.4 – Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified and based on evolutionary relationships.SC.912.L.15.5 – Explain the reasons for changes in how organisms are classified.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSWhat are the characteristics of the domains and kingdoms of living

organisms?How and why are organisms hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships.Why are there changes in how organisms are classified.

TAXONOMY Life has been constantly changing for more that 3.5 billion years. Biologists have identified and named

about 1.7 million species so far. Scientists estimate that anywhere between

2-100 million additional species have yet to be discovered. To study this great diversity of life, biologists must first give each

organisms a name and then place it into a group that have biological meaning.

Taxonomy is the discipline where scientists classify and assign each organism a universally accepted name.

TAXONOMY

Carolus Linnaeus

Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a two word naming system called binomial nomenclature.

In binomial nomenclature each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.

Always written in italics.First letter of the first word is

capitalized.Second word is lowercased.

TAXONOMYLinnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels.Species: population of organisms that share similar characteristics and can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring.Genus: group of closely related species.Family: Genera that share many characteristics.Order: Broad taxonomic group composed of similar families.Class: Composed of similar orders.Phylum: Made up by several different classes.Kingdom: Largest and most inclusive of all categories.

TAXONOMYCommon Name

Bengal Tiger Indochina Tiger Malayan Tiger Sumatran Tiger

Scientific name: Panthera Tigris

Six Kingdoms

In recent years, biologists came to recognize that the Monera were composed of two distinct groups.

As a result, the Monera have been separated into two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaeobacteria.

TAXONOMY

TAXONOMYKingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mammalia

Order Carnivora

Family Ursidae

Genus Ursus

Species

TAXONOMYMolecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now recognized by many scientists.The domain is a more

inclusive category than any other.

The three domains are the domain Eukarya, the domain Bacteria, and the domain Archaea.

TAXONOMYDomain Archaea Initially, Archaea were seen as extremophiles that

lived in extreme harsh environments, such as volcanic hot springs and salt lakes, but they have since been found in a broad range of habitats, including soils, oceans, marshlands, and the humancolon

TAXONOMYDomain Bacteria

Corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria.Members are unicellular and prokaryotic.Cells have a thick, rigid cell wall

containing peptidoglycan.Ecologically diverse, ranging from

free-living soil organisms to deadly parasitesSome are photosynthetic, others are

heterotrophs.Some need O2, other

are killed by it.

TAXONOMY

Domain Eucarya

Consists of all organisms that have a nucleus.Composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals.

TAXONOMYKingdom Protista

EukaryoticMost are unicellular, but some, like

algae are multicellular. Others are colonial.

Some are photosynthetic, others are heterotrophic. Other both.

Cells wall of cellulose in some.Move by means of cilia, flagella or

contractions.Important producers in aquatic food chains.

TAXONOMYKingdom Fungi

Fungi are organisms that usually has many cells and decomposes material for its food.

Were classified as plants at one timeLike plants, fungi are nonmotile.Unlike plants, fungi do not make their own food.EukaryoticHeterotrophs.Cell wall with chitin.Most feed on dead or decaying organic matter.Fungi secrete digestive enzymes into their food source,

before absorbing the smaller food molecules into their bodies.Most multicellular, some unicellular.

TAXONOMYKingdom Plantae

Trees, grasses, ferns, and mosses.Nonmotile, meaning they can not move from place to place.They are photosynthetic autotrophsMulticellular.Cell walls contain cellulose.

TAXONOMYKingdom Animalia

Multicellular and heterotrophicCells without cell walls.Most animals can move about,

at least for some part of their life cycle.No chloroplasts.

TAXONOMYChanges in Classification

Linnaeus grouped species into larger taxa, mainly according to visible similarities and differences.

This approach can cause problems. Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification have given

rise to the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not physical similarities.

This strategy is called evolutionary classification.

TAXONOMYCladistic Analysis

To refine the process of evolutionary classification, many biologist now prefer a method called cladistic analysis.

Cladistic analysis identifies and considers only those characteristics of organisms that are evolutionary innovations.

Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characters.

Derived characters can be used to construct a cladogram, a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

TAXONOMYCladistic Analysis

TAXONOMYDNA Evidence

Because DNA and RNA are so similar across all forms of life, these molecules provide and excellent way of comparing organisms at their most basic level, their GENES.

The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level.

Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships.

CELL ASSESSMENT1.Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a two word naming

system called binomial nomenclature. What is the procedure he developed?

A.Always written in italics, First letter of the first word is capitalized, Second word is lowercased.

B.Organism should be names based on location and last name of discoverer.

C.Always written in Latin, First letter of the first word is capitalized, Second word is lowercased.

D.Organism should be names based on DNA clock (year and month).

2.Biologist need a common way to the diversity of life on Earth . To this end scientist have develop common practices. Taxonomy is one of many ways scientist communicate ideas. What is taxonomy?

A.A scientific shorthand for writing notes.B.Taxonomy is a universally acceptance funding system for science.

C. Taxonomy is the discipline where scientists classify and assign each organism a universally accepted nameD.Taxonomy is a scientific code of ethics.

CELL ASSESSMENT3. Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category that is now

recognized by many scientists. The domain is a more inclusive category than any other. What are the three domains?

A. The three domains are Plants, Animal and Fungi.B. The three domains are the domain Eukarya, the domain Bacteria, and the

domain Archaea.C. The three domains are Fishes, Birds and Animals.D. The three domains are Ocean, Land and Air.

4. Biologist need a common way to the diversity of life on Earth . To this end scientist have develop common practices. Taxonomy is one of many ways scientist communicate ideas. What is taxonomy?

A. A scientific shorthand for writing notes.B. Taxonomy is a universally acceptance funding system for science.C. Taxonomy is the discipline where scientists classify and assign each

organism a universally accepted nameD. Taxonomy is a scientific code of ethics.

CELL ASSESSMENT5. Which organism can most likely be classified in the domain Archaea?

A. Live in the most extreme environments on our planet.B. They are all eukaryotesC. They are so big they can be seen with the unaided eye

D. All cells reproduce by meiosis.

6. Domain eucarya consist of a wide variety of organisms. From the microscopic to the largest living creatures on Earth, eucarya has them all. What are the specifications of the domain?

A. They are composed of prokaryotes and bacteriaB. They have a nucleus. They are composed of protists, fungi, plants

and animals

C. They are composed of Fungi and PlantaeD. They are composed of Eukaryotes and bacterium

CELL ASSESSMENT7. The domain eucarya is divided into kingdoms. What are the kingdoms that compose this domain?

A. Kingdom protista, kingdom fungi, kingdom plantae and kingdom animalia.B. Kingdom pisces, kingdom reptilia, kingdom amphibius and kingdom aves.C. Kingdom Bhuttan, kingdom Siam, kingdom Ghana and kingdom Moab . D. Kingdom potus, kingdom regina, kingdom sultan and kingdom chief

8. There are many types of cellular life forms on Earth. But, generally speaking there are two major types of cell structures. What cells are autotrophs?

A. All prokaryotes and bacteriaB. All prokaryotes and eukaryotesC. PlantsD. All eukaryotes and bacterium

CELL ASSESSMENT9. In 1675, Anton van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe living cells. He reported discovering "little animals" -- bacteria and protozoa.Which part of the cell theory is best supported by this discovery?

A. All cells are animal or fungiB. All cells are the same microscopic size -10 micrometers.C. The cell is the basic unit of living things.

D. All cells reproduce by meiosis.

10. 26. Members of which kingdoms are capable of conducting photosynthesis?A. Animalia, BacteriaB. Protista, BacteriaC. Archaea, FungiD. Fungi, Protista

CELL ASSESSMENT

Following are the Biology Assessment with answers for cells as determined by Ms. Donohue.

Including:

BASELINEWINTERFALL

TAXONOMY BASELINE 17. Which characteristic could be observed in an organism classified in Kingdom Protista?

A. cells that lack distinct organellesB. whiplike structures used for locomotionC. flowers used as a method of reproductionD. multicellular bodies organized into organ systems 22. Plants and fungi were once classified in a single kingdom. Which similarity between plants and fungi led to this classification?F. their predation on bacteriaG. their decomposer role in ecosystemsH. their nonmotile, fixed body structuresI.their photosynthetic energy acquisition

26. Which question will best help a student determine whether an organism is a member of Kingdom Archaebacteria or a member of Kingdom Protista?

F. How does the organism reproduce?G. Do the organism's cells have nuclei?H. Does the organism have more than one cell?I. How does the organism move from place to place?

TAXONOMY BASELINE 29. The table below shows some of the defining characteristics of the different kingdoms.The letter C represents what kingdom?

A. AnimalB. FungiC. PlantaeD. Protista

22. A group of single-celled organisms are discovered living in the plume of water escaping from a deep underwater vent. Their cells do not have nuclei or organelles. Into which group are they most likely to be classified?

F. archaeaG. bacteriaH. fungiI. protista

26. Which term below does NOT describe an organism from the kingdom Protista?F. eukaryoticG. multicellularH. prokaryoticI. unicellular

TAXONOMY FALL 22. A group of single-celled organisms are discovered living in the plume of water escaping from a deep underwater vent. Their cells do not have nuclei or organelles. Into which group are they most likely to be classified?

F. archaeaG. bacteriaH. fungiI. protista

25. A female lobster carries hundreds of fertilized eggs attached to the underside of her abdomen. After they hatch into larvae, almost all of them are eaten by predators before they are full-grown. Why is the large number of offspring an evolutionary advantage even though most get eaten?

A. The hatched lobster larvae are an important part of the ocean food web.B. The large number of offspring provides the raw material for natural selection.C. The large number of offspring ensures that at least one will survive and reproduce.D. The more that are eaten by predators, the more food there is for the surviviors.

TAXONOMY FALL

29. The table below shows some of the defining characteristics of the different kingdoms.

Number 4 most likely represents what kingdom?

A. AnimaliaB. FungiC. PlantaeD. Protista

60. A researcher is trying to classify a newly discovered single-celled organism found in a swamp. He observes that the cell does not have a nucleus or organelles. He analyzes the bimolecular found in the cell and discovers glycerol-ether lipids. Because archaea use glycerol-ether lipids in their cell membranes, the researcher classifies the cell as an archaeon. Further analysis shows that the cell is actually a bacterium. Which of the following best explains why the researcher's conclusion was flawed?

F. He did not observe the organism's behavior in its natural environment.G. Studying the biochemicals in a cell is not a valid way to classify it.H. He did not check to see if bacteria also use glycerol-ether lipids.I. He did not note the shape of the cell.

66. Lisa places fungus and dead organic matter in a composter. How will the fungus affect the air in the composter as it lives off the dead organic matter?

F. The oxygen level will decrease.G. The nitrogen level will decrease.H. The water vapor level will decrease.I. The carbon dioxide level will decrease.

TAXONOMY FALL

69. In which types of organisms does the following chemical process take place?

C6H1206 + 6 0 2 + (ADP) —> 6 CO 2 + 6 H2 O + (ATP)A. all bacteriaB. plants and yeast onlyC. yeast and bacteria onlyD. all organisms except some bacteria

WINTER 

1. Living organisms include bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. What is one thing that all living things have in common?

A. They are all made of multiple cells.B. They all result from replication of pre-existing cells.C. They all perform cell division to decrease the surface-area to volume ratio.D. They all start as single-celled organisms and become multicellular through replication.

17. Which organism can most likely be classified in the domain Bacteria?A. a predatory organism that depends on hunting plant-eaters for foodB. a multicellular organism that reproduces via spores and gets its food from a dead logC. a photosynthetic organism that undergoes sexual reproduction and produces seeds in conesD. a unicellular organism that has a simple structure and is commonly found in human intestines

22. The diagrams below show an example of a prokaryote and a eukaryote.

The eukaryote shown above is a one-celled organism. Into which group should it be classified?

F. domain ArchaeaG. domain BacteriaB kingdom ProtistaI. kingdom Animalia

TAXONOMY WINTER

26. Members of which kingdoms are capable of conducting photosynthesis?F. Animalia, BacteriaG. Protista, BacteriaH. Archaea, FungiI. Fungi, Protista 29. Fungi used to be classified in the same kingdom as plants. In time, scientists observed a key characteristic that required reclassification. What was that characteristic?A. Fungi are eukaryotic.B. Fungi are multicellular.C. Fungi are heterotrophic.D. Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually.

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