3. geom proses struktural

stress

stress

Fold

Tekanan pada perlapisan batuan sedimen menghasilkan relief bergelombang

Rocks can bend or fold under stress.

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Fold terminology: limbs, axis (hinge), axial plane

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Dip – Strike

Lipatan/fold yang telah tersingkap oleh proses erosi akan menunjukkan perlapisan batuan sedimennya. Arah lipatan dapat direkonstruksi melalui pengukuran Dip - Strike

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Fold classifications:

1. Klasifikasi berdasar posisi relatif lapisan berumur tua dan muda

a. Antiklinal

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Fold classifications:

1. Klasifikasi berdasar posisi relatif lapisan berumur tua dan muda

b. sinklinal

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Fold classifications:

2. Klasifikasi berdasar bentuk

a. Synform : Arah dip di kedua sisi berlawanan menuju lembah/fold center

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Fold classifications:

2. Klasifikasi berdasar bentuk

b. Antiform : Arah dip di kedua sisi berlawanan menjauhi puncak/fold center

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Fold classifications:

2. Klasifikasi berdasar bentuk

c. Other form (Contoh : homoklinal)

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Fold classifications:

2. Klasifikasi berdasar bentuk

c. Other form (Contoh : monoklinal)

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Fold classifications:

3. Klasifikasi berdasar kemiringan axial plane

a. upright--vertical

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Fold classifications:

3. Klasifikasi berdasar kemiringan axial plane

b. inclined--inclined

inclined fold

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Fold classifications:

3. Klasifikasi berdasar kemiringan axial plane

c. recumbent--near horizontal

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Fold classifications:

4. Klasifikasi berdasar perbandingan relatif antara

dip di kedua limb : symmetrical , asymmetrical,

overturned

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Plunging fold

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Lembah sinklinal

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Hog back When rocks are uplifted

by mountain building

processes, erosion of the softer, less

resistant rock occurs leaving a

ridge of the more resistant rock.

Cuesta, broken faultEscarpment face of a cuesta, broken by a fault. Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee

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Pola aliran yang terbentuk pada zone lipatan adalah trellis.

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Struktur minor pada batuan sedimen dalam perlapisan horisontal

Interstate road cut through limestone and shale strata in eastern Tennessee

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Struktur minor pada batuan sedimen dalam perlapisan horisontal

1. Perlapisan silang siur (Cross bedded) /

2. Riple marks

3. Mud marks

4. Concretions

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Fault Terminology:

1. strike and dip

2. hanging wall/headwall

3. footwall

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Fault Terminology:

1. hanging wall/headwall

2. footwall

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Fault Terminology:

fault scarps (tectonic) faultline scarps (erosional: structurally controlled by not tectonic)  Aspy Valley: faultline scarp, lowland, and plateau truncated spurs/triangular facet (also produced by glaciation) wineglass valley (Death Valley)

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Fault Terminology: fault scarps (tectonic)

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Fault Terminology: Escarpments

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Fault Terminology: Linier valley (erosional:

structurally controlled by not tectonic)

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Tipe Fault

Dip Slip Faults Normal

Reverse

Strike Slip Faults

left lateral

right lateral

Pull-apart Basins and transverse Mountains: form where a transform fault bends

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Tipe Fault

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Tipe Fault

Tekanan kuat pada perlapisan batuan mengakibatkan patahnya perlapisan, menghasilkan fault

Normal faults Reverse faults

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Tipe Fault

Tekanan kuat pada perlapisan batuan mengakibatkan patahnya perlapisan, menghasilkan fault

A graben fault is produced when tensional stresses result in the subsidence of a block of rock. On a large scale these features are known as Rift Valleys

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Tipe Fault

Tekanan kuat pada perlapisan batuan mengakibatkan patahnya perlapisan, menghasilkan fault

A horst fault is the development of two reverse faults causing a block of rock to be pushed up

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Kerak bumi dengan posisi yang lebih rendah diantara dua blok yang lain disebut Graben.

Sedangkan kerak bumi yang mengalami kenaikan elevasi disebut Horst.

Tipe Fault

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