3 Domains & 4 Kingdoms 1
Feb 12, 2016
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3 Domains & 4 Kingdoms
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Domain - Archea• Prokaryotes - “before nucleus”• No organelles in their cell• Live in extreme environments similar to those
of the ancient Earth• Hot springs• Salt lakes• Hydrothermic vents• Glacier ice
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Domain - Eukarya• Eukaryotes - “good nucleus”• Unicellular & multicellular• Divided in 4 Kingdoms
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Domain – Bacteria• Next Lesson
Non-Living Virus• Next Lesson
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Kingdom - Animalia• Grouped by skeletal
system• All multicellular• Heterotrophic
• Vertebrates• Have a backbone• Ex. snake, elephant& bony fish
• Invertebrates• Do not have a
backbone• Ex. jelly fish, butterfly
& wormVideo animals
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Kingdom - Plantae• Grouped by tubes system
for transporting water• All multicellular• Autotrophic
• Vascular• Have a well-developed
tube system• Able to grow tall• Ex. fern, cactus & elm tree
• Non-vascular• Lack well-developed
tube system• Grow low to the ground• Ex. mosses & liverworts
Video wilting
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Kingdom - Plantae• Vascular is broken into:
• Seedless
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms
• Reproduce by spores
• Reproduce by seeds –no flowers or fruit
• Reproduce by flowers and seeds in fruit
Video plant
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Kingdom - FungiTo understand Fungi better!Hyphae
Multicellular forms for time threadlike tubes
MyceliumEntire mass of hyphae
FeedingEzymes released and break
down surrounding particles, small particles are absorbed by hyphae
Eat dead and/or live materialDecomposers and/ or
parasites
Video fungi
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Kingdom - Fungi• Grouped by appearance of their reproductive
structure• Most are multicellular• Heterotrophic (plants that do not make their
own food- no chlorophyll, no photosynthesis)• Reproduce mainly by spores , called budding
(asexual) • but can also reproduce sexually when hyphae meet
• 3 main categories based on reproductive structure
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Kingdom - Fungi• 1) Sac
• Ex. Yeast, truffles
• 2) Club• Ex. Mushrooms, toad stools,
puffballs, bracket fungi
• 3) Zygote• Ex. Molds (like our bread mold),
ringworm, athlete’s foot, some are antibiotics (penicillium), cheese making!
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Fungi and Bacteria- Symbiosis• Lichens
• Both bacteria and fungi living mutually together
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Kingdom - Protista• Grouped by charactertistics they share with
other kingdoms (often called the odds and ends kingdom)
• Most are unicellular (but some multicellular)• Mainly heterotrophic (but some autotrophic)• Reproduction is mainly binary fission
• Nuclues duplicates and cell pinches off into 2 daughter cells
• 3 Main categories
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Kingdom - ProtistaAnimal-like (protozoan)heterotrophic4 categories
3 based on movement- ciliates, flagellates and sarcodines
Examples: paramecium, giardia, and Amoeba
1 parasite (different methods of movements)
Examples: plasmodium
Video
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Kingdom - ProtistaPlant-like (algae)mainly autotrophicunicellular and multicellular4 categories
Algae example: red, green, brownEuglenoids (can be both
autotrophic and heterotrophic) example: euglena
diatoms (glass like cell walls)dinoflagellates (hard shell with 1
flagellate)
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Kingdom - ProtistaFungus-like• Heterotrophic• Unicellular sometimes becoming
multicellular• reproduce by spores (asexual)• 2 categories
• Slime molds (move, jelly like)• Water molds and Downy molds (wet moist
environments, tiny threads)
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Domain - BacteriaMost abundant organism on earth
• Prokaryotes- no nucleus genetic material not contained in a nucleus
• Few organelles in their cell• Cytoplasm, cell wall, • cell membrane, ribosomes, • and flagellum
• Shapes• Round- cocci• Spiral – spirilla• Rods- bacilli
Video- shape
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Domain - Bacteria• Reproduction – very quick under ideal conditions
• Asexually- single cell splitting: binary fission• Sexual – 2 cells share genetic material: Conjugation
treadlike bridge transfers some genetic material from one cell to another (then binary fission with different genetic material)
• Endospore formation – protective shell, dormant bacterium goes into a “hibernation”
• Movement – crawling, gliding, and using flagella• Growth - as a colony, not an individual cell
Video- reproduction
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Domain - Bacteria• 4 main categories:• Decomposers• Aerobic• Anaerobic• Pathogens
• Autotrophic- sunlight and chemicals• Photosynthesis (different chlorophyll than plants)• Chemosynthesis (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur)
• Heterotrophic -respiration- breaking down food to get energy• Aerobic – with oxygen• Anaerobic- without oxygen
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Domain - Bacteria• Can be helpful or Harmful
• Most helpful (cheese, yogurt, yeast, decomposing, clean up environment , digestive system)
• Some harmful: called pathogens (sickness, pneumonia, TB, strep throat)
Video white blood cells
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Virus – Non living• Virus- latin meaning “ Poison”
• No cell structure (cellular organization)• No response to surroundings • Don’t have growth or development• Reproduction (only within a host cell)• Chemicals of life • Energy use (no respiration)Conclusion: Not living do not follow the 6
character tics of life and not classified the same way as living things (no binomial nomenclature!)
Video
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Virus – Non living• Very very small, much smaller than bacteria• Affects all living things and can be transmitted• Can be dormant for years and then activate• Do not respond to antibotics• Very few vaccines (viruses mutate quickly)• Can attack specific cell types
• Cold: respiratory cells, polio- nerve cells• Capsid- outer coat/shell made of protein (about
95% of the virus)• Inner core contains genetic material• Shapes: tube, robot, sphere, bullet, • Ex. Smallpox, colds, influenza, yellow fever
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Virus – Non livingReproduction• Active Virus
1) Attaches to the surface2) Inject genetic material3) Genetic material takes over the cell’s interior4) Proteins assemble to new viruses5) Cell bursts and releases more viruses
• Hidden Virus1) Attaches to the surface2) Inject genetic material
* genetic material becomes part of cell’s genetic material3) After some time, genetic material takes over the cell’s interior4) Proteins assemble to new viruses5) Cell bursts and releases more viruses
Video virus reproduction
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Bacteria versus Virussmaller than cells much smaller than bacterialiving not living
reproduces by itself must have host to reproduce (binary fission) (hi-jacking cell) organelles simple inner/outer active motion (flagella etc.) passive (contact) respiration (aerobic, anaerobic) no respiration responds to antibotics no cureNaming binomial nomenclature no naming system