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Since the 80s, with the introduction of CAD-CAMsoftware, the
need to clearly understand nominalspecifications has been largely
solved. Indeed, until thisdate, a nominal specification was made up
of several 2Dprojected geometrical drawings whose consistency
wasuncertain. With the advent of 3D CAD-CAM, thespecification
becomes a digital result whose consistency ismathematically
certified by the software! This has been adecisive benefit that
explains the worldwide success of thistechnology. Although
ambiguity of the nominal specificationhas all but disappeared, the
technical difficulties andbusiness conflicts are now more apparent
due to theambiguities of the differences between the
nominalspecification and the result. ASME and ISO
tolerancingstandards have as a result grown in importance
andtremendously developed through the 80s and 90s.Nonetheless, they
are still topics for research anddevelopment. The tolerance
specification language issuedfrom these standards allows downstream
users to define theadmissible limits of the dimensional defects as
well as theshape, orientation and position defects of parts
andassemblies surfaces.
This booklet provides a view on this language,exemplary both for
its clarity and conciseness. It is anessential tool for the
beginner as well as for the experiencedtechnician.
Professor Emeritus Andr Clment,CIRP member
2FOREWORD
FOREWORD
Tolerance standardization on an international scalefor technical
objects can be defined with one word: interchan-geability. Modern
times have driven the necessity to sharetechnological machine
features not only because of a failure,but primarily due to the
systematic use of industrial suppliersto manufacture complex
systems.
To get something manufactured, the client has tofirst specify
their requests. The dimensional description ofthe mechanical part
to manufacture is identified as the nominalspecification, and the
final actual manufactured object is calledthe result. The
difference between the result and the nominalspecification is a
major source of conflict. This differenceneeds also to be
specified; giving rise to what is called thetolerance
specification, combined with the nominal dimen-sional
specification.
A specification, whatever it may be, must becomprehensive,
consistent and understandable withoutinterpretation by both the
client and supplier.
1 FOREWORD
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43 3D TOLERANCING IN PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
3D TOLERANCING IN PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
3D TOLERANCING IN PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT
Customerrequirements
Maintenance
Functional,Logical and
Physicaldesign
ManufacturingQualitycontrol
Automotive Aerospace Shipbuilding
IndustrialEquipment High Tech
ConsumerGoods
LANGUAGE
TOOLS
METHOD
3D Tolerancing is at the core of Product Lifecycle Management
fromcustomer requirements to maintenance.
3D Functional Tolerancing & Annotation is particularly
useful in thefollowing industries.
3D Functional Tolerancing & Annotation 3D FTA
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65 CONTENTS
GLOSSARY p. 7
DIMENSIONS p. 9
TOLERANCED FEATURE p. 10
DATUM AND DATUM FEATURE p. 11
TOLERANCE ZONE p. 14
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES p. 15
Form p. 15
Profile p. 17
Orientation p. 19
Location p. 21
Runout p. 25
MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION p. 27
TEST YOUR SKILLS! p. 38
Type Characteristic Example Page
Straightness
15Circularity
Flatness
Cylindricity
Profile of a line17
Profile of a surface
Parallelism
19Perpendicularity
Angularity
Symmetry
21Concentricity
Position
Circular Runout25
Total Runout
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
For
mP
rofil
eO
rient
atio
nLo
catio
nR
unou
t
CONTENTS
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87
TOLERANCE ZONE P. 14A portion of space defined by perfect
geometry in which thetoleranced feature has to be included to
comply with the geo-metric specification.
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC)
P. 27-32
The condition in which a feature of size contains the
maximum(respectively least) amount of material within the stated
limitsof size; for example, minimum (respectively maximum)
holediameter, maximum (respectively minimum) shaft diameter.
VIRTUAL CONDITION P. 28, 29The envelope or boundary that
corresponds to the collectiveeffects of a size features specified
MMC or LMC materialcondition and the geometric tolerance for that
material condition.
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
TOLERANCED FEATURE P. 10An actual feature or a derived feature
from an actual featureof a part which supports a geometric
specification (size, form,profile, orientation, location, runout
and roughness).
DATUM FEATURE P. 11, 12An actual feature of a part (physical
plane, physical hole,physical slot, etc ) which is used to
establish a datum.
DATUM P. 11-13 A theoretically perfect geometric feature (exact
point, axis, orplane) derived from the true geometric counterpart
of adatum feature. Datums are used as references from
whichgeometric tolerances (position, profile, orientation,
runout)are established.
DATUM TARGET P. 11, 12 A point, a line or an area of an actual
feature of the part whichis used to establish a datum.
GLOSSARY
M L
The following definitions are based on ASME Y14.41-2003.
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109
When the note n surfaces is mentioned, several surfacesare
considered as a single interrupted or noncontinuous surface.The
control is the same applied to a single plane surface.
An actual feature or a derived feature from an actual featureof
a part which supports a geometric specification (size,
form,profile, orientation, location, runout and roughness).
TOLERANCED FEATURES
DIMENSIONS
DIMENSIONS
TOLERANCED FEATURE
COPLANAR SURFACES
Surface selection
Axis selection
Median plane selection
Unless Perfect Form at MMC not required is mentioned, the
limitsof size rule is applied. When only a size dimension is
given:
2 the size dimension at any cross section shall be within
thesize tolerance,
2 the surface(s) shall not extend beyond the perfect formdefined
by the MMC size.
DIMENSIONS
49 ai 50
ANGLE DIMENSIONS
Toleranced Feature
34.7 di 35.3
Leg
end
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1211 DATUM DATUM
DATUM
Datum Association Criteria
Point
Line
Plane
Plane:Complexsurface
A theoretically perfect geometric feature (exact point, axis, or
plane)derived from the true geometric counterpart of a datum
feature.Datums are used as references from which geometric
tolerances(position, profile, orientation, runout) are
established.
Single Datum
Multiple Datum
Datum Reference Frame
Datum Target
The datum triangle is placed on a featuresurface or on an
extension line of the featureoutline. When the Datum Feature is the
lineor surface itself, the triangle must be separatedfrom the
dimension line.
The datum triangle is placed on the extension of a dimension
arrowwhen the datum feature is the axis or the median plane. The
datumtriangle can replace a dimension arrow if there is not enough
room.
Center ofthe smallestcircumscribedsphere
Center ofthe largestinscribedsphere
Axis ofthe largest inscribedcylinder
Axis ofthe smallest circumscribedcylinder
Tangent plane closest to theactual surface / Least squaresplane
/ etc...
Median plane of thelargest circumscribedparallel planes /
etc...
Datum feature Datum
Lege
nd
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1413 DATUM TOLERANCE ZONE
TOLERANCE ZONE
As seen in this example, the order in which the datums are
placedin the tolerance frame is very important. On a functional
perspective,these two ways of annotating are totally different.
A portion of space defined by perfect geometry in which the
tolerancedfeature has to be included to comply with the geometric
specification.
A geometric tolerance is expressed on the model by:2 an arrow
indicating the toleranced feature,2 a tolerance frame containing
the tolerancing characteristics.
Here are some tolerance zones:
Some tolerance zones are not fixed into space; they have the
possibilityto move along different directions or rotate around
several axes (DOF:Degree Of Freedom).This compass indicates which
move is possible for each tolerance zone:
DATUMCASE OF A SPECIFIED DATUM SYSTEM
A B B ADIFFERENCE BETWEEN AND
Datum plane A
Actual surface A
Datum Axis B
Actualsurface B
Freerotations
Lockedtranslations
Freetranslations
Lockedrotations
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1615 FORM FORM
FORM Toleranced Feature Tolerance Zone Legen
d
Straightness
Circularity
Flatness
Cylindricity
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1817 PROFILE PROFILE
PROFILE
Profileof a line
Profileof a surface
Profileof a surface
Toleranced Feature Datum feature Datum Tolerance Zone
Leg
end
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2019 ORIENTATION ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Toleranced Feature Datum feature Datum Tolerance Zone
Leg
end
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2221 LOCATION LOCATION
LOCATION
Concentricity
Symmetry
Position
Toleranced Feature Datum feature Datum Tolerance Zone
Leg
end
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2423 LOCATION LOCATION
LOCATION
Position
Position:a composite
tolerance
0.2 A B
0.1 A B
0.2 A B
0.1 A B
x2
x2
Toleranced Feature Datum feature Datum Tolerance Zone
Leg
end
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2625 RUNOUT RUNOUT
RUNOUT
Circular runout
Total runout
AXIAL
Toleranced Feature Datum feature Datum Tolerance Zone
Leg
end
RADIAL
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2827 MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
CLASSIC TOLERANCING WITHOUT MMC
Maximum and Least Material Condition are powerful
tolerancingtools allowing the user to transcribe easily and rapidly
some of thefunctional aspects of assembly parts. They are also of
great valueduring conception, manufacturing and inspection
stages.
MMC is used to ensure interchangeability.
This male part is rejected because it exceeds the specifications
limits( L = 19.94 mm and = 0.23 mm ). However, it can still
beassembled with conform female parts and it answers to the factor
G 0.The tolerancing for this function isnt adapted.
Is it possible to respect to the assembly function G 0 without
over-constraining the parts geometry?
It can indeed be done by respecting the virtual condition. The
virtualcondition is the perfect geometric feature centered around
the assemblyfunction binding complementary parts which must be put
together:
Gmin = (20 + 0.2) (20.5 - 0.3) = 0 mm
Gmax = 20.6 - 19.9 = 0.7 mm
part 1
part 2
In this example, part 1 and part 2 form a rigid joint.There is a
functional condition (Gap) for the assembly: G 0
M L
M
L
0.20.23
19.919.94
20.0
Tolerancingarea
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3029 MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
The male part is the only one dealtwith in this section; the
process isthe same with the female one.
It is possible to go on with this transfer by exclusively
putting the tolerancevalue on the dimension and to reach tolerance
zero with the geometrictolerance:
20 and 0.2 20 and 0If the Maximum Material Condition is not
dimensionally reached, it ispossible to transfer the margin
(difference between the tolerance sizeand the actual size) on the
geometric specification (and vice versa).The Maximum Material
Condition must not be exceeded.
Virtual Condition: The envelope or boundary that corresponds to
thecollective effects of a size features specified MMC or LMC
materialcondition and the geometric tolerance for that material
condition.
M L
L
0.2
0.3
19.9
Tolerancingarea
20.0
Virtual L = Lmin - max = 20.5 - 0.3= 20.2
Virtual L = Lmax + max= 20 + 0.2= 20.2
L
0.2
0.3
19.9
Tolerancingarea
20.0 20.2
0
-0.1
+0.2
-0.1
TOLERANCING WITH MMC M TOLERANCING WITH MMC AT TOLERANCE ZERO
M
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3231 MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
MAXIMUM AND LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
CONCLUSION OF MMC
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
The Least Material Condition is also used to facilitate the
fabricationprocess. It can be used to maintain a critical wall
thickness to avoidruptures or to guarantee a maximal value to a
defect. This exigencyallows greater control of the precision of a
mechanical guide
(example: prismatic joint ensured by two complementary
components)ensuring not to exceed the virtual state at least
material. As seen in the diagram above with MMC, the concept of
expandingthe range of acceptable components can also be applied for
LMC.
M
M
L
L
0.2
0.3
19.9
Tolerancingarea
20.0L
0.2
0.3
19.9
Tolerancingarea
20.0 20.2L
0.2
19.9 20.0
L
Tolerancingarea
Decrease cost
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3433 3D FUNCTIONAL TOLERANCING AND ANNOTATION
3D FUNCTIONAL TOLERANCING AND ANNOTATION
3D FUNCTIONAL TOLERANCING AND ANNOTATION
CATIA 3D Functional Tolerancing and Annotation is a
new-generationCATIA product addressing the easy definition and
management oftolerance specifications and annotations of 3D parts
and assemblies.
FTA is fully compliant with the ASME Y14.41-2003 standard.
The intuitive interface of CATIA 3D Functional Tolerancing
andAnnotation product provides an ideal solution for new CATIA
customersin small and medium size industries, looking to reduce
reliance on 2Ddrawings and increase the use of 3D as the master
definition.
Define in the 3D model all what is used to be defined in a 2D
drawing: 2 toleranced dimensions, datums, geometrical tolerances,2
roughness, partial surfaces, 2 notes, symbols, Enhance the quality
of the product definition by removinginconsistencies between 3D
definition and 2D Drawing definition.
Validate the Dimensioning and Tolerancing specifications:2
assist the user in the correct definition of Dimensioning &
Tolerancing specifications (Tolerancing Advisor capabilities).2
check the validity (according to ASME or ISO standards rules)
of
Dimensioning &Tolerancing specifications: for all the
geometric modifications, for all the tolerancing scheme
modifications.
Enhance the quality of the product definition by checkingfull
compliance to ASME or ISO standards.
FTA
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3635 DELMIA
3D FTA - CATIA 3D FTA - DELMIA
CATIA
REUSE OF FTA BY DOWNSTREAM APPLICATIONS
METROLOG V5
MACHINING
TOLERANCING
ASSISTANT
DELMIA can read and re-use FTA information in different
workbenchesas in: 2 DELMIA Machinining Tolerancing Assistant (MTT):
MTT is anadd-on product to DPM Machining Process Planner that will
allowmanufacturing process planner to create in-process
manufacturingtolerances on the unique in-process model generated
from DPMMachining. MTT is a tolerance stack-up analysis tool that
will enableplanners to analyze the stack-up distribution with
respect to the FTAdefined tolerances. 2 Metrologic Inspection: FTA
tolerances can also be reused in theoff-line & on-line
inspection application developed by DELMIA partnersMetrologic.
Metrologic software is native to V5 & reads all FTA
definedtolerances & automatically creates an inspection
plan.
Manufacturing,Assembly Process
Planning
Tolerance Analysis(Manufacturing
context)
Inspection
Assembly Design(Functional
Requirements)
Part Design(Functional
Specifications)
FunctionalToleranceAnalysis
(Design context)
FTA
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37 CERTIFICATION
About VirtoolsAcquired by Dassault Systmes in mid-2005, Virtools
is the leading provider of comprehensive software solutions for
buildinghighly interactive 3D life-like applications. Virtools 3D
real-time technologies and solutions are used in a wide variety
ofapplications such as simulation of product usage, ergonomic
testing, creating the shopping experience, training scenarios,right
through to branding, advertising and web marketing applications.
For more information, visit www.virtools.com
About Dassault Systmes As a world leader in 3D and Product
Lifecycle Management (PLM) solutions, Dassault Systmes brings value
to more than100,000 customers in 80 countries. A pioneer in the 3D
software market since 1981, Dassault Systmes develops andmarkets
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SolidWorks for 3D mechanical design - DELMIA for virtual production
- SIMULIA for virtual testing and ENOVIAfor global collaborative
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and Euronext Paris (#13065, DSY.PA) stock exchanges. For
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