“3-D” & Temporal GIS Longley et al. latter part of Ch. 13
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“3-D” & Temporal GIS
Longley et al. latter part of Ch. 13
Horizontal sure, but ….
how to deal with elevation/depth or time
Vertical
Horizontal and verticalHorizontal, vertical, and time
ArcScene 9 Demo
http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/captivate_arcscene/arcscene_demo.htm
The Vertical Dimension
two very different ways of looking at representations of the vertical dimension (third dimension) in GIS“2.5-D” and “3-D”vertical dimension combined with temporal query = “4-D”
Lab 7 on Temporal Mapping
Tutorial/Exercises 6-2 and 6-3Please answer STUDY QUESTIONS too!
Read instructions carefullyUse ArcCatalog not Windows Explorer!Layouts please, not screen snapshotsThe geodatabase
http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/geodatabaseCampus.mp4
Time Dependence
time dependence adds a third dimension to spatial data, just as the vertical dimension doesor may be added to 3 spatial dimensions to give 4D
Coastal Evolution of OR/WA
Cross & Twichell, USGS Woods Hole in Wright (ed.) Undersea with GIS, ESRI Press, 2002.
Time and Geographical Data
computer science has dealt with time dependence of records in databases
e.g., records may be valid only for limited times
geographical cases are more complex - objects may have limited existence, but may also move, change shape, and change attributes
database models for time? few “temporal GISs” on the market
Tracking Analyst for ArcGIS
Dealing with Time in GIS
shape of objects same, but attributes change (ESPN)same shape, same attributes, but boundaries between objects or locations of objects change
Turn on/off or movehttp://www.clockwk.com/centenniavid.htm
shapes of objects change through time define a limited number of time "slices"
“2.5 D”
most common way of “doing 3D” in commercial GIS packagesz value (normally elevation) is recorded as an attribute for each data point (x,y)z values can be used in a perspective plot to create the appearance of 3 dimensionsnot true 3-D representation because elevation is not encoded in data structure, not in topology
2.5 D Representations
attractive displays of topography and other continuous surfaces from DEMs or TINsperspective plots computed from any viewpointadditional layers "draped" over the surface
“Coastal Terrain Model”USGS Topography
+ =
Integrated Topo-Bathy Model
BathymetryTopography
…a surface that integrates topography and bathymetry
Satellite ImageryDraped on Topo-bathy model
A dense network of Wi-Fi infrastructure viewed above the built environment of Salt Lake City, Utah (Courtesy Paul Torrens)
Boundary Representation
TIN is a 2.5 D type of B-repone value of z for every x,y
each object has faces, edges, points
Perspective Plot from TIN (2.5-D B-Rep)
B-Rep of a Cave Passage
True 3-D
store data in structures that actually reference locations in 3D space (x,y,z)here z is not an attribute but an element of the location of the point if z is missing, object does not exist!several z’s possible for a single x-y pair,
soundings in the ocean or atmosphere, geologic logs of wells
3-D Applicationsgeological/geophysical exploration engineering design of mines, quarries, dams, reservoirs, etc.scientific explanation of 3D processes such as ocean currents or lava flows
“data driven” - may not necessarily know what you will find in 3Dso the structure of the representation may enhance types of analyses that can be performed
Fonseca, Mayer, and Paton in Wright (ed.) Undersea with GIS published by ESRI Press
Fonseca, Mayer, and Paton in Wright (ed.) Undersea with GIS published by ESRI Press
“Fledermaus”Interactive Visualization Systemswww.ivs3d.com
http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/captivate_ivs/ivs1.htm
http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/captivate_ivs/ivs2.htm
http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/gis/captivate_ivs/ivs3.htm
Volumes
visualization of volumesmodeling of volumes
algorithms for 3D spatial analysis simpler, more efficient, if data in a volumetric form
Example two: Hydrothermal Plume model output
VTK/Java3D allows volumecalculations,rendering, and analysis.
● 3D probe● animation● bathymetry
● multibeam● Smith/Sandwell
Vance et al., NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center
Becker, Science, August 27, 2010
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary - Ware et al., Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, U. of New Hampshire
Underwater Behavior of Humpback Whales: Potential Entanglement in Fishing Gear
Spatial Occupancy Enumeration(SOE)
volume is divided into cubes or voxelsusually produced by converting from B-reps (similar to converting vectors to rasters in 2D)mass, volume and surface area are quickly computed as Boolean operations [on (full) / off (empty)] or voxel counts
SOE of a Mine/Quarry
Surface Water Runoff
Gold, Transactions in GIS, 2006
Commercially Available?
Research frontiernot too many truly 3D GIS packages on the market2- or 2.5D GIS linked to 3D modeling package
You knew I had to mention it…GOOGLE EARTH
A 3-D representation of office and retail land use in London. The height of the bars identifies ’rateable value’—a UK indicator of the value of the property/real estate in the grid squares–that is dedicated to office and retail functions.
(Courtesy Duncan Smith: data © Valuation Office Agency 2005)
An extruded 3-D map of Figure 13.16, embedded within a games engine
(Courtesy Andy Hudson-Smith)
(Courtesy Andy Hudson-Smith)
A collaborative planning application in Second Life, using elements of the Virtual London 3-D model (www.secondlife.com)
My Avatar
Sketch Ups and Touch Tables
Insert your own objectsGoogle Ocean
“Visualize” with your handshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2pPeW4cUgU&feature=PlayList&p=FB02B6AD35983A48&playnext=1&index=14http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W3dz2xpCJVU&feature=related
A 3-D building representation, created using Google Sketchup and suitable for inclusion in a 3-D city model
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