Computer Hardware
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Computer Hardware
Components of a Computer-Based Information System (CBIS)
Hardware Programs (Software) Data (Database) People Procedures Networks
What is a computer?
an electronic device that has the ability to accept data, internally store and automatically execute a program of instructions, perform mathematical, logical, and manipulative operations on data, and report the results
Computer Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU) arithmetic-logic unit control unit
Primary Storage / Main Memory Input Devices Output Devices Secondary Storage Devices I/O Devices
InputDevices
InputDevices
OutputDevicesOutputDevices
CommunicationDevices
CommunicationDevices
ControlUnit
Arithmetic-LogicUnit
Primary Storage
SecondaryStorage
SecondaryStorage
Central Processing Unit
Bus
Bus
ExternalNetwork
Bus
Bus
Types of Storage
Primary Storage: Internal temporary storage connected to CPU
and used to house data and instructions for processing
Secondary storage: External permanent location for storing data
and instructions when not needed by CPU
Cache . . .
Where do we put programsand data to work on them ?
into primary storage from input devices secondary storage devices communications devices
How do we refer to a location in primary storage ?
by its address
Primary Storage0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
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00000 00001 00010 00011
00100 00101 00110 00111
01000 01001 01010 01011
01100 01101 01110 01111
10000 10001 10010 10011
How do we connect the components of a computer together ?
through a bus
Where do we store instructions and data at the actual instant that they
are being processed ? in registers
Buses & Registers
ControlUnit
Arithmetic /Logic Unit
Primary Storage
OutputDevices
InputDevices Secondary
StorageDevices
CPU
Bus
Data Address Control Electrical
Registers
Special Purpose Program Address (PAR) (aka Program Counter) Data Address Instruction
General Purpose
How fast can we execute instructions ?
Millions of instructions per second MIPS
Millions of floating point operations per second MegaFLOPS (MFLOPS)
Logical inferences per second LIPS
megahertz (MHz) million cycles per second
How fast can we execute instructions ?
gigahertz (GHz) billion cycles per second
billions of instructions per second BIPS
Timing Circuitry / ClockClockGenerator
CPU
BusController
RAM, ROM, or I/O
Control
Address
Data
RandomLogic
I / OController
BusDriver
InterruptController
BusDriver
BusDriver
Unit Fraction of a SecondTime Units
millisecond one - thousandth microsecond one - millionth nanosecond one - billionth picosecond one - trillionth femtosecond one - quadrillionth
Primary Storage
Random-Access Memory (RAM) Working area for various activities Temporary holding place for data/programs Contents retained only when computer is on
Read-Only Memory (ROM) Location of startup procedures Holding place for all permanent internal
instructions Contents retained when computer is on or off
Memory / Storage Capacity
kilobyte 210 = 1,024 1 thousand bytes
megabyte 220 = 1,048,576 1 million bytes
gigabyte 230 = 1,073,741,824 1 billion bytes
terabyte 240 1 trillion bytes
petabyte 250 1 quadrillion bytes
exabyte 260 1 quintillion bytes
Levels of IC Integration
SSI MSI LSI VLSI SLSI ULSI GSI
Trends in Chip Technology
Capacity
Speed
Size
Cost
Input / Output Devices
Input Devices / Media
Keyboard Mouse / Trackball /Joystick Touch Screen Light Pen Graphics Pad / Touchpad / Digitizer Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) Microphone (Voice)
Input Devices / Media
Digital Camera Optical Scanner
UPC Mark Sense OCR Retinal / Thumb print / Image
Microfilm (CIM) Other ????
Output Devices / Media
Monitor, VDT, VDU, CRT, Screen text graphics
picture element / pixel VGA / SVGA / XGA / UXGA / ...
Printer dot-matrix / solid character impact / non-impact character / line / page single color / multi-color
Output Devices / Media
Plotter flatbed / drum single color / multi-color
Speaker (Voice) Slides / Film Microfilm (COM) Other ????
Input / Output Devices / Media
Storage devices Internal & external bus controllers Communications ports Modems (and communication channels) Network interface cards (NIC) Wireless receivers / transmitters
Secondary Storage
Secondary Storage
Punch Cards Paper Tape Magnetic Tape Magnetic Disk
Hard Disk Diskette (“Floppy” Disk) / Zip Disk
Optical Disk CD-ROM / CD-R / CD-RW DVD-ROM / DVD-R / DVD-RW / DVD+RW
Punch Card
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9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
0123456789 ABCDEFGHI J KLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ . , - =( ) $
Paper Tape
Magnetic Tape
9 — track TapeEBCDIC code — even parity
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Disk - Top View with Section of
Track
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01 0 101 0101 01
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0 1
CD-ROM - Side View
Secondary Storage
Magnetic Drum Magneto-Optical Disk Other Optical Disk
Read-Only WORM Rewritable
Optical Card Microfilm / Microfiche (COM / CIM )
NOTES
On-Line versus Off-Line Devices Peripheral versus Auxiliary Devices Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) Source Data Automation / POS Terminals
Data Capture versus Data Entry
Multimedia
“Kinds” of Computers
Computer Categories
Types Analog Digital Hybrid
Computer Categories
Purposes General / Special / Dedicated Business / Scientific
Computer Categories
"Sizes" Micro / PC
Desktop Notebook
Workstations Mini Mainframe Super “Server”
Computer Categories
"Sizes" Smart Card Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Terminal Computers
Network Computers Windows-Based Terminals Diskless Workstations
Computer Categories
Number of Processors Single Processor
pipeline processing Multiprocessor
Power PC parallel processing massively parallel processing (MPP) primary & support processors
Determinants of Computer Power
Processor Speed (Clock) Word Size
Bus Registers
Bus Speed Primary Storage Size
Words / Bytes
Primary Storage Speed
Determinants of Computer Power
Secondary Storage Size Secondary Storage Speed Instruction Set
CISC RISC ASIC
Cache Size, Speed, Location
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