(3) Blood Group & Rh

7/31/2019 (3) Blood Group & Rh

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BLOOD GROUP & BLOODTYPES

DGN 111/2MAS NOR SALONI BT IBRAHIM

[email protected]


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OBJECTIVES

Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups

Explain the important to match donor andrecipient blood types before transfusion

Describe the complications due to bloodreaction


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INTRODUCTION

If large quantities of blood are lost duringsurgery or in an accident, the patient can go intoshock and die unless a transfusion or infusion is

performed. Transfusion reactions include clumping of blood

cells, rupture of blood cell and clotting within ablood vessels possibly occur

Transfusion reaction occur due to interactionbetween antigens and antibodies.


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HISTORY

Karl

landsteiner 1868-1943


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DEFINITION Blood group or blood types is a description an

individuals characteristics of red blood cells. Two most important classifications to describe

blood group in humans are ABO and Rh factor Compatibility - capable of being mixed without

undergoing destructive chemical change.


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Cont..

Antigen Any substance ; coming in contact with

appropriate cell, induce state of sensitivityand/or immune responsiveness in a latentperiod.

Antibody

Protein produced in response to an antigen.Y shape molecules consisting of four polypeptide chains.


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Gambar alleles


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Antibody


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CHARACTERISTIC OF ABOBLOOD TYPES

Type A blood - red blood cell with antigen A ontheir surface and produce antibodies againstantigen B in their blood serum

Type B - red blood cell with antigen A on their surface and produce antibodies against antigen

A in their blood serum Type AB -with both antigens A and B, not

produce antibodies against either substance in

their serum Type O , red blood cell with neither antigen, butproduce antibodies against both types of antigens.


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BLOOD GROUP


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Frequency of blood types

Types FrequencySubpopulation FrequencyMalaysia0+ 38%0- 3%

62%

A+ 34%A- 6%

18%

B+ 9%B- 2% 20%

AB+ 3%

AB- 1%0%


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BLOOD COMPATIBILITY Blood group AB - can receive blood from any

group, can donate blood only for AB( Universal recipient)

Blood group B - can received blood from Band O only and donate to AB or B.

Blood group A - can received blood from Aand O only and donate to AB or A.

O blood - can receive blood only from Ogroup, can donate blood to A, B, AB and O(universal donor)


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Blood compatibility chart

DonorRecipient

O- O+ B- B+ A- A+ AB- AB+ AB+ X X X X X X X X

AB- X X X X A+ X X X X A- X X

B+ X X X XB- X XO+ X XO- X


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INHERITANCE Blood group are inherited from both

parents. ABO blood type is controlled by a single

gene with 3 allelesie ; i, A & B

A & B agglutinogen appear during 6 th month

of fetal life. Agglutinin produce after birth---most IgM &IgG


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Rh blood group

Rh factor or Rhesus factor Rh factor is an antigen present in red

blood cell Many Rh antigens but the D more

antigenic Rh positive-having antigen D Rh negative- without antigen D Often combine with ABO type


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Cont..

Among Asian-85% Rh positive Rh positive can receive Rh negative blood

without risk. If Rh negative expose to the Rh positive

for the first time, anti D is formed.


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INHERITANCE

Inherited on one locus with two alleles Rh + is dominant, Rh - is recessive

The gene code for polypeptide on the redcell membrane


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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE1.Blood transfusion-transfused own blood to minimize transfusion

reaction-blood cross - matching to check for agglutination.

ABO mismatched leads to:i. Jaundiceii. Cardiac shock

iii. Renal shut down


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CONT..

2.Hemolytic disease for newborn (HDN)-After 2nd pregnancy , antibodies develop

against the Rh + red blood cell,

hemolyses will occur Rh mismatched leads to:i. Erythroblastosis fetalis

ii. Hydrops fetalisiii. Kernicterus


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MISMATCHED TRANSFUSION


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AGGGLUTINATION


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BLOOD TYPING


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CONCLUSION ABO and Rh are important and major blood system. There are some other systems used to

classified the blood group ie Lewis bloodgroup, MNS blood group, Diego bloodgroup etc.

There are some complications due to

blood incompatibility. Nurses play a major role to reduce or

prevent the blood complications


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Thank you!

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