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, ,minerals and rocks
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Carbon 12
6p + 6n + 6e
Carbon 13
6p + 7n + 6e
sotope
Carbon 14
6 + 8n + 6eElectron cloud surrounds
( isotope )
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potassium 2%magnesium
Distribution of elements in the Earths crust
o ers
calcium 4%
sodium 3%
Iron 6%
oxygen 47%
aluminium 8%
silicon 28%
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Elements combine to form minerals
There are 2 main bonding (combination)
types1 Ionic bondin
2) Covalent bonding
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Ionic bondin
2e + 8e + 7e = 17ee + e + e = e
8 Electrons in the outer circle makes the atom stable
NaCl Halite
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a e a a a e open orma
(closed format)
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made of carbon
Diamond mineral made of carbon
bonding
Ionic
Covalentbonding
on ng
Covalent bondingin all directions
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4
pen orma ose orma ym otetrahedron
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OLIVINE
Mg
Fe
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K K K
Covalent bonding
Chain
K K KK K K Ionic bonding
Chain
Covalent bonding
K K K
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KK K
Covalent bondingDouble chain
Ionic bonding K K K
Covalent bonding
K K K
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Amphibole group
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.Such zones are called cleavage
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Pyroxene minerals
e.g. A u g i t e
mp oe mneras
eg. H o r n b l e n d e
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Definition of a mineral: A mineral is a substance, which is
Naturally occuring Inorganic Solid Crystalline (with a geometric internal structure) With defined chemical composition
With characteristic physical properties
If any one of these properties is not present, the substance is called a Mineraloid
Minerals are distinguished by their special properties, which reflect theirchemical composition and crystallographic structure.
, , , , ,FRACTURE, LUSTRE, MAGNETISM, and OPTICAL PROPERTIESare the main physical properties used in the identification of minerals.
Chemical compositions are determined by various chemical analysis methods.
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MINERALS
Rock forming minerals Economic minerals MineraloidsSILICATES
FeldsparQuartz
NON-
SILICATES
Calcite
ORE
MINERALS
Hematite
NON-
METALLIC
MINERALS
SOLID
CoalGlass
FLUID
PetroleumWater
AmphiboleBiotiteMuscovite
GypsumAnhydriteHalite
ChromitesPyriteChalcopyrite
Diamondetc etc etc
Clay minerals
Galena etc
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Definition: A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of
ONE or MORE minerals.
GRANITE ( aggregate of quartz, feldspar, mica) MARBLE (aggregate of calcite) LIMESTONE (aggregate of calcite) SANDSTONE (aggregate of quartz) MUDSTONE (aggregate of clay minerals)
In eolo a rock does NOT have to be solid
(cemented, consolidated, lithi fied ).
e.g. SAND is an unconsolidated sedimentary rock,
MUD is also and unconsolidated rock
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Rocks are rou ed under 3 ma or Rock families:
1. IGNEOUS ROCKS: Granite, Basalt, ......etc.
They are crystallized from a hot liquid, made of
molten rock (magma).
2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: Sand Sandstone
Mudstone, Limestone, .....etc.
They are formed by the physical or
chemical deposition of materials, which are
derived from the earlier existing rocks.
. , , ,
Gneiss, ....etc.
They are formed from earlier existing rocks, by
,
FLUIDS (liquids and gasses).
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Sedimentary rocks
sea
Magma Magma forms
igneous rocks Basin
Country rocksMetamorphicrocksAltered
rocks
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R O C K C Y C L E
Igneous rockIgneous rock
Continental crust
Subcrust
ASTHENOSPHERE
s e n o s p e r e
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ROCK CYCLE
Legent
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