3. (a) Code a procedure to accept details from a user relating to an unknown numbers of employee entries. Each time a specified number of new employees.

3. (a) Code a procedure to accept details from a user relating to an unknownnumbers of employee entries. Each time a specified number of new employees areadded, their details are appended to the existing employee details, which arestored in a sequential file, called “EMPLOYEE.txt”.The required Employee details relate to Employee Name, Employee Number,Salary and Age. Furthermore, these details are required to be displayed to the useron request. (15 Percent)

(b) Write a brief note on common programming errors that occur whenprogramming dynamic arrays. (5 Percent)

(c) Correct the error(s) in each of the following program statements:(i) Option Base 6(ii) For x = 1 to 20 step – 2(iii) Const X$(iv) txtInput.Caption = InputBox “Enter the Value”, “Data Entry”(v) Open “RESULTS.TXT” As Output (5 Percent)

Data Files

• In all your projects so far, the user has entered information through text-boxes

• This input method is unsatisfactory for large quantities of data

• Many computer applications require data to be saved from one run to the next e.g. inventory records, customer files etc.

File Organisation

• The manner in which data are organised,stored and retrieved.

• 2 Common file organisations:– Sequential– Random

Opening and Closing Data Files

• Open the file. Before any data may be placed on the disk or read from the disk, the file must be opened. Generally done in Form_Load procedure.

• Read or Write the data records.

• Close the file.

Open Statement

Open “Filename” For {Input/Output/Append/Random} As #FileNumber

• The Open statement elements shown in the chain brackets are the file mode, indicating the way that you will access the file. This is a required entry, so one of the modes must be chosen.

• The first three choices are used for sequential files.

Open Statement

• The FileNumber may be from 1 to 511

• Record Length may be up to 32,767 characters

Open “A:\DataFile.dat” For Output As #1

Open “C:\VB6\Names.txt” For Input As #2

File Mode Description

Output Data are output from the project and written on the disk. New data is written at the beginning of the file, overwriting any existing data

Input Data are input into the project from the disk. This mode reads data previously stored on the disk.

Append Data are output from the project and written on the disk. The new data are added to the end of the file.

Random Data can be input or output, and records may be accessed in any order.

Opening Data Files

• When a data file is opened, the following actions are taken:– The directory is checked for the named file. If

the file does not exist, a directory entry is created for this file (with the exception of Input Mode – which will cause an error message if the file does not exist)

– For sequential files a buffer (an area of main storage) is created in memory.

FreeFile and Close Statements

• FreeFile function returns the next unused file number– intFileNumber = FreeFile– In large projects, file numbers are hard to track

and allocate

• Close issued automatically when you end• Issue Close statement before leaving prog.

– Close #1 or Close #1, #2

• To locate an available file number for a large project, always use the FreeFile function to locate an unused file number.

• You don’t care what number is chosen—only that it is available.

• Store the retrieved file number in a module or global variable so other forms can manipulate the files, if necessary.

• Obtain an available file number this way:– Dim intFileNumb As Integer– intFileNumb = FreeFile ‘Obtain next available file number

– Open “File.dat” For Output As #intFileNumb

• Whenever you reference the preceding file, you do so with the intFileNumb variable rather than a literal (number).

Example:

Private Sub cmdCreateFile_Click()

Dim name1 As String, name2 As String

' Demonstrate use of Write # statement

Open "PIONEER.TXT" For Output As #1

Write #1, "ENIAC"

Write #1, 1946

Write #1, "ENIAC", 1946

name1 = "Eckert"

name2 = "Mauchly"

Write #1, 14 * 139, "J.P. " & name1, name2, "John"

Close #1

End Sub

File name

Reference number

Write to the file

Close the file

Sequential File Organization• Sequential file records are stored one after

another• Use Write to output data• Use Input to read data• File must be opened prior to first use• Form: Write #fn, item1, item2,…, itemn

Input #fn, item1, item2,…, itemn

• EOF function signals end of file

• Output fields are placed one after another and end with <CR>

• If you create a form to add records to a file, the Open statement is commonly placed in the form Load event procedure, whereas the write statement is placed in the click procedure of an Add button.

• Input statement reads sequential data– Input #1, lblName.Caption, lblStreet.Caption– Input #2, stAccount, stDescription, cPrice

• When reading a sequential file, the EOF (End Of File) condition is raised when you attempt to read the n+1st record (n records total).

• The EOF function is used to determine when EOF occurs

• EOF form: EOF(filenumber)• Example reading sequential data file and

populating two list boxes: Do Until EOF(intFileNumb) Input #intFileNumb, stName, stPhone lstName.AddItem stName ‘add name to a list box

lstPhone.AddItem stPhone ‘add phone to a list box

Loop Close #intFileNumb ‘close the input file

Writing to a Sequential File• Write statement places data in output• Form: Write #file, o1, o2, …, on

• You can separate fields with commas or semicolons

• Output fields are separated with commas, and strings are quoted.

• <Cr>/<Lf> ends each record• Write #1, txtLname.Text, 54.89

Example (Adding a player to a BASEBALL1.TXT file)

Private Sub Form_Load() Open App.Path & "\BASEBALl.TXT" For Append As #1End Sub

Private Sub cmdAddRec_Click() Write #1, txtPlayer.Text, txtTimes.Text, txtHits.Text txtPlayer.Text = “ “ txtTimes.Text =“ ” txtHits.Text=“ ” txtPlayer.SetFocusEnd Sub

Private Sub cmdQuit_Click() Close #1 EndEnd Sub

Opening the file in append mode

Reading Data in a Sequential File

• Form: Input #fn, item1,…,itemn

• Separate fields items with commas

• File number must be that of an open file

• When you read the last record, end-of-file signals

• You detect end of file with the EOF function: EOF(FileNumber)

• EOF returns false until end of file is reached.

• Typical read loop:– Do Until EOF(1)– Input #1, strCofFlavor, strRoastName, strRoastCity

– Loop

• If the file contains five records, then EOF is raised on the fifth input execution, not on the sixth Input.

Trapping Program Errors• Errors may be trapped asynchronously• Visual Basic generates an error number

whenever an error occurs• To handle errors, you must

– Turn on error handling feature: On Error...– Create error handling code– Determine what is to be done after processing

the error (continue, end program,…)

• Place On Error in any procedure that is to traps and processes errors

• Example:– Private Sub Form_Load()– On Error GoTo HandleErrors 'Turn on error trapping

– Open "A:\Testdata.dat" For Input As #1– … (more code here)– Exit Sub 'exit to avoid executing error routine

– HandleErrors:– ‘some code to handle error– Resume– End Sub

• A line label is a name followed by a colon on a line by itself

• HandleErrors is a line label

• Forms of On Error statement:– On Error GoTo linelabel transfer control

to label in module– On Error Resume Next skip error line

& continue with next– On Error GoTo 0 turns off error

handling

The Err Object• The Err object holds information about

error that just occurred

• Err.Source holds the source of the error

• Err.Number holds the error number

• Err.Description contains error description• You can raise an error condition—turn on

an error—with: Err.Raise Number:=xx

• Err.Number Err.Description– 7 Out of memory– 9 Subscript out of range– 11 Division by zero– 13 Type mismatch– 52 Bad filename or number– 53 File not found (fnf)– 54 Bad file mode– 58 File already exists– 61 Disk full– 67 Too many files– 68 Device unavailable– 70 Permission denied– 71 Disk not ready– 75 Path/file access error– 76 Path not found– 482 Printer error

• Raise error 76 in program code: Err.Raise Number:=76

Coding Error-Handling Routines• On Error statement designates error

handler

• Code to handle errors follows line label

• Line label appears on line by itself and ends with a colon

• A Case statement works well to sort out errors with a "switchboard"

• Continue execution with Resume statement

• Using Case to handle errors with a "Switchboard":– Select Case Err.Number– Case 53 'Handle error # 53 here

– …– Case 71 'Handle error # 71 here

– ...– Case Else 'Handle all other errors here

– …– End Select

• Resume statement forms:– Resume continues with line causing error

(careful!)– Resume Next continues with line

following one that caused error– Resume linelabel continues at line label,

which must be in same proc

• Exit statement jumps out of structure--a function, subroutine, or loop

• Exit should be placed before line label of error handling routine so normal program flow doesn't drop through the error code.

Exit and Exit Sub Statements• Exit Sub immediately exits current sub

procedure

• Exit Function immediately exits current function

• Exit is used to prematurely halt execution of sub procedure or function when extraordinary conditions occur

• Place Exit Sub above error handling label

Saving Changes to a File• When data changes, ask users if they want

to save the changes before program ends• Changed data is known as “dirty” data• Keep track of data changes with a global

boolean flag• Any procedure that allows data to change

should set the flag to True—indicating “dirty” data file

• Check file just before ending program

• You should Unload all forms before executing an End statement.

• This triggers each form’s Unload event (and each Class’s Terminate event), giving you control at that point to check for “dirty” data files.

• The best way to ask the user if they want to save changes is in the QueryUnload event procedure.

• The QueryUnload event procedure obtains control when the (what else!) QueryUnload event occurs.

• QueryUnload occurs when the user:– clicks an Exit button or menu command to exit– clicks on a window’s Close button– or exits Windows altogether

QueryUnload procedure example:

Private Sub Form_QueryUnload(Cancel As Integer, UnloadMode As Integer)

Dim intResponse As IntegerIf mblnIsDirty Then

IntResponse = MsgBox(“Data has changed. Save it?”, _

vbYesNo + vbQuestion, “Coffee List Changed Warning”)

If intResponse = vbYes ThenmnuFileSave_Click

End IfEnd If

End Sub

Sequential File Prog. Example

• You can load a combo box by reading from a data file and executing the AddItem method

• Reading file & list filling halts when EOF occurs on input file

Random Access Files

•A Random Access file is like an array of records stored on a disk.

•The records are numbered 1,2,3, and so on, and can be referred to by their numbers.

•Therefore, a Random Access File resembles a box of index cards, each having a numbered tab. Any card can be selected from the box without first reading every index card preceding it; similarly any record of a random access file can be read without having to read every record preceding it.

Random File Organization

• Records are fixed length and have a record number (data type=long integer) for reference

• Fields are fixed length and position– Less data then length will be padded with

spaces– More data than length will be truncated

Random File Example

Lynne Weldon 803-649-9999Jim Buckner 803-652-1111Tom Thumb 803-593-1234

• Read or written in any order• Think of the structure being "like a table"

Defining the Record Structure

• Must be done before reading or writing

• Use Type/End Type statements

• Code in General Declarations

• Use fixed length strings– Specify length in Dim statement– Ex: Dim strFName as String * 20

• Number variables do not require explicit length

Type/End Type

Private Type PersonintEmpNum As IntegerstrFName As String * 20strLName As String * 30strPhone As String * 12curRate As Currency

End TypeDim mudtPersonRecord As Person

Open App.Path & "\Names.dat" For Random as #1 Len=Len (mudtPersonRecord)

Note: mudt prefix for User Defined Type

Fixed Length Strings

Open Statement

• Once the random file is opened it can be used for both input and output unlike sequential files!

• If you open a file that does not exist, VB will create it as an empty file

• Once opened, data are available for read/write operations one record at a time

Reading a Random File

• Open an existing file for Random

• Use Get Statement to read the records

Get Statement

• Usually coded in Form_Load

• If populating a listbox or combo use a Do Until reach last record to read data

Get #FileNumber, [RecordNumber], RecordName

Get #2, 4, mudtPersonRecordGet #2, intRecordNumber, mudtPersonRecord

[ ] indicates optional, if RecordNumber is omitted, the next record is read

Put Statement

• Use to place/save data in a random file

• File must already be opened "For Random"

• Place code in mnuFileSave, mnuFileClose or Form_QueryUnload

• Follow with a Close statement

Put Statement Example

Put #FileNumber, [RecordNumber], RecordName

Put #2, 4, mudtPersonRecordPut #2, intRecordNumber, mudtPersonRecord

[ ] indicates optional, if RecordNumber is omitted, the next record is read

Accessing the Fields

• Get and Put operate on an entire record

• Reference the individual fields using dot notation for the User Defined Type

Accessing the Fields (cont.)

• Read using Get then update textbox

Get #2, 1, mudtPersonRecordtxtLName.Text = mudtPersonRecord.strLName

• Update field from textbox the Write using Put:

mudtPersonRecord.strPhone = txtPhone.TextPut #2, 1, mudtPersonRecord

LOF Function

• Length of File function returns the size of the file in bytes

• Use instead of EOF used for sequential files• To determine the highest record number in the file

divide LOF by the size of one record

LOF(FileNumber)

LOF(3)intNumRecords=LOF(3)/Len(mudtPersonRecord)

Seek Function

• Returns the current location of the pointer = the next record in the file to be processed

Seek(FileNumber)

intNextRecord=Seek(3)

Trim Functions

• Remove extra blank spaces in a string• Trim ==> removes spaces from both ends• LTrim==> removes spaces at left end• RTrim ==> removes spaces at right end

Trim(String) LTrim(String)RTrim(String)

txtLName.Text=RTrim(mudtPersonRecord.strLName)

Reading/Retrieving Records – Sample Code

Sub GetRecord(lngRecNum as Long)Get #1, lngRecNum, mudtPersonRecordWith mudtPhoneRecord

txtEmpNum.Text = .intEmpNumtxtFName.Text = RTrim(.strFName)txtLName.Text = Rtrim(.strLName)txtPhone.Text = Rtrim(.strPhone)txtRate.Text = .curRate

End WithEnd Sub

Writing Records –Sample Code

Sub PutRecord(lngRecNum as Long)With mudtPhoneRecord

.intEmpNum=Val(txtEmpNum.Text)

.strFName = txtFName.Text

.strLName = txtLName.Text

.strPhone = txtPhone.Text

.curRate = Val(txtRate.Text)End With

Put #1, lngRecNum, mudtPersonRecordEnd Sub

Using ListBox to Store Random File Key Field (p 413)

• When you Get or Put a record you need to know the record number

• To keep track of record numbers store them in ItemData property of ListBox

• When user selects a value from the list, read its ItemData property to retrieve the desired record

Updating a Random File

• Create routines to– Edit existing records– Add new records– Delete existing records

Edit Existing Records

• Display the record

• Disable all command buttons except Save and Cancel

• Lock text boxes for fields containing data you do not want the user to modify

Add New Records

• Clear all text boxes on form

• Disable all command buttons except Save and Cancel

• When user clicks Save write the new record at the end of the file

• If using a list box to store record numbers, update listbox by adding new data and record number

Delete Existing Records

• A common way to delete a record from a random file is to mark it as deleted rather than actually remove it

• If you were to remove the record you would have to move forward all the remaining records and change their record numbers

• Various methods are used to indicate that a record is to be treated as "deleted"– Write a special character in an existing field to indicate deleted

– Include a "Delete Flag or Delete Code" field in the record description and mark it True to indicate deleted

– “Y” and “N” or “A” and “D” (Yes/No, Active/Deleted)

• If using a list box to store record numbers, update listbox by deleting the record's associated data and record number

Deleting Existing RecordsPrivate Type udtEmployee

strLastName As String * 15strFirstName As String * 10strAddress As String * 50strEmployeeNumber strEmployeeNumber As LongstrDeleteCode As String * 1

End TypePrivate mudtEmployee As udtEmployee

mudtEmployee.strDeleteCode = “D” ‘marks record as deleted‘when you add records to the collection, only add those without the

“d”

Get #mintFileNumber, , mudtEmployeeWith mudtEmployee

If .strDeleteCode <> “D” ThenAdd .strLastName, _ .strFirstName, _ .strAddress, _

.strEmployeeNumber, _ Trim(.strEmployeeCode)

End If End With

Random data files• You can read/write data in any order• Open “filename” For Random As #1 LEN=x

• Get #filenumber, [record#], RecordName

• RecordName is a user-defined data type:Type FullName

strLastName As String * 20

strFirstName As String * 15

End Type

Random data files• Output: Put

Put #filenumber, [recordnumber], Recordname

• Put #1, iRecordNo, pCustomerRecord

• Get & Put statements read an entire record

• You refer to fields in user-defined structure by recordname.fieldname

• lstName.AddItem mRec.LastName

• end of file is calculated via record lengths

• LOF function used to locate end of file for a random file

• LOF(filenumber)• To find out how many records a file has, divide

the file length by the record length– iNumberRecords = LOF(1) / Len(mMemberRecord)

• where mMemberRecord is a user defined record type and the Len function returns the length of a single record

• The number of records in a random file can be used to drive a For/Next loop

• Remember, a random file DOES NOT have an end of file mark in the traditional sense

• Next record number (at end of file) is also calculated:– iRecordNumber = LOF(1) /

Len(mMemberRecord) + 1

• The Seek function returns the current location of the file pointer—which record is the current record.

• Form: Seek(filenumber)

Random Access Files

• One statement suffices to open a random-access file for all purposes: creating, appending, writing, and reading.

• Suppose a record type has been defined with a Type block and a record variable, called recVar, has been declared with a Dim Statement. Then, after the following statement…

Open “filespec” For Random As #n = Len(recVar)

…is executed, records may be written, read, added, and changed. The file is referred to by the number n. Each record will have as many characters as alotted to each value of recVar.

Comments• Random Access Files are also known as

direct-access or relative files. Because each record has the same number of characters, the computer can calculate