3-3 Moving Renewable Energy To The User RPS to 20% for Xcel and Aquila, ... Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Topologies generator full power Plant Feeders ac to dc dc to ac generator partial

Moving Renewable Energy to the User

Bob Wilson, Energy Systems Engineer,[email protected] on Electronics for Sustainable Energy May 17, 2008

Symposium on Electronics for Sustainable Energy

2

Outline

Objectives & LegislationMoving megawattsLarge pipe dreamsPower electronics at the RE plant

RE= renewable energy

Ancillary ServicesSummary & Conclusions


3

Some Colorado Legislation

Amendment 37 in 2004The only voter-initiated Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)

“Senate Bill 07-091 set up a procedure for appointing 16 individuals to a task force to create maps of opportunities for Renewable Resource Generation Development Areas.”

From Governor’s Energy Office web site.

Society wants cleaner sources of electrical energy,Climate change, ozone alerts around Denver, health issues,Clean sources are usually remote from users.


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Renewables Portfolio Standards

State Goal

☼ PA: 18%¹ by 2020

☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021

CT: 23% by 2020

MA: 4% by 2009 +1% annual increase

WI: requirement varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal

IA: 105 MW

MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)

TX: 5,880 MW by 2015

☼ AZ: 15% by 2025

CA: 20% by 2010

☼ *NV: 20% by 2015

ME: 30% by 200010% by 2017 - new RE

State RPS

☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited RE requirement* Increased credit for solar or customer-sited RE

¹PA: 8% Tier I / 10% Tier II (includes non-renewables)

HI: 20% by 2020

RI: 16% by 2020

☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)*10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)

☼ DC: 11% by 2022

☼ NY: 24% by 2013

MT: 15% by 2015

IL: 25% by 2025

VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by 2012; (2) 20% by 2017

Solar water heating eligible

*WA: 15% by 2020

☼ MD: 20% by 2022

☼ NH: 23.8% in 2025

OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)

*VA: 12% by 2022

MO: 11% by 2020

☼ *DE: 20% by 2019

☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)10% by 2020 (co-ops)

☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)

ND: 10% by 2015

SD: 10% by 2015

*UT: 20% by 2025OH: 12.5% by 2025

DSIRE: www.dsireusa.org May 2008


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More Colorado Legislation

SB 07-100: Utilities locate and map energy resource development areas, then plan and file for approvals to build transmission to serve those resource areas,

Generators can then compete to develop projects

Increased RPS to 20% for Xcel and Aquila, 10% for REAs and municipals.Utilities allowed current cost recovery for their transmission investments

Interwest Alliance summary

Many more new laws in 2008Net metering, more…


6

Generation Development Areas (GDAs)


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Solar GDAs


8

Solar Thermal

In my opinion, this technology is very desirable:

Renewable resource,Must have six hours of thermal storage so generation goes into the evening peak demand.

San Luis Valley has only one major transmission line,

One proposed path runs from the SLV to Walsenburg over the mountains.What does society want?


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Moving Megawatts,& A Few MegaVArs

Extra-high voltage is needed to transport 100’s of megawatts

345 or 500 kV (line-to-line RMS)Trying to move MegaVArs long distance is very inefficient.

The RE plant should feed the grid near unity power factor- few VArs in or out,and have dynamic power and voltage response.


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History

Many great areas for RE generation are sparsely populated,

Hence there are few HV or EHV lines to bring power into the region.

In Colorado, west to east.Hence there are few EHV-HV lines to move energy (conventional or RE) out of the region

East, SE, or NE, into the Front Range cities.There are constraints (bottlenecks) on & around Colorado transmission.

Called TOTs short for TOTal power flows.East-West schism

Three asynchronous grids in North America

The National Transmission GridThe National Transmission Grid•• Most Major Paths are CongestedMost Major Paths are Congested••Colorado is TransmissionColorado is Transmission--IsolatedIsolated

Thanks to Trans-Elect


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COI

North of Hanford

Northwest to Canada

PDCI

Paul-Allston

Allston-Keeler

Montana to NW

West of Broadview

West of Colstrip

Borah West

Idaho-Montana

Bridger WestPath C

Southwest of Four Corners

Intermountain-Gonder

TOT 1A

TOT 2A

Bonanza West

TOT 2C

TOT 3

IID - SCE

Coronado – SKing -Kyl

WOR

EORCholla-Pinnacle Peak

Western InterconnectTransmission Constraint Areas/Paths

N & S. New Mexico

Alb to BC

Denver Area

Phoenix Tucson Areas

SF Bay Area

S. Calif. Area

Puget Sound Area

PNW Internal

Identified by the WCATFFor Submission to US DOE

April 15, 2006

NOTES:

1. See Table 4 for Constraint Area Criteria2. Map identifies all Constraint Areas

Identified in DOE Tasks 1 and 33. Many Constraint Areas are dependent

upon location of future W.I. resources

Nev S. Id Wind

Constraint Area

Congested WECC Path


13

High Plains Express


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TOT 3 Project$318 mm250 miles

345 kV Line750 MW

TOT 3 & CO-WY Power Flows


15

Eastern Plains Transmission Project

Energy from coal in Kansas (?) and RE in Colorado.Ties into Front Range lines.Thanks to Tri-States for the map.


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The HPX, EPTP, TOT 3 Soup

ARIZONA

EnergyResource

Zones

Tucson

Phoenix

NEW MEXICO

COLORADO

WYOMING

Albuquerque

Limon

Socorro

EPTP

HIGH PLAINS EXPRESS

From Tri-States G&T


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From A. Ellis, PNM

IEEE PES GM 2008 – Tutorial on Wind Generation Modeling and Controls – DPWGTF 18

Four basic types, based on the WTG technology:

• Type 1 – Fixed-speed, stall-regulated conventional induction generators

Variable Slip WTG• Type 2 – Induction generators with variable rotor resistance

Variable Speed WTGs• Type 3 – Doubly-fed asynchronous generators with rotor-side converter• Type 4 – Asynchronous generators with full converter interface

Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) TopologiesWind Turbine Generator (WTG) Topologies

genera tor

full power

PlantFeede rs

actodc

dctoac

gene rator

partia l power

PlantFeeders

actodc

dctoac

gene rator

Slip poweras heat loss

Pla ntFee ders

PF controlcapacitor s

actodc

gene rator

PlantFeeders

PF controlcapacitor s

Type 1 Type 2

Type 3 Type 4


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Low-Voltage Ride Through

Renewable resources (wind) must ride through problems,

Such as short-circuit faults (lighting strikes, etc.)

That is when the grid needs the resource.Power electronics helps meet LVRT criteria.


20

NERC PRC-024-2 Proposal

Proposed NERC FrequencyTolerance (Relay??) Standard

Proposed NERC Voltage Tolerance (Relay??) Standard• Same as proposed WECC PRC-024,

except that “hat” is not included• Same as proposed ERCOT, except that

recovery goes out to 3 seconds. The “hat”was dropped in latest proposal

9 cycles

Thanks to Dr. Abe Ellis, PNM


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Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Update

Debbie LewNational Wind Technology Center

National Renewable Energy LaboratoryUWIG Spring Workshop, April 17, 2008


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Study Footprint (WestConnect outside of California)Control areas:1) Arizona Public Service2) El Paso 3) Nevada Power 4) Public Service of New Mexico5) Sierra Pacific 6) Salt River Project7) Tristate8) Tucson 9) Xcel10) Western Area Power Administration


23Op. cit.

Summary

PointMany Projects are working towards the California market.

Society wants more efficient devices and cleaner sources of energy.Power electronic and power engineering can help.


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Summary

The most sustainable form of energy is the energy not used.As PELS professionals, do you:

Design for energy efficiency?At home, use CFLs, efficient HVAC, other practices?Enroll your home or company in the Smart Grid program,

if you live in Boulder, ormaybe in Ft. Collins?


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Questions & Discussion

3-3 Moving Renewable Energy To The User RPS to 20% for Xcel and Aquila, ... Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Topologies generator full power Plant Feeders ac to dc dc to ac generator partial

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