3 2 Sustainable Development Capacity Building

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SustainableDevelopmentina

GlobalizedWorld SustainableDevelopmentandCapacityBuilding(SS11)

VO402.088,SS2011

Dr.ClemensMader#3.2

2.HumanDevelopmentand

CapabilityApproachVO402.088,SS2011

Session3


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Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz

Resuming inequality vs equality Wearenotstuckwithlevelsofselfinterested

consumerism,individualismandmaterialism

reflectcharacteristicsofsocietyinwhichwelive

Todo:Shiftingsocietytomoresociallyintegratedandresponsiblesociety

ChickenorEggproblem?

Moreequalstructuresrootedinsocieties Morefriendlysociety Cooperatives Lowerhierarchiesincompanies

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Keytermsofthecapability

approach(Sen,1999) Functionings

thevariousthingsapersonmayvaluedoingorbeing(Sen,1999,p75)

Capability freedomtoenjoyvariousfunctionings

the

various

combinations

of

functionings (beings

and

doings)

that

thepersoncanachieve.Capabilityis,thus,asetofvectorsoffunctionings,reflectingthepersonsfreedomtoleadonetypeoflifeoranothertochoosefrompossiblelivings

thesubstantivefreedom(aperson)enjoystoleadthekindoflifeheorshehasreasontovalue(Sen,1999,p87)

Agency istheabilitytopursuegoalsthatonevaluesandhasreasonto

value.Anagentissomeonewhoactsandbringsaboutchange(Sen,1999,p19)

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2.3Happinessasanalternative

Measurement

VO402.088,SS2011

Session3

Dr.ClemensMader,RCEGrazStyria,UniversityofGraz6


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Happiness as analternative

MeasurementMeasures of both objective and subjective wellbeing provide

key information about peoples quality of life. Statistical

offices should incorporate questions to capture peoples life

evaluations, hedonic experiences and priorities.

Stiglitz et al. (2009, p. 16)

Todaywellknownindices:

GDP,GINI,HDI,MDPI,...

Lackofinformationabout:

happiness,mentalhealth

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Happiness as analternativeMeasurement

Howtostudyhappiness?

Differentapproachestohappinessresearch:

Quantitativeobjectivemethods calculatingsocalledhappinessequationslike:

Happiness (age,gender,income,education,maritalstatus,diet,other

personalcharacteristics,regioncharacteristics,country

characteristics)

Outcomeisalinearorlogisticequation

Factorslikeapersonsage,gender,dietandsmokingare

shownstatisticallytomatter

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Butishappinessmeasurable? Interpretationofsubjectivemeasurement ishardlydebated Peopleareinterestedinthehappinessissueswhichmakesit

presentinsociety

RecentcommissionledbyStiglitz andSen maderecommendations

onwhatmeasurementbeyondsimpleGDPcouldlooklike

Theyargueforinternationalauthoritiestoassesssubjectivemeasurementsofhappinessinsteadofusingmoretraditional

economicindices Emphasizinghouseholdperspective

Payingmoreattentiontothedistributionofincome,consumptionandwealthratherthanjusttheabsolutenumbers

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Easterlin showed(alreadyinthe70s)thathappinessintheUSdidntrisewiththeGDP

Hearguesthathumansarecreaturesofcomparison

Ifeveryonebecomesricheratthesametimeitmakesno

differenttopersonalhappiness.

Bynowaverycommonargumentationinthroughoutvariousdisciplines

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Measuringhappinessorlifesatisfactiononglobalscalehasevenmoredifficulties:

languagedifferences:insufficienttranslationsforwords

likelifesatisfaction

Culturaldifferences:insomecountriesitislessaccepted

toadmitunhappiness

Europeancountries(e.g.)appearsimilarinmanyways,

makesithardtounderstandapparenthappiness

differences

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InEuropethereisaclosecorrelationbetweenHDIandsubjectivewellbeing

Blanchflower andOswald(2008)foundoutthatthereisacorrelationbetweenhappinessandbloodpressure.

Happycountriesseemtohavefewerbloodpressureproblems

Othercorrelationshavebeenfoundin:

Suiciderates

Trustandpoliticalinstitution

Newwaysofobjectivehappinessmeasurement?

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PeerDiscussionCanyou think of happycountry indicatorsand happy

people indicators?

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happycountry indicatorsLowinequalityHighsocialcapitalstrongfriendshipnetworksLowunemploymentInflationHighlevelsofdemocracyand

democraticparticipationStrongwelfarestatesandpublicspending

Lowpollution.

happypeople indicatorsEmploymentAgePersonalsituation(married,devorced,

widowed)

Health

SportactivitiesEducationRaceEnvironmentOrigin


BhutansGrossNationalHappiness

Index CentreforBhutan

Studies GrossNationalHappinessConferenceinThimpu(2008)

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72 indicatorsrepresenting9 dimensions:

DashoKarma,President,CentreforBhutanStudies,

Thimphu,Bhutan,2009


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Index

15DashoKarma,President,CentreforBhutanStudies,Thimphu,Bhutan,2009



Index

16DashoKarma,President,CentreforBhutanStudies,Thimphu,Bhutan,2009


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Index

Thresholdidentification

1. IdentificationofThresholdforeachindicator

2. Categorizationofpeopleintodeprivedornon

deprived

3. Identificationofthresholdacrossdimensions

4. Headcount:numberofhappypeople/number

ofunhappy

5.

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(IMAGE: ADRIANWHITE, UNIVERSITYOFLEICESTER)

SOURCE:ROXANNEKHAMSI,WEALTHYNATIONSHOLDTHEKEYSTOHAPPINESS,18:11 28 JULY2006,


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2.4HumanDevelopment

MarketLiberalism Democracy

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2.3HD&MarketLiberalism

Freedom&BasicNeeds Freedom

a. Negative(passive) suchasfreedomfrominterference

b. Positive(active) suchasfreedomtodowhatonevalues

Influencesonfreedomby: Policy

Culture

Family

Environment

Personalbehavior

RelevantforHDCAapproachis

freedomthatonehastoliveagoodandworthwhilelife

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2.3HDvs.MarketLiberalism

Humandevelopment MarketliberalismExpansionofhumanfreedomasobjective Maximasitationofeconomicwelfareas

objective

Freedomofchoice understoodashuman

capabilitiesandfunctionings

Freedomof choice understoodasutilityand

satisfactionofpreferences

Emphazizesallhumanrights Emphasizespoliticaland civilrights

Guidedbyconcernofequityand justice Guidedbyaconcernfoeconomiceffeciency

HealthandEducationareintrinsicallyvaluable H&Eareseenasinvestment

Importantstatefunctions Minimalstatefuntions

Povertyasmultidimensionaldeprovation Povertydefinedasbelowincomeline

Multidisciplinary Economic

Systemofincome corporateresponsibility

focused

Systemofincome economicprofitfocused

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Source: adapted from Deneulin & Shahani (2009);Jolly (2003); Stiglitz (2010)


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Basicneeds approach (1) UNGeneralAssemblyadopteditsfirstDevelopmentDecadein

1961 Aim:toincreaseeconomyindevelopingcountriesby5%(combatable

withsocialisteconomies)

In70tiestheconceptofeconomicdevelopmentasprimeconceptfordevelopmentwasdemanded gapbetweenrichandpoorexpanded

ScientificconceptslikeRedistributionwithGrowth(SussexUniversity,1974,UK)remainedunabletofindsufficientamountofpoliticalsupport

1977:InternationalLabour Organization(ILO) analysisofdataonemploymentconditionsindevelopmentcountriesshowedthateconomicgrowthandemploymentdoesnotmeanaguaranteeoffreedomofpoverty

ILOReport:Employment,GrowthandBasicNeeds

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Basicneeds approach (2)

1981:WorldBank CommissiononBasicNeeds(McNamara) BasicNeedsApproach:anapproachthatattemptsto: providetheopportunitiesfor thefullphysical, mentaland socialdevelopmentofhumanpersonality

andthenderivethewaysofachievingthisobjective(Streeten et.al,1981) ParticipatoryapproachStronginvestmentsandcreditstodevelopingcountriesGreenRevolution

90ties:upcomingHDCAmadedistinctionsbetweenBNAandHDCAHDCAadditionally(A.Sen) Includesphilosophicalfoundationonwelfareeconomicsandsocialchoice Distinctionbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountriesandmakes

assessmentrelevantonbothsides

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PeerDiscussion HDvs market

liberalism

Imaginelifefocusedon

corporateresponsibility

focusedincomes

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Systemofincome

corporateresponsibilityfocused

Systemofincomeeconomicprofitfocused

2.4.DemocracyandPolitical

ParticiapationVO402.088,SS2011

Session4


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2.4.Democracyand Political

Participation (1) Agency coreaspectofHDCA

peopleareactivesubjectsoftheirowndestiny

FreedomtohelpthemselvesDevelopmentcooperation

Helpforselfhelp

Politicalparticipation&democracy

Badexamplesdictatorships:Zimbabwe,Burma,NorthKorea,

Contraryexample:Switzerland,partlyCalifornia

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Participation (2)

Democracy rulebythepeople

AncientGreekworddemospeopleandkratosrule

Fivecriteriaofdemocracy(RobertDahl,2000):

EffectiveparticipationVotingequality

Enlightenedunderstanding(learningfromotheropinions)

Eachmembershouldhavecontrolupontheagenda

Democraticdecisionmakingshouldimplyalladults

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Participation (3) Institutionsnecessaryforwellfunctioningdemocracy

(R.Dahl,2000):1. Electedofficials

2. Freeandfairelections

3. Inclusivesuffrage(alladultshavetherighttovoteofficials)

4. Righttorunforoffice(alladultshavetherighttorunforofficesingovernment)

5. Freedomofexpression

6. Alternativeinformation

7. Associationalautonomy(righttoformindependentparties,)

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2.4.Democracyand PoliticalParticipation

HDCA:Thevalue of democracy (1)

Intrinsic,Instrumental andConstructivevalueofdemocracy

IntrinsicValue Sen (1999)Politicalfreedomisapartofhumanfreedomingeneral,

andexercisingcivilandpoliticalrightsisacrucialpartofgoodlivesofindividualsandsocialbeingsand

beingabletodosomethingthroughpoliticalaction foroneselfandforothersisoneoftheelementaryfreedomsthatpeoplehavereasontovalue

Instrumentalvalue Democracyleadstogoodconsequences Peopledemandsaregenerallymet HDCA:Ensuringsocialandeconomicsecurityisamatterofpolitics Politicalinclusionofmarginalizedgroups!

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HDCA:Thevalue of of democracy (2)

Constructivevalue KurtLevin reeducationletpeoplebecomepartofagroup Contributiontotheconstructionofvaluesaroundwhichsocietyis

arranged

Constructionofvalueslike Tolerance

Socialequity

Politicalpartiesaresetoncertainsetsofvaluesandmayinfluencevaluesofpeople

Democratsvs Republicans(US) Labour vs Conservatives(UK)

SocialDemocraticPartyvs.PeoplesParty(AUT)

Peoplesvaluesarefurthermoreinfluencedby media,religiousorganizations,companies,commercials,

Democracyisthespace/mechanismforpublicdebate

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Participation DemocracyinPracticePracticeof democracy depends onthe following (Drze &Sen,2002):

Extend of political participation Election turnouts Number of political parties Number of people who present themselfes inelections

Publicawareness of political processes,policy implications &decissions

Distributionof powerinthe country

Furthermore impacts ondemocracy inpractice by:

Corruption Incompetency Bureoracy Lackof motivation Lackof appropriate democtratic political culture (attidude,beliefs and

values that underlie apolitical system)

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PoliticalParticipation

LocalLevel&nationallevel Governmentandpoliticalstructuresatnationalandsubnationallevels

Levelscrossingborders&globally Noglobalgovernment

EuropeanUnion LisbonTreaty opportunityofCitizensInitiative(1Miosignaturesbypeoplefromninecountries)callontheCommissiontobringforwardnewpolicyproposals

Globalinstitutions

GovernmentalOrganizations(WorldBank,IMF,WTO,UN,)and

NGOs(WWF,AmnestyInternational,)

Scholte (2002) sixglobalcontributionsofGlobalCivilSociety

Globalcivilsocietygivesvoicetostakeholders GCSengagesinpubliceducationactivities

GCSfuelsdebateinandaboutglobalgovernance

GCSincreasesthepublictransparency ofglobalgovernance

GCSincreasesthepublicaccountabilityofregulatoryagencies

GCSprovideslegitimacytoglobalgovernanceinstitution

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PeerDiscussion

Democracy

Whatarethevaluesconstructedbydemocraticdecisionmakinginyourcountry?

Criticalissues?Whatcanyouobservefromothercountries?

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Participation Understandingofdemocracy people

takepartindecission makingprocesses(Webler etal.,2001;Pacione,2005;Brunner,2008)

Levelsofparticipation(Arnstein,1969;Arbter,etal.,2007)

Information

Consultation

Decission influencing

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Arnstein,1969 Arbter,etal., 2007Citizen Power Decission influencing

Tokenism Consultation

Nonparticipation InformationSherry Arnstein, 1969


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