3-2: MOLECULES OF LIFE 3-2: MOLECULES OF LIFE There are 4 classes of organic There are 4 classes of organic compounds essential to life: compounds essential to life: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Each of these compounds are made Each of these compounds are made up of C, H, + O atoms; but occur up of C, H, + O atoms; but occur in different ratios in different ratios
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3-2: MOLECULES OF LIFE There are 4 classes of organic compounds essential to life: There are 4 classes of organic compounds essential to life: Carbohydrates.
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3-2: MOLECULES OF 3-2: MOLECULES OF LIFELIFE There are 4 classes of organic There are 4 classes of organic
compounds essential to life:compounds essential to life: CarbohydratesCarbohydrates ProteinsProteins LipidsLipids Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Each of these compounds are made up Each of these compounds are made up of C, H, + O atoms; but occur in of C, H, + O atoms; but occur in different ratiosdifferent ratios
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Organic compounds composed of C, Organic compounds composed of C,
H, + OH, + O Found in ratios of 2H:1O; the # of C Found in ratios of 2H:1O; the # of C
Monomer – a simple sugar (1C:2H:1O ratio)Monomer – a simple sugar (1C:2H:1O ratio) Formula = (CHFormula = (CH22O)O)n n ; where n = 3-8; where n = 3-8 Common types:Common types:
GlucoseGlucose - - used in cells - - used in cells FructoseFructose - - found in fruits - - found in fruits GalactoseGalactose - - found in milk - - found in milk
All have same formula = All have same formula = CC66HH1212OO66
IsomersIsomers = same formula, different = same formula, different structuresstructures
ExamplesExamples
Carbohydrates (cont.)Carbohydrates (cont.)
Disaccharide – “double sugar” – Disaccharide – “double sugar” – combination of 2 monosaccharides combination of 2 monosaccharides from a condensation rxnfrom a condensation rxn Ex. SucroseEx. Sucrose
Carbohydrates (cont.)Carbohydrates (cont.)
Polysaccharide – complex molecules Polysaccharide – complex molecules composed of 3 or more composed of 3 or more monosaccharidesmonosaccharides In animals, glucose is stored as In animals, glucose is stored as
glycogenglycogen Found in branched chainsFound in branched chains Stored in liver + musclesStored in liver + muscles
Carbohydrates (cont.)Carbohydrates (cont.) In plants, glucose is stored as In plants, glucose is stored as
starchstarch or or cellulosecellulose StarchStarch – found as branched or – found as branched or
unbranched chainsunbranched chains CelluloseCellulose – gives strength + rigidity to – gives strength + rigidity to
plant cell wallsplant cell walls
ProteinsProteins
Organic compounds composed Organic compounds composed mainly of C, H, O, + mainly of C, H, O, + NN Formed from monomersFormed from monomers Found in skin, hair, nails + musclesFound in skin, hair, nails + muscles
Building blocks of proteins – monomerBuilding blocks of proteins – monomer 20 different AA in living things20 different AA in living things Difference = Difference = functional groups functional groups
attached to Cattached to C R. Groups R. Groups can be simple or complexcan be simple or complex Can take on a variety of shapes, thus Can take on a variety of shapes, thus
carrying out different activities in living carrying out different activities in living thingsthings
Dipeptide – the bonding of 2 AAsDipeptide – the bonding of 2 AAs Forms a peptide bondForms a peptide bond
Proteins (cont.)Proteins (cont.)
Polypeptide – a long chain of AA’sPolypeptide – a long chain of AA’s Chain folds or bends based on certain Chain folds or bends based on certain
conditions ( i.e. Temperature conditions ( i.e. Temperature increase/decrease) – ex. eggincrease/decrease) – ex. egg
When polypeptide folds, takes on a When polypeptide folds, takes on a globular shapeglobular shape
Proteins (cont.)Proteins (cont.)
EnzymesEnzymes RNA or protein molecules that act as RNA or protein molecules that act as
biological catalystsbiological catalysts Work by a “lock-and-key” method with its Work by a “lock-and-key” method with its
substrate – the reactant being catalyzed– the reactant being catalyzed Substrate will only “fit” if shape of Substrate will only “fit” if shape of active active
site site is a matchis a match Once enzyme is done, it releases the Once enzyme is done, it releases the
product(s) and can be used over + over product(s) and can be used over + over againagain
Mail fail to work if environment changes Mail fail to work if environment changes (temp or pH)(temp or pH)
that that do not dissolve in waterdo not dissolve in water Higher ratio of C + H atoms to O atomsHigher ratio of C + H atoms to O atoms C-H bonding (stores more C-H bonding (stores more nrgnrg))
Lipids (cont.)Lipids (cont.)
Fatty acids – monomer of a lipid – Fatty acids – monomer of a lipid – unbranched chainsunbranched chains Contain a Contain a carboxyl groupcarboxyl group, -, -COOHCOOH, ,
at one endat one end Hydrophilic end Hydrophilic end – attracted to water – attracted to water
(polar)(polar) Hydrocarbon at other endHydrocarbon at other end
Hydrophobic end Hydrophobic end – “afraid” of water – “afraid” of water (nonpolar)(nonpolar)
Saturated vs. Saturated vs. UnsaturatedUnsaturated
Saturated – all C atoms are “full”Saturated – all C atoms are “full” Unsaturated – has double bond(s) Unsaturated – has double bond(s)
PhospholipidsPhospholipids – 2 fatty acid – 2 fatty acid molecules + glycerolmolecules + glycerol Forms lipid bilayer for cell membranesForms lipid bilayer for cell membranes
Lipids (cont.)Lipids (cont.)
WaxWax – long fatty acid chain + long – long fatty acid chain + long chain of alcoholchain of alcohol Highly waterproofHighly waterproof Used as a protective coatingUsed as a protective coating
Lipids (cont.)Lipids (cont.)
SteroidsSteroids – molecules of 4 fused C- – molecules of 4 fused C-rings with different functional rings with different functional groupsgroups Common types:Common types:
Hormones – testosteroneHormones – testosterone Cholesterol – needed by nerves + cellsCholesterol – needed by nerves + cells
Lipids (cont.)Lipids (cont.)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids Very large, complex organic molecules Very large, complex organic molecules
that store important information in cellsthat store important information in cells Two types:Two types:
DNA DNA – – deoxyribonucleic acid – determines deoxyribonucleic acid – determines characteristics of organism and directs cells characteristics of organism and directs cells activitiesactivities
RNARNA – ribonucleic acid – ribonucleic acid Stores + transfers info. essential to make Stores + transfers info. essential to make
proteinsproteins Can also act as an enzymeCan also act as an enzyme
NucleotidesNucleotides – monomers of Nucleic Acid – monomers of Nucleic Acid 5-C sugar5-C sugar Phosphate groupPhosphate group Nitrogen-baseNitrogen-base
What a nucleotide looks What a nucleotide looks like…like…