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Developmental Milestones
By: PETER-TOM ADDAUAN CALLANG
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Why is it important? Milestones enables us to monitor a
babys learning, behavior, and
development. Milestones help to mark progress along
a childs developmental journey.
Milestones provide important guidelinesfor tracking healthy development fromfour months to adolescence.
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Milestones are changes in specific physical and mental
abilities (such as walking and understanding
language) that mark the end of onedevelopmental period and the beginning ofanother.
indicate stage transition
are a set of functional skills or age-specifictasks that most children can do at a certainage range.
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Aphoto of a group of mothers together with theirinfants, a time when moms often compare their
children's milestones...
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Aphoto of a baby smiling, a developmental milestonethat most babies reach by the time that they are six toeight weeks old.March 17, 2007
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two types of smiles for babies: the spontaneous or almost reflexive smile
that can occur early in the newbornperiod. (2 months)
the social smile that occurs in response to
something, like when you talk or sing toyour baby. (3 months)
Laughs in response to environment(4 months)
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Stages of Growth and Development
Neonatal birth to 28 days
Infancy
1 month
to 1year
Toddlerhood 1 to 3 years
Preschool 3 to 6 years
Schoolage 6 to 12 years
Adolescence 12 to 20 years
Adulthood 20 years and after
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Milestones for the infantsFive Major Periods:
1. The neonatal period2. 1 to 4 months
3. 5-6 months
4. 7 to 9 months5. 10 to 12 months
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Infants
birth to 1 year
Basic task survival
Breathing
Sleeping
Eating/sucking
Swallowing
Digesting
Eliminating
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Weight
At birth - 2.7- 3.8 kg 6 months - twice the birth weight
12 months - thrice the birth weight
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Height Average length 50cm (20 in)
Two recumbent lengths Crown-to-rump length (top of thehead to the babys buttocks)
H
ead-to-heel length (top ofhead toheel to base ofheel)
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Height Measurements
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Head Molding and Circumference
Misshapen
Molding of the head Fontanelles-
unossified membranous gaps in the skull
Sutures-
junction lines of the skull bones
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Anterior fontanel Diamond-shaped
Gradually decreases at 6 months andcloses at 9 months
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Posterior Fontanel Located between the parietal bones and
occipital bones
Closes 4-8 weeks after birth
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Photo of baby seconds after delivery
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Vision 4 months Follow and react to
bright colors, movement, and
objects? 6 months able to recognize
colors
9 months can recognize facial
characteristics and often smilesto a familiar face.
12 months able to recognizewhere a change in level occurs(edge of bed)
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Hearing Few days able to
distinguish different sounds
5 months will pausewhile sucking to listen to avoice
9 months able tolocate source of sound
12 months listens tosounds, distinguish wordsand responds
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Smell and Taste
Prefer sweet tastes
Tend to decrease their
sucking to fluids withsalty content
Able to smell mothersmilk and respond to thisby turning towards themother
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Touch Sensitive to extreme
Well-developed at birth
Skin-to-skin touching isessential
Positive response
Warmth, love, security
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Reflexes Unconcscious, involutary responses
Neither learned nor consciously carriedout
Nervous system responses to stimuli
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Sucking
Reflex
Feeding reflexthat occurs wheninfants lips aretouched
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Rooting Reflex Feeding reflex
elicited bytouching
the babys cheekcausing the babyscheek to turn to theside that was
touched Disappears at 4
months
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Moro reflex Infant reacts by
extending both arms and
legs outward with thefingers spread, thensuddenly retracting thelimbs
Cries at the same time
Disappears after 4months
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Palmar grasp reflex Occurs when a small
object is placed against
the palm of the handcausing the fingers tocurl around it.
Disappears after 3
months
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Plantar reflex Occurs when an
object is placed
beneath the toescauses it to curlaround it.
Disappears after 8
months
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Tonic neck reflex (TNR)/fencing reflex
Postural reflex
Babys head to the right
side and the left side ofthe body shows a flexingof the left arm and theleft leg
Disappears after 4months
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Stepping reflex (walking or Dancing reflex)
The legs move up anddown (as if walking)
when the baby is heldupright with feettouching s\a flat surface
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Babinski reflex When the sole of the foot
is stroked, the big toe
rises and the other toesfan out.
Negative babinskiafter age 1- toes curl
down
Positive babinski- after1 year- brain injury
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Retained Neonatal(Primitive) Reflexes
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MoroReflex
retained alarm response can contributeto hyper-excitability, agitation, anddifficulty socializing.
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Rooting Reflex Thumb sucking and fussy eating can be
attributed to the retention of this reflex.
As the tongue sits too far forward (as ifready to suck), it may result in speechand articulation problems, dribbling,
and difficulty swallowing and chewing.
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Plantar Reflex Balance, walking and coordination may
be affected by this retained reflex.
This may put pressure on the pelvisand, in turn, cause low back or hipstrain.
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Asymmetrical Tonic Neck
Reflex Important for hand-eye coordination
and distance perception.
Some of the more obvious patternsrelating to this retained reflex aremessyhand writing, disturbed walking
and poor eye-body skills such as weakcatching/kicking abilities.
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Palmar Reflex A child can describe retention of this
reflex as its hard getting my ideas
from myhead, down my arm, and ontopaper.
This can disturb both the flow of writing
and expression of thoughts. This reflexis important for fine motor control.
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Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex Retention of this reflex affects gross motor
skills.
Children are more injury prone, clumsy, andmay find it difficult to coordinate their upperand lower body together.
Exercise may not be enjoyed but once
corrected, we commonly see an eagerness toexercise and an improved performancerunning and swimming.
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Motor development
Babys ability tomove and tocontrol the body.
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1 month Can lifthead
momentarily when
prone turns the head when
prone
Head lag whenpulled in a sittingposition
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2 months
Can raise headsfrom a proneposition
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6 months
Can sit withoutsupport
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9 months
Can reach
Grasp a rattle, andtransfer it from handto hand
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Every child is unique!
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Thank you.