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TU Bergakademie FreibergDepartment of Energy Process
Engineering and Chemical Engineering
Plenary Session
Clean Coal – Quo vadis?
Prof. Dr.-Ing. B. Meyer
IGCC – Overview(Alexander)
Clean Coal CCS Routes
Source: “Carbon Capture and Storage”, IPCC, 2005
Source: GTC World Gasification Database (www.gasification.org) 2009
Gasification Capacity by Product
World's Gasification Plants on Coal Basis
1.484
4.882
6.678
10.049
27.477
0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000
CtL
Gaseous Fuels
Power
Chemicals
FT Liquids
MW in operation
Development Expectationsof Coal based Gasifiers
Adapted from: Childress, Gasification Technology Council
reached!
Coal based IGCC Projects - USA
Source: A.Carpenter, “Polygeneration from Coal”, IEA 2008.
32 IGCCs proposed16 Cancelled6 On hold9 Feasability/ Permitting stage1 Construction
Coal based IGCC Projects - EU
Adapted from: A.Carpenter, “Polygeneration from Coal”, IEA 2008.
7 IGCCs proposed7 On hold
IGCC Projects - What is left
•
Only 2 IGCC projects
have been realized in the last years
Coal Preparation and Gasification, Edwardsport,
Duke Energy, Sept. 2009Source: “Edwardsport IGCC –
Moving Forward”, D. Zupan, 2009
Demonstration in Nakoso, MHISource: “Mitsubishi IGCC Project Updates”, K. Sakamoto, 2009
Edwardsport (U.S.) Nakoso (Japan)
IGCC Technology Drawbacks
Financial Issues• CAPEX• CoE• World financial crisis
Technological Issues•
Availability
•
H2
gas turbine (diffusion burner)•
CCS-efficiency
Legal Framework•
Unclear CCS legislature
•
Copenhagen Conference failed
•
Expected increase of emission reduction incentives was overrated
IGCC
CompetitorsPost Combustion & Oxyfuelprocess are technologicalcloser to existing plants thanIGCC
Only non carbon products are replaceable by Renewables!
Electricity(0 % C)
CombustionIGCCOxyfuel
Chemical Feedstock(0 wt.-% C)
HydrogenAmmonia
Carbon (C) Content in Coal Derived Products
?
?
CoalBiomass
Renewables
WindWaterSolarGeothermal
Polygeneration(IGCC+CtX)
Electricity(0 % C)
Fuels/ Chem. FS(40 – 90 wt.-% C)
Chemical Feedstock
(40 - 60 wt.-% C)
SNGMethanol
Chemical Feedstock
(60 - 90 wt.-% C)
ParaffinsOlefins
Synthetic Products
(> 60 wt.-% C)
Polymers…
Centralized
Decentralized
IndustryTransportation
Households
“…longer-term research should focus on energy-efficient and clean technologies for making use of gas and coal in chemical production.”Strategic Research Agenda, SusChem European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry 2005.
Statements on CtX
„There is a need to replace oil as most important source of carbon by other feedstock, especially coal, natural gas and biomass.“Press release DECHEMA Germany, 2010.
IGCC combined with CtX
IGCC + CtX
Grid Fluctuations due to Renewables
Reduction of CO2 Emissions
Low Grade CoalsBroadening CarbonFeedstock Spectrum
(3) Electricity Storage
(4) Load Flexibility (2) Biomass Co-Processing
(5) Max. Product Yield (1) 3rd GenerationGasification
1. IGCC and CtX – Suitable for Low Grade Coals
Ash rich coal reserves in:
AustraliaSouth AfricaIndiaChinaRussia
Conversion requirements become more challenging
3rd Generation Gasification Technologies
Challenges, e.g.:• No available technology for high ash fines processing
• Slagging processes not favorabledue to high oxygen consumption
• Limited application of slurry feeding
Need for newtechnologies
2. IGCC and XtX –Co-Gasification
GasifierIsland
Gas Conditioning Synthesis
CombinedCycle
Synthesis Product
Electricity
Biomass
Coal
• CO2 footprint of biomass co-gasification plantdecreased due to non-fossil carbon
• Altered ash properties
CCSNon-fossil CO2 to atmosphere
3. IGCC and CtX –Temporary Electricity Buffering
GasifierIsland
Gas Conditioning
CCSMethanol
Electricity
Coal MethanolStorage
CombinedCycle
Backup Fuel
• No additional backup fuel required• Up to 29% fuel cost reduction
Source: Lorenz, K.; Meyer, B.; Guhl, S.; Korobov, D.; Krzack, S.; Ogriseck, S.; Rauchfuss, H.
"IGCC with
CO2 separation
and maximum
availability
-
EURO FUELFLEX concept"
4. IGCC and CtX –Load Flexibility (1)
TendencyFluctuation in power grid due to renewables
PerspectiveCombined production of electricity and a chemical product
→ Polygeneration
Basic conceptsa) Parallel production of a chemical product and electricity
b) Combination of various processes with incomplete conversionc) Annex principle
In generala) Highly integrated concepts not favorable
b) Incomplete conversion advantageous, but still requiring many conversion units (economics)
Gasifier at constant load
Requires load flexible synthesis block e.g. liquid phase reactors
Power Block
Synthesis
GasifierPth
Peak Load Electricity Production
4. IGCC and CtX –Load Flexibility (2)
Synthesis block at constant load
• Because synthesis block is not loadflexible a gas phase reactor is favored
• Gasifier in part load operation
Dynamic
Simulation Tools
Extraction (super-critical
solvents)
Low temperature pyrolysis
HydrogenationCatalytic
depolymerization
Agglomeration, to new coal
products
Hightemperature
pyrolysis
CO2 - Storage
Gas processing, CO2 -separation
CO2 as feedstock, conversion
Chemicals Electricity Hydrogen
Synthesis gas
Low temperature conversion
High temperature conversion
Minimization of CO2 -emissions
Coal
Gasification
Chemicals
5. CtX Process Chainfor max. Product Yield
IGCC combined with CtX
IGCC + CtX
Grid Fluctuations due to Renewables
Reduction of CO2 Emissions
Low Grade CoalsBroadening CarbonFeedstock Spectrum
(3) Electricity Storage
(4) Load Flexibility (2) Biomass Co-Processing
(5) Max. Product Yield (1) 3rd GenerationGasification