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UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT TITLE: POTENTIALS OF PULVERIZEDPOLYVINYL WASTE AS A BINDER IN CONCRETE.
GROUP MEMBERS:
EHIKHUENMEN Samuel O. 090402021
LASOJU Folasade 090402036
ILUYOMADE Gbemisola 080402019
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (Bsc.) in
CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Supervised By:
DR EFE EWAEN IKPONMWOSA.
FEBRUARY, 2014.
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results and Discussions
Conclusions and Recommendations
Photo Galleries.
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INTRODUCTION
cost of erect
Concrete is the worlds second most
consumed material after water. Inconstruction today, the cost oferecting a structure that would be ofmaximum strength and good qualityis very high due to the cost of
purchasing construction materials.Cement, a major component inconcrete is known to be quiteexpensive and its replacement hasbeen a major target of recent
research efforts.This has led to the quest for readilyavailable alternative materials whichare cheaper and relatively easy toproduce locally.
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PROJECT AIM & OBJECTIVE
Aim: To determine the Potentials of pulverized polyvinyl wasteas binder in concrete and its impact on the strengthcharacteristics of concrete.
Objective: To determine the optimum replacement percentageof polyvinyl waste in concrete with the view of reducing cost of
structure without compromising safety policies or structural
integrity. That is, producing structures with high economic
impact factors (local & global).
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Scope of study:
In this project, we considered
Evaluation of the physical, chemical and mechanical propertiesof the materials to be used. e.g. Grain size analysis,
determination of bulk-densities etc.
Setting time of cement paste, Density, Slump test,
Compressive strength test and Split cylinder test of curedspecimen (ranging from control value to 40% replacement
level at 10% interval at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days curing ages).
Statement of problem:
The cost of cement production and purchase is on theincrease.
The issue of waste management.
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Limitation of study : this study is limited to
Shortage of waste materials. Constraint of information availability.
Need of study: Due to the cost of cement, its
replacement has been a major target of recent research
efforts and if this can be achieved, it will provide
Economic gain (low cost of housing)
Reduction in Landfill (waste disposal).
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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)
YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANICMATERIAL
AREA OF RESEARCH REMARKS
2010. Ikponmwosa etal
Agriculturalwaste:soldier antmound clay,
Partial replacementof cement withSoldier ant moundclay.
Results show that 5% replacement levelwas optimum flexural strength for thespecimen beams .
2008 Oyekan andKamiyo
Rich HuskAsh
The effect of richhusk ash on someengineeringproperties ofconcrete blocks
He observed that concluded that theaddition of RHA in the mix producedsandcrete of lower density andcompressive strength. However, RHAhad fairly significant effect on thecompressive strength of the concretecube specimens, increasing the latter by
nearly 17% (at 28 days) and at 5% RHAcontent.
2004to2010.
Bin Alam et al,coppola et al,Elinwwa et al,Mohaned et aland others.
Agriculturalwaste: Ricestraw ash,wood fly ash,rice husk
ash, soldierant moundcla etc.
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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANIC
MATERIAL
AREA OF RESEARCH REMARKS
2008 Ikponmwosa et
al, Bin Alam etal, coppola et al,Elinwwa et al,Mohaned et aland others.
Steel
Industrial:Steel Slag
The effect of the
partial replacementof fine aggregates inconcrete with steelmill scales.
He observed that Replacing 40% of
sand with steel mill scale gave thehighest increase in compressivestrength and flexural strength. He alsoobserved that the drying shrinkage ofthe concrete was lower when using steelmill scale.
2004 Manso and
Gonzalez
Electric Arc
Furnace slag,
The effect of the
partial replacementof fine aggregates inconcrete with steelmill scales.
It was observed that the compressive
strength was similar to that oftraditional concrete. The durability wasslightly lower than conventionalconcrete. The concrete had goodphysical and mechanical properties, butresults showed that special attentionshould be paid to the gradation andcrushing process.
2000to2008.
Saud Al Otaibi,Manso andGonzalez,Maslehuddin etal, manso et al,Salau et al,Anastasiou and
Papayianni, etc.
SteelIndustrialWaste: Steelslag, ElectricArc Furnaceslag, Steelmill, etc.
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LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)
YEAR AUTHOR(S) POZZOLANICMATERIAL
AREA OF RESEARCH REMARKS
2008 Pereira et al. Glassindustrialwaste:amberwaste glass
Partial replacement
of cement by amber
waste glass in
concrete
It was observed that with a 30%
replacement of cement by amber
waste glass, the compressive strength
of concrete increase 25% at 7 days
and 35% when tested for 28 days
strength.
2001to2009
Vijayakumar etal, Federio andChidiac, Idir and
Tagnit , Pereiraet al.
Glassindustrialwaste: Glass
powder,amber wasteglass, glassaggregate,etc.
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METHODOLOGY
Materials Used: Fine aggregate, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), PortableWater, Polyvinyl Waste (Nigerite Ltd) and Coarse aggregate.
Apparatus: Various Sizes of Sieve Ranging From 2.36mm - 65m, Drying oven,Evaporating pans, VICAT Apparatus, Concrete mixer, cube moulds, Tamping rod(16mm), Weighing machine, Compression test machine, Slump cone, etc.
Composition of Concrete
Mix proportions 1:2:4 by weight and a water/binder ratio of 0.6, 0.65 and 0.7 willbe used. The ratio of the polyvinyl waste will be varied by 0% to 40% with 10%interval.
Production Details:
Mix ratio = 1:2:4 for concrete cubes (150x150x150mm) and split cylinder while 1:3for slurry cubes(150mmdia, 300mmhigh). Water/binder ratio = 0.6, 0.65 and o.7 Total number of cubes and cylinders = 100 ( 60 cubes, 40 cylinders) Total weight of binder =142.29kg Total weight of sand = 284.58kg Total weight of granite= 569.16kg
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METHODOLOGY (CONTD)
Experimental Test
Preliminary Investigation:
Chemical Analysis Test
Physical Properties and Sieve Analysis Test
Secondary Investigation:
Setting time (Initial and final) Test
Slump test (Workability) on concrete
Compressive strength test on concrete cubes
Density of the concrete cubes
Split Cylinder test
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preliminary Investigation:
Chemical Analysis Test :
Free lime recorded zero for polyvinyl waste meaning that it is not reactive withwater but a good absorbent of water.
However, the Polyvinyl waste showed high pozzolanic properties i.e. the threeoxides of Silicon, Calcium and Iron are in excess of the recommended 70% of thepercentage composition of the material (ASTM C618).
Hence the material is a good pozzolan as it exhibits good pozzolanic properties.
S/N NAME OF COMPOUNDS ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMNT (%) POLYVINYL WASTE (%)
1 Silica, (SiO2) 18.34 19.18
2 Sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.55 0.75
3 Potassium oxide (K2O) 0.48 0.46
4 Calcium oxide (CaO) 63.97 63.30
5 Magnesium oxide (MgO) 2.16 2.25
6 Barium oxide (BaO) 0.02 0.037 Lead oxide (PbO) - -
8 Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) 4.73 3.90
9 Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 3.58 2.40
10 Sulphite (So32-) 1.67 1.44
11 Moisture (%) 0.006 0.08
12 Free lime Ca(OH)2 0.78 -
13 Insoluble residue (IR) 20.02 18.89
14 Loss on ignition (L.O.I) 1.11 2.32
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Physical Properties of the materials:
PHYSICAL PROPERTY SAND GRANITE CEMENT POLYVINYL WASTE
FINES CONTENT (% passing
through 600m sieve)- - 99.5 75
UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT
(Cu)3.03 1.58 - -
COEFFICIENT OF CURVATURE
(Cz)
1.08 1.03 - -
SPECIFY GRAVITY 2.63 2.66 - 2.47
DRY DENSITY (Kg/m3) 1405.01 1403.29 - 698.44
BULK DENSITY ((Kg/m3) 1409.55 1407.36 1297.79 839.25
MOISTURE CONTENT (%) 0.323 0.29 - 20.16
AGGREGATE CRUSHING
VALUE- 22.01 - -
AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE - 9.62 - -
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Sieve Analysis: Distribution for fine aggregate (sand):
Initial dry weight of sample=200g.Test Weight Percentage
Cumulative PercentagePercentage
Sieves Retained (g) Retained (%) Retained (%) Passing (%)
2.36mm 8.73 4.37 4.37 95.63
1.18mm 46.2 23.1 27.47 72.53
600m 79.1 39.55 67.02 32.98
425m 26.6 13.3 80.32 19.68
300m 19.9 9.95 90.27 9.73
212m 13.8 6.9 97.17 2.83
150m 4.3 2.15 99.32 0.68
75m 0.6 0.3 99.62 0.38
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Distribution for Coarse aggregate (granite):
Initial dry weight of sample=10000g.
Test Weight PercentageCumulative
PassingPercentage
Sieves Retained (g) Retained (%) Retained (%) Passing (%)
37.5mm 0 0 0 100
25mm 0 0 0 100
19mm 199.8 2 2 98
12.7mm 6202 62.02 64.02 35.98
9.53mm 2652 26.52 90.54 9.46
5mm 474 4.74 95.28 4.72
2.36mm 158.8 1.59 96.87 3.13
1.18mm 81.9 0.82 97.69 2.31
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Secondary Investigation:
Setting-time test: Cement paste with polyvinyl waste asreplacement:
PERCENTAGE REPLACEMENT (%) INITIAL SETTING TIME (MINS) FINAL SETTING TIME (MINS)
Control 122 220
10 135 232
20 157 251
30 176 278
40 188 289
50 195 313
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The deceleration of the setting times (both initial and final)
of cement pastes may have been the result of decreasing
volume of hydration compounds. This indicate that the
Polyvinyl waste has high absorbing capacity. With these
results, it can be inferred that Polyvinyl waste is a setting
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Se
ttin
gTime
(mins
)
% Replacement
Variation of Setting Time with % Replacement
initial settingtime
final settingtime
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Workability: A standard measure of workability of wet concretemix is the slump.
SLUMP TEST VALUE FOR CYLINDER
WATER BINDER
RATIO
CONTROL
0%
10% 20% 30% 40%
0.6 136 95 65 56 20
0.65 175 146 123 114 90
0.7 185 150 132 120 115
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Effect of Water/Binder Ratio on Slump Test:
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
SlumpValu
e
Water/Binder Ratio
Variation of Slump Test with Water/Binder Ratio
Control
10% Replacement
20% Replacement
30% Replacement
40% Replacement
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Control (100% Cement): The following readings were obtained-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binderratio
Age ofcuring
AverageWeight (kg)
Average Density ofCube (Kg/mm3) Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.23 2.44 15.41 3.11
14 8.29 2.46 16.3 3.97
21 8.46 2.49 17.92 4.25
28 8.52 2.53 18.96 5.1
0.65
7 8.12 2.41 14.52 3.42
14 8.24 2.44 16.29 4.25
21 8.31 2.46 16.8 4.81
28 8.47 2.51 18.08 5.52
0.7
7 8.07 2.34 14.07 3.68
14 8.2 2.43 16 4.53
21 8.26 2.45 16.89 5.38
28 8.34 2.47 18.07 5.66
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.44
2.41
2.39
2.46
2.442.43
2.49
2.462.45
2.53
2.51
2.47
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
DENSITY
(kg/mm3
)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR CONTROL
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
15.41
14.5214.07
16.3 16.2916
17.92
16.89 16.8
18.96
18.1 18.08
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72Com
pressiveStrength(N/mm2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR CONTROL
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
( )
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
3.113.42
3.683.97
4.254.53
4.25
4.81
5.385.1
5.8 5.66
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
Ten
sileStrength(N/mm2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FORCONTROL
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density
and compressive strength decreases but the tensile strength shows
an increasing trend. As the curing ages increases, the strength values
also increased.
( )
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3) Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.56 2.54 15.55 4.6
14 8.59 2.55 17.28 5.38
21 8.62 2.56 18.67 5.66
28 8.69 2.58 23.71 6.51
0.65
7 8.23 2.44 11.41 4.25
14 8.26 2.47 13.33 4.53
21 8.32 2.49 15.7 5.38
28 8.45 2.5 18.22 5.94
0.7
7 8.1 2.4 10.08 3.96
14 8.35 2.43 12.52 4.34
21 8.42 2.45 14.97 4.81
28 8.43 2.48 17.48 5.52
10% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings wereobtained-
S S S SS O ( O )
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.54
2.44
2.4
2.55
2.47
2.43
2.56
2.49
2.45
2.58
2.5
2.48
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
DENSITY
(kg/mm
3)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 10 %REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
15.55
11.4110.08
17.26
13.3312.52
18.67
15.7 14.97
23.71
18.2217.48
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
CompressiveStrength(N/mm2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIOFOR 10% REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
4.64.25
3.96
5.38
4.53 4.39
5.665.38
4.81
6.51
5.945.52
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
TensileStrength(N/mm
2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 10%REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,
compressive and tensile strength decreases. This is an indicationthat the more the w/c, the weaker the binding bond between theaggregates.
As the curing ages increases, the strength values also increased.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3) Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.26 2.45 15.41 4.25
14 8.35 2.47 23.04 4.81
21 8.41 2.49 24.89 6.51
28 8.53 2.51 25.19 8.21
0.65
7 8.17 2.42 9.63 3.4
14 8.27 2.44 13.63 3.93
21 8.3 2.46 18.59 4.25
28 8.46 2.5 19.41 5.24
0.7
7 8.02 2.4 8.89 2.55
14 8.22 2.43 11.11 3.68
21 8.26 2.45 12.15 4.05
28 8.48 2.51 14.52 4.81
20% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings wereobtained-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.45
2.42
2.4
2.47
2.442.43
2.49
2.462.45
2.53
2.5
2.47
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
DENSITY
(kg/m
m3)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 20% REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
15.41
9.63 8.89
23.04
13.63
11.11
24.89
18.59
12.15
25.19
19.41
14.52
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
CompressiveStrength(N/mm2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 20%REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
4.25
3.4
2.55
4.81
3.933.68
6.51
4.25 4.05
8.21
5.244.81
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
TensileStrength(N/mm
2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 20%REPLACEMENT
7 Days 14 Days
21 Days 28 Days
It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,compressive and tensile strength decreases. As the curing ages increases,the strength values also increased.
It was observed that at 20% replacement of polyvinyl waste, 0.6 and 0.65
W/B recorded their optimum values in compressive and tensile strength.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3) Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.22 2.44 12 9.91
14 8.3 2.46 18.45 9.05
21 8.46 2.5 18.96 6.8
28 8.57 2.55 20.37 5.24
0.65
7 8.1 2.4 10.74 9.34
14 8.15 2.42 14.52 8.21
21 8.36 2.48 16.81 6.2328 8.46 2.52 17.76 4.67
0.7
7 8.01 2.37 7.56 9.05
14 8.12 2.41 10.37 7.22
21 8.43 2.46 11.77 5.66
28 8.62 2.49 12.89 3.82
30% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings wereobtained-
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
Water/Binder
ratio
Age of
curing
Average
Weight (kg)
Average Density of
Cube (Kg/mm3) Average Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
Average Tensile Strength
(N/mm2)
0.6
7 8.2 2.43 9.93 7.22
14 8.22 2.44 15.46 5.66
21 8.45 2.51 16.59 2.42
28 8.73 2.59 19.63 1.28
0.65
7 8.1 2.39 9.93 7.08
14 8.24 2.43 13.11 5.38
21 8.37 2.46 14.62 2
28 8.63 2.55 15.48 0.71
0.7
7 8 2.37 6.07 5.22
14 8.12 2.41 9.04 4.53
21 8.18 2.42 11.11 1.84
28 8.36 2.48 12.3 0.48
40% Replacement of Polyvinyl Waste : The following readings wereobtained-
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
2.43
2.392.37
2.442.43
2.41
2.51
2.46
2.42
2.59
2.55
2.48
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
DENSITY
(kg/m
m3)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF DENSITY (kg/mm3) WITH WATER/BIINDER RATIO FOR 40%REPLACEMENT
7 Days
14 Days
21 Days
28 Days
9.93 9.93
6.07
15.4613.11
9.04
16.59
14.82
11.11
19.63
15.48
12.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72CompressiveStrength
(N/mm2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR40% REPLACEMENT
7 Days
14 Days
21 Days
28 Days
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONTD)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (CONT D)
7.22
7.08
5.525.66 5.38
4.53
2.422 1.85
1.28
0.710.48
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72
T
ensileStrength(N/mm
2)
Water/binder Ratio
VARIATION OF TENSILE STRENGTH (N/mm2) WITH WATER/BINDER RATIO FOR 40%REPLACEMENT
7 Days
14 Days
21 Days
28 Days
It was observed that as the water/binder ratio increases the density,compressive and tensile strength decreases. As the curing ages increases,the strength values also increased but it was observed that the tensilestrength decreases with increase in curing age.
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSIONThe following conclusions can be made:
With addition of polyvinyl waste, the setting time of the cement basedpaste is decelerated. This shows that Polyvinyl waste is a decelerator.
The workability of the mix decreased with increased addition ofpolyvinyl waste.
The optimum replacement of polyvinyl waste in concrete cube wasobtained at 20% replacement for 0.6 and 0.65 water/binder ratio.However, I observed that at 0.6 water/binder ratio, the compressivestrength exceed others. For tensile strength, the optimum replacementof polyvinyl waste was obtained at 20% replacement for 0.6 while 10%
replacement for 0.65 water/binder ratio.
Polyvinyl waste is available in significant quantities as a waste and canbe utilized for concrete. This will otherwise serve as a means recyclingpolyvinyl waste in our environment.
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RECOMMENDATION
More research work should be directed at percentage
replacements between 5% and 10% with smaller intervalsbetween such, say 1% since considerable strengths were
obtained within this range.
More research efforts can be directed at replacement of
fine aggregates or coarse aggregates with Polyvinyl waste in
normal and aerated concrete.
Polyvinyl waste should be incorporated in foamed aerated
concrete as it reduces environmental pollution.
PHOTO GALLARIES
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PHOTO GALLARIES
8/10/2019 2nd Defense Group Brief
40/40
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