2.Logical Reasoning

8/13/2019 2.Logical Reasoning

1/91

Logical Reasoning

Number Series

Look at this series: 40, 40, 47, 47, 54, ... What number should come next?1. A.40 B.44

C.54 D.61

Answer & Explanation

Answer:Option C

Explanation:

This is an alternation with repetition series in which each number repeats itself andthen increases by 7.

Look at this series: 201, 202, 204, 207, ... What number should come next?2. A.205 B.208

C.210 D.211Answer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

In this addition series, 1 is added to the first number; 2 is added to the second number;3 is added to the third number; 4 is added to the fourth number; and go on.


C.30 D.50


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

This is an alternating addition and subtraction series. In the first pattern, 10 issubtracted from each number to arrive at the next. In the second, 5 is added to eachnumber to arrive at the next.



2/91

C.23 D.26


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

This is an alternating number subtraction series. First, 2 is subtracted, then 4, then 2,and so on.

Look at this series: 22, 21, 23, 22, 24, 23, ... What number should come next?5. A.22 B.24

C.25 D.26


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

In this simple alternating subtraction and addition series; 1 is subtracted, then 2 isadded, and so on.



Answer:Option D

Explanation:

This alternating addition series begins with 3; then 1 is added to give 4; then 3 is addedto give 7; then 1 is added, and so on.


C.12 D.13


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

This is a simple alternating addition and subtraction series. In the first pattern, 3 isadded; in the second, 2 is subtracted.


3/91

Look at this series: 14, 28, 20, 40, 32, 64, ... What number should come next?8.

A.52 B.56C.96 D.128


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

This is an alternating multiplication and subtracting series: First, multiply by 2 andthen subtract 8.

21 25 18 29 33 189. A.43 18 B.41 44

C.37 18 D.37 41E.38 41


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

This is a simple addition series with a random number, 18, interpolated as every thirdnumber. In the series, 4 is added to each number except 18, to arrive at the nextnumber.

28 25 5 21 18 5 1410.

A.11 5 B.10 7C.11 8 D.5 10E.10 5


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

This is an alternating subtraction series with the interpolation of a random number, 5,

as every third number. In the subtraction series, 3 is subtracted, then 4, then 3, and soon.

1 10 7 20 13 30 1911. A.26 40 B.29 36

C.40 25 D.25 31E.40 50


4/91


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Here, every other number follows a different pattern. In the first series, 6 is added toeach number to arrive at the next. In the second series, 10 is added to each number to

arrive at the next.

17 17 34 20 20 31 2312. A.26 23 B.34 20

C.23 33 D.27 28E.23 28


Answer:Option E

Explanation:

This is an alternating subtraction series with repetition. There are two differentpatterns here. In the first, a number repeats itself; then 3 is added to that number toarrive at the next number, which also repeats. This gives the series 17, 17, 20, 20, 23,and so on. Every third number follows a second pattern, in which 3 is subtracted fromeach number to arrive at the next: 34, 31, 28.

6 20 8 14 10 8 1213. A.14 10 B.2 18

C.4 12 D.2 14

E.14 14


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

This is an alternating addition and subtraction series. In the first pattern, 2 is added toeach number to arrive at the next; in the alternate pattern, 6 is subtracted from eachnumber to arrive at the next.

4 7 26 10 13 20 1614. A.14 4 B.14 17

C.18 14 D.19 13E.19 14



5/91

Answer:Option E

Explanation:

Two patterns alternate here, with every third number following the alternate pattern.In the main series, beginning with 4, 3 is added to each number to arrive at the next.In the alternating series, beginning with 26, 6 is subtracted from each number to

arrive at the next.

16 26 56 36 46 68 5615. A.80 66 B.64 82

C.66 80 D.78 68E.66 82


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Here, every third number follows a different pattern from the main series. In the mainseries, beginning with 16, 10 is added to each number to arrive at the next. In thealternating series, beginning with 56, 12 is added to each number to arrive at the next.

Look at this series: 8, 43, 11, 41, __, 39, 17, ... What number should fill in the blank?16. A.8 B.14

C.43 D.44


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

This is a simple alternating addition and subtraction series. The first series beginswith 8 and adds 3; the second begins with 43 and subtracts 2.

Look at this series: 4, 7, 25, 10, __, 20, 16, 19, ... What number should fill the blank?17. A.13 B.15

C.20 D.28


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

Two series alternate here, with every third number following a different pattern. In


6/91

the main series, 3 is added to each number to arrive at the next. In the alternatingseries, 5 is subtracted from each number to arrive at the next.

Look at this series: 70, 71, 76, __, 81, 86, 70, 91, ... What number should fill theblank?

18.

A.70 B.71C.80 D.96


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

In this series, 5 is added to the previous number; the number 70 is inserted as everythird number.

Look at this series: 664, 332, 340, 170, ____, 89, ... What number should fill theblank?

19.

A.85 B.97C.109 D.178Answer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

This is an alternating division and addition series: First, divide by 2, and then add 8.

Look at this series: U32, V29, __, X23, Y20, ... What number should fill the blank?20. A.W26 B.W17

C.Z17 D.Z26


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

In this series, the letters progress by 1; the numbers decrease by 3.

Look at this series: J14, L16, __, P20, R22, ... What number should fill the blank?21. A.S24 B.N18

C.M18 D.T24



7/91

Answer:Option B

Explanation:

In this series, the letters progress by 2, and the numbers increase by 2.

Look at this series: VI, 10, V, 11, __, 12, III, ... What number should fill the blank?22.

A.II B.IVC.IX D.14


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

This is an alternating addition and subtraction series. Roman numbers alternate withArabic numbers. In the Roman numeral pattern, each number decreases by 1. In the

Arabic numeral pattern, each number increases by 1.

Number Puzzle

Which one will replace the question mark ?23.

A.9 B.6C.15 D.14


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

(4 + 9 + 2) = (3 + 5 + 7) = (8 + 1 + 6)

Total in each case = 15.


8/91


A.41 B.64C.35 D.61


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

(1)3= 1, (2)

3= 8, (3)

3= 27

Therefore, (4)3= 64.


A.30 B.13C.70 D.118


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

(15 + 12)/9 = 3

and (44 + 28)/9 = 8

Therefore, (64 + 53)/9 = 13.

26.

Which one will replace the question mark ?


9/91

A.25 B.37C.41 D.47


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(5 x 3) + 4 = 19

and (6 x 4) + 5 = 29

Therefore, (7 x 5) + 6 = 41


A.47 B.45C.37 D.35


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(3 x 3) + (5 x 6) = 39

and (4 x 4) + (5 x 7) = 51

Therefore, (3 x 4) + (5 x 5) = 37.


A.80 B.114C.108 D.None of these


10/91


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(4 + 8) x 9 = 108

(5 + 4) x 12 = 108.


A.60 B.46C.86 D.75


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(30 - 24) x 8 = 48

and (23 - 12) x 8 = 88

Therefore, (92 - 86) x 8 = 48.


A.8 B.12C.16 D.20


11/91


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(4 x 6) % 3 = 8

(6 x 10) % 5 = 12

(4 x 8) % 2 = 16.


A.2 B.4C.6 D.8


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(4 x 7) % 4 = 7

and (6 x 2) % 3 = 4

Therefore, (6 x 2) % 2 = 6.


A.40 B.38C.44 D.39



12/91

Answer:Option B

Explanation:

9 + (2)2= 13

13 + (3)2= 22

22 + (4)2= 38.


A.6 B.7C.8 D.9


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

(10 + 9 + 14 + 7)/2 = 20

and (11 + 16 + 10 + 13)/2 = 25

Therefore, (15 + ? + 12 + 10)/2 = 22

Hence 37 + ? = 44

? = 44 - 37

? = 7.


A.36 B.48C.38 D.30


13/91


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(0 + 2 + 6 + 4) - 2 = 10

and (6 + 2 + 10 + 8) - 2 = 24

Therefore, (4 + 14 + 12 + 10) - 2 = 38.



Answer:Option D

Explanation:

93 - (27 + 3) = 63

79 - (38 + 4) = 37

Therefore, 67 - (16 + X) = 42

X = 9

36.

Which one will replace the question mark ?


14/91


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

(2)3

+ (1)3

+ (3)3

= 36

and (0)3+ (4)3+ (3)3= 91

Therefore, (4)3+ (2)3+ (1)3= 73.


A.94 B.76C.16 D.73


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

(4)2+ (2)2+ (1)2= 21


15/91

and (5)2+ (3)2+ (8)2= 98

Therefore (6)2+ (7)2+ (3)2= 94.


A.18 B.24C.36 D.58


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

(7 x 3) = 21and (9 x 3) = 27

and (4 x 9) = 36and (2 x 9) = 18

Therefore (9 x 6) = 54and (4 x 6) = 24.


A.115 B.130C.135 D.140


Answer:Option B


16/91

Explanation:

(5 x 6 x 8) + (7 x 4 x 9) = 492

and (7 x 5 x 4) + (6 x 8 x 9) = 572

Therefore (4 x 3 x 5) + (7 x 2 x 5) = 130.


A.75 B.26C.25 D.20


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

(2)2+ (4)2= 20

and (3)2+ (9)

2= 90

Therefore (1)2+ (5)2= 26.


A.14 B.22C.32 D.320


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

(5 x 6 x 4)/10 = 12


17/91

and (6 x 7 x 5)/10 = 21

Therefore (4 x 8 x 10)/10 = 32.


A.184 B.210C.241 D.425


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

(12)2- (8)

2= 80

and (16)2- (7)2= 207

Therefore (25)2- (21)2= 184.


A.60 B.50C.25 D.21


Answer:Option C

Explanation:


18/91


A.262 B.622C.631 D.824


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

(915 - 364) = 551

(789 - 543) = 246

(863 - 241) = 622.

Cubes

45. The following questions are based on the information given below:

1. A cuboid shaped wooden block has 6 cm length, 4 cm breadth and 1 cm height.2. Two faces measuring 4 cm x 1 cm are coloured in black.3. Two faces measuring 6 cm x 1 cm are coloured in red.4.

Two faces measuring 6 cm x 4 cm are coloured in green.5. The block is divided into 6 equal cubes of side 1 cm (from 6 cm side), 4 equalcubes of side 1 cm(from 4 cm side).


19/91

How many cubes having red, green and black colours on at least one side of the cubewill be formed ?

a.


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Such cubes are related to the corners of the cuboid. Since the number of corners of thecuboid is 4.

Hence, the number of such small cubes is 4.

How many cubes will remain if the cubes having black and green coloured areremoved ?

b.


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


20/91

Number of small cubes which are Black and Green is 8 in all.

Hence, the number of remaining cubes are = 24 - 8 = 16


1. There is a cuboid whose dimensions are 4 x 3 x 3 cm.2. The opposite faces of dimensions 4 x 3 are coloured yellow.3. The opposite faces of other dimensions 4 x 3 are coloured red.4. The opposite faces of dimensions 3 x 3 are coloured green.5. Now the cuboid is cut into small cubes of side 1 cm.

How many small cubes will have only one face coloured ?a. A.10 B.12

C.14 D.18


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

Number of small cubes having only one face coloured = 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 + 2 x 1


21/91

= 4 + 4 + 2

= 10

How many small cubes will have only two faces coloured ?b. A.12 B.24

C.16 D.12


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Number of small cubes having only two faces coloured = 6 from the front + 6 from theback + 2 from the left + 2 from the right

= 16

How many small cubes have three faces coloured ?c. A.24 B.20


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


22/91

Such cubes are related to the corners of the cuboid and there are 8 corners.

Hence, the required number is 8.


1. All the faces of cubes are painted with red colour.2. The cubes is cut into 64 equal small cubes.

How many small cubes have no faces coloured ?a. A.24 B.8

C.16 D.0


Answer:Option B

Explanation:


23/91

Number of small cubes having only one faces coloured = (x - 2)3

Here, x = side of big cube / side of small cube

x = 4 /1

x = 4

Required number = (4 -2)3

= 8

How many small cubes have only one face coloured ?b. A.4 B.8


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


24/91

Number of small cubes having only one face coloured = (x - 2)2x No. of faces

= (4 - 2)2x 6

= 24

How many small cubes are there whose two adjacent faces are coloured red ?c. A.0 B.8


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


25/91

Number of small cubes having two adjacent faces coloured red = (x - 2) x No. of edges

= (4 - 2) x 12

= 24

How many small cubes are there whose three faces are coloured ?d. A.4 B.8

C.16 D.24


Answer:Option B

Explanation:


26/91

Number of small cubes having three faces coloured = No. of corners = 8


All the opposite faces of a big cube are coloured with red, black and green colours. Afterthat is cut into 64 small equal cubes.

How many small cubes are there whose no faces are coloured ?a. A.0 B.4

C.8 D.16


Answer:Option C

Explanation:


27/91

Number of small cubes having no face coloured = (x - 2)3

= (4 - 2)3

= 8

How many small cubes are there whose only one face is coloured ?b. A.32 B.8


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


28/91

Number of small cubes having only one face coloured = 4 from each face

= 4 x 6

= 24

How many small cubes are there where one face is green and other one is either blackor red ?

c.

A.28 B.8C.16 D.24


Answer:Option C

Explanation:


29/91

Number of small cubes having one face green and the other one is either red or black =8 x 2 = 16

49. All the faces of a cube are painted with blue colour. Then it is cut into 125 smallequal cubes.

How many small cubes will be formed having no face coloured ?a. A.27 B.8

C.16 D.24


Answer:Option A

Explanation:


30/91

No. of small cubes having no face coloured = (x - 2)3

= (5 - 2)3

= 27

How many small cubes will be formed having only one face coloured ?b. A.54 B.8

C.16 D.24


Answer:Option A

Explanation:


31/91

No. of small cubes having only one face coloured = (5 - 2)2x 6

= 9 x 6

= 54

50. All the six faces of a cube of a cube are coloured with six different colours - black,brown, green, red, white and blue.

1. Red face is opposite to the black face.2. Green face is between red and black faces.3. Blue face is adjacent to white face.4. Brown face is adjacent to blue face.5. Red face is in the bottom.

The face opposite to brown is _________a. A.Blue B.White

C.Green D.Red


Answer:Option B

Explanation:


32/91

Which of the following is adjacent to green ?b. A.Black, white, brown, red B.Blue, black, red, white

C.Red, black, blue, white D.None of these


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

51. A cube is cut in two equal parts along a plane parallel to one of its faces. One piece isthen coloured red on the two larger faces and green on the remaining, while the other iscoloured green on two smaller adjacent faces and red on the remaining. Each is then cutinto 32 cubes of same size and mixed up.

How many cubes have no coloured face at all ?a. A.32 B.8

C.16 D.None


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


33/91

There is no such cube in all, where all the faces are unclosured.

How many cubes have only one coloured face each ?b. A.32 B.8

C.16 D.0


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

8 from (I) and 8 from (II)

Therefore 8 from each.

How many cubes have each one red and another green ?c. A.0 B.8



34/91

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

16 from (I) and 8 from (II)

Dice

Dice is a cube. In cube there are 6 faces. Some important points are given below:

1. There are 6 faces in the cube - ABCG, GCDE, DEFH, BCDH, AGEF and ABHF.

2. Always four faces are adjacent to one face.3. Opposite of ABCG is DEFH and so on.4. CDEG is the upper face of the cube.5. ABHF is the bottom of the cube.

There are certain rules with the help of these rules question on dice can easilydetermined.

Rule No. 1:


35/91

Two opposite faces cannot be adjacent to one another.

Example:

Two different positions of a dice are shown below. Which number will appear on the faceopposite to the face with number 4?

Solution:

Faces with four numbers 6, 2, 5 and 3 are adjacent of to the face with No. 4.

Hence the faces with no. 6, 2, 5 and 3 cannot be opposite to the face with no. 4.

Therefore the remaining face with no.1 will be the opposite of the face with no. 4.

Rule No. 2:

If two different positions of a dice are shown and one of the two common faces is in thesame position then of the remaining faces will be opposite to each other.

Example:

Two different positions of a dice are shown below.

Here in both shown positions two faces 5 and 3 are common.

The remaining faces are 2 and 4.

Hence the number on the face opposite to the face with number 2 is 4.

Rule No. 3:

If in two different positions of dice, the position of a common face be the same, then eachof the opposite faces of the remaining faces will be in the same position.


36/91

Example:

Here in both positions of common (3) is same.

Therefore, opposite of 5 is 6 and opposite of 4 is 2.

Rule No. 4:

If in two different positions of a dice, the position of the common face be not the same,then opposite face of the common face will be that which is not shown on any face inthese two positions. Besides, the opposite faces of the remaining faces will not be thesame.

Example:

Here in two positions of a dice the face with number 1 is not in the same position.

The face with number 6 is not shown.

Hence the face opposite to the face with number 1 is 6.

Besides the opposite face of 3 will be the face with number 2 and opposite face to face 5will be the face with number 1.

Four positions of a dice are shown below. Which number of the face will be oppositeto the face with number 3?

52.

A.1 B.2C.4 D.5


37/91


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

The numbers of the adjacent faces to the face with number 3 are 5, 6, 2 and 4. Hence

the face with number (1) will be opposite to the face with number (3).

From the positions of a cube are shown below, Which letter will be on the faceopposite to face with 'A'?

53.

A.D B.BC.C D.F


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

The letters of the adjacent faces to the face with letter A, are B, F, C and E. Hence Dis the letter of the face opposite to the face with letters (A).

Two positions of a dice are shown below. Which number will appear on the faceopposite to the face with the number 5?

54.

A.2/6 B.2C.6 D.4Answer & Explanation

Answer:Option C


38/91

Explanation:

According to the rule no. (3), common faces with number 3, are in same positions.Hence the number of the opposite face to face with number 5 will be 6.

Two positions of a dice are shown below. When 3 points are at the bottom, how manypoints will be at the top?

55.

A.2 B.5C.4 D.6


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

According to the rule (2) when 3 points are at the bottom then 4 points will be at thetop.

How many points will be on the face opposite to the face which contains 3 points?56.

A.2 B.4C.5 D.6


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

The adjacent faces to the face which 3 points have 2, 1, 4 and 6 points. Hence on the

face which is opposite to the face which contains 3 points, there will be 5 points.

Venn Diagram

The main aim of this section is to test your ability about the relation between some itemsof a group by diagrams. In these questions some figures of circles and some words aregiven. You have to choose a figure which represents the given words.


39/91

Some critical examples are given below:

Example 1:

If all the words are of different groups, then they will be shown by the diagram as givenbelow.

Dog, Cow, Horse

All these three are animals but of different groups, there is no relation between them.Hence they will be represented by three different circles.

Example 2:

If the first word is related to second word and second word is related to third word. Thenthey will be shown by diagram as given below.

Unit, Tens, Hundreds

Ten units together make one Tens or in one tens, whole unit is available and ten tenstogether make one hundreds.

Example 3:

If two different items are completly related to third item, they will be shown as below.

Pen, Pencil, Stationery


40/91

Example 4:

If there is some relation between two items and these two items are completely related toa third item they will be shown as given below.

Women, Sisters, Mothers

Some sisters may be mothers and vice-versa. Similarly some mothers may not be sistersand vice-versa. But all the sisters and all the mothers belong to women group.

Example 5:

Two items are related to a third item to some extent but not completely and first twoitems totally different.

Students, Boys, Girls

The boys and girls are different items while some boys may be students. Similarly amonggirls some may be students.

Example 6:

All the three items are related to one another but to some extent not completely.


41/91

Boys, Students, Athletes

Some boys may be students and vice-versa. Similarly some boys may be athletes andvice-versa. Some students may be athletes and vice-versa.

Example 7:

Two items are related to each other completely and third item is entirely different fromfirst two.

Lions, Carnivorous, Cows

All the lions are carnivorous but no cow is lion or carnivorous.

Example 8:

First item is completely related to second and third item is partially related to first andsecond item.

Dogs, Animals, Flesh-eaters

All the dogs are belonging to animals but some dogs are flesh eater but not all.


42/91

Example 9:

First item is partially related to second but third is entirely different from the first two.

Dogs, Flesh-eaters, Cows

Some dogs are flesh-eaters but not all while any dog or any flesh-eater cannot be cow.

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Mercury, Zincand Metal ?

57.

A.

B.

C.

D.


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

Mercury and Zinc both are different from one another but belong to metal.

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Women,Mothers and Engineers ?

58.

A. B.

C.

D.


Answer:Option A

Explanation:


43/91

All mothers are women and some mothers and some women may be engineers.

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Hospital, Nurseand Patient ?

59.

A.

B.

C.

D.


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Hospital consists of nurse and patient but nurse and patient are of two differentnature.

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Sailor, Ship andOcean ?60.

A.

B.

C.

D.


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

As ship is in the ocean in the same way sailor is in the ship.

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Elephant,Carnivorous and Tiger ?

61.

A.

B.

C.

D.


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Tiger is carnivorous but Elephant is different from these two.


44/91

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Moon, Sun andEarth ?

62.

A.

B.

C. D.


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

All the three are different from each other.

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Oil, Wick andLamp ?

63.

A.

B.

C. D.


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Oil and Wick are different from each other but they both are used in lamp.

Which of the following diagrams indicates the best relation between Class,Blackboard and School ?

64.

A.

B.

C. D.


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Blackboard is in class and class is in the school.


45/91


46/91

How many persons can speak all the languages ?a. A.1 B.8

C.2 D.NoneAnswer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

There is no such person who can speak all the languages.

How many persons can speak Marathi and Telugu both ?b. A.10 B.11

C.13 D.None of these


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

7 + 6 = 13.

How many persons can speak only English ?c. A.9 B.12

C.7 D.19


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

Number of persons were can speak English is 12


47/91

68. Study the diagram given below and answer each of the following questions.

How many persons are there who takes only coffee ?a. A.90 B.45

C.25 D.20


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

25 + 20 = 45

How many persons take wine ?b. A.100 B.82


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

122 persons take wine.

69. Study the following figure and answer the questions given below.

How many artists are players ?a. A.5 B.8

C.25 D.16



48/91

Answer:Option C

Explanation:

The number of artists who are players is 22 + 3 = 25.

How many doctors are neither artists nor players ?b.

A.17 B.5C.10 D.30


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

The number of doctors who are neither artists nor players is 17.

Syllogism

The questions which are asked in this section contain two or more statements and thesestatements are followed by two or more conclusions. You have to find out which of theconclusions logically follow from the given statements. The statements have to be takentrue even if they seem to be at variance from the commonly known facts.

For such questions, you can take the help of Venn Diagrams. On the basis of the givenstatements, you should draw all the possible diagrams, and then derive the solution fromeach of these diagrams separately. Finally, the answer common to the all the diagrams is

taken.

Example 1:

Statements:

1. All dogs are asses.2. All asses are bulls.

Conclusions:

1. Some dogs are not bulls.2. Some bulls are dogs.3. All bulls are dogs.4. All dogs are bulls.

Solution:

On the basis of both statements, the following one diagram is possible.


49/91

From the diagram it is clear that (2) and (4) conclusions logically follow.

Example 2:

Statements:

1. Some dogs are asses.2. Some asses are bulls.

Conclusions:

1. Some asses are not dogs.2. Some dogs are bulls.

Solution:

From these given statements the following diagrams are possible:


50/91

From the diagram neither (1) nor (2) conclusions follow.

Statements:Some poets are poems. No poem is song.

Conclusions:

1. Some poems are not songs.2. Some songs are poems.

70.

A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) follows

E.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


51/91

Statements:All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.

Conclusions:

1. All the flutes are instruments.2. All the harmoniums are flutes.

71.

A.Only (1) conclusion follows

B.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

72.

Statements:Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens.

Conclusions:

1. Some pens are pencils.


52/91

2. Some pens are papers.A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option E

Explanation:

Statements:Some pearls are jewels. Some jewels are ornaments.

Conclusions:

1. Some jewels are pearls.2. Some ornaments are jewels.

73.

A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option E

Explanation:


53/91

Statements:Some hens are cows. All the cows are horses.

Conclusions:

1. Some horses are hens.2. Some hens are horses.

74.

A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion follows

C.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option E

Explanation:

Both (1) and (2) follow.

75.

Statements:Some dogs are bats. Some bats are cats.

Conclusions:

1. Some dogs are cats.


54/91

2. Some cats are dogs.A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Statements:Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.

Conclusions:

1. All the apples are parrots.2. Some ants are apples.

76.



Answer:Option B

Explanation:


55/91

Statements:Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.

Conclusions:

1. All the apples are parrots.2. Some ants are apples.

77.



Answer:Option B

Explanation:

78.

Statements:Some mangoes are yellow. Tixo is a mango.

Conclusions:

1. Some mangoes are green.


56/91

2. Tixo is a yellow.A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Statements:All buildings are chalks. No chalk is toffee.

Conclusions:

1. No building is toffee2. All chalks are buildings.

79.



Answer:Option A

Explanation:


57/91

Statements:All cups are books. All books are shirts.

Conclusions:

1. Some cups are not shirts.2. Some shirts are cups.

80.

A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion follows

C.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

Statements:Some actors are singers. All the singers are dancers.

Conclusions:

1. Some actors are dancers.2. No singer is actor.

81.

A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) follows


58/91

D.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) follow


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

Statements:All the actors are girls. All the girls are beautiful.

Conclusions:

1. All the actors are beautiful.2. Some girls are actors.

82.



Answer:Option E

Explanation:


59/91

Statements:Some pens are books. Some books are pencils.

Conclusions:

1. Some pens are pencils.2. Some pencils are pens.3. All pencils are pens.4. All books are pens.

83.

A.Only (1) and (3)B.Only (2) and (4)C.All the fourD.None of the fourE.Only (1)


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

84.

Statements:All the research scholars are psychologists. Some psychologists arescientists.

Conclusions:


60/91

1. All the research scholars are scientists.2. Some research scholars are scientists.3. Some scientists are psychologists.4. Some psychologists are research scholars.

A.Only (3) and (4)B.None of the fourC.All the four

D.Only (3)E.Only (2) and (4)


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

Statements:No door is dog. All the dogs are cats.

Conclusions:

1. No door is cat.2. No cat is door.3. Some cats are dogs.4. All the cats are dogs.

85.

A.Only (2) and (4)B.Only (1) and (3)C.Only (3) and (4)D.Only (3)E.All the four


Answer:Option D

Explanation:


61/91

Statements:All the locks are keys. All the keys are bats. Some watches are bats.

Conclusions:

1. Some bats ate locks.2. Some watches are keys.3. All the keys are locks.

86.

A.Only (1) and (2)B.Only (1)

C.Only (2)D.Only (1) and (3)


Answer:Option B

Explanation:


62/91


63/91

Explanation:

Seating arrangement

Example 1:

1. 6 Boys are sitting in a circle and facing towards the centre of the circle.2. Rajeev is sitting to the right of mohan but he is not just at the left of Vijay.3. Suresh is between Babu and Vijay.4. Ajay is sitting to the left of Vijay.

Who is sitting to the left of Mohan ?

Solution :

Hence, Babu is sitting to the left of Mohan.

Example 2:

1. Eleven students A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K are sitting in first line facing tothe teacher.


64/91

2. D who is just to the left of F, is to the right of C at second place.3. A is second to the right of E who is at one end.4. J is the nearest neighbour of A and B and is to the left of G at third place.5. H is next to D to the right and is at the third place to the right of I.

Who is just in the middle ?

Solution :

Hence, I is just in the middle.

Example 3:

Siva, Sathish, Amar and Praveen are playing cards. Amar isto the right of Sathish, who isto the right of Siva.

Who is to the right of Amar ?

Solution :

Hence Praveen is to the right of Amar.

Example 4:

1. A, B and C are three boys while R, S and T are three girls. They are sitting suchthat the boys are facing the girls.2. A and R are diagonally opposite to each other.3. C is not sitting at any of the ends.4. T is left to R but opposite to C.

(A). Who is sitting opposite to B ?


65/91

(B). Who is sitting diagonally opposite to B ?

Solution :

(A). Hence, R is sitting opposite to B.

(B). Hence, S is sitting diagonally opposite to B.

A, B, C, D and E are sitting on a bench. A is sitting next to B, C is sitting next to D, Dis not sitting with E who is on the left end of the bench. C is on the second positionfrom the right. A is to the right of B and E. A and C are sitting together. In whichposition A is sitting ?

89.

A.Between B and D B.Between B and CC.Between E and D D.Between C and E


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

Therefore, A is sitting in between B and C.

90. P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting round the circle and are facing the centre:

1. P is second to the right of T who is the neighbour of R and V.2. S is not the neighbour of P.3. V is the neighbour of U.4. Q is not between S and W. W is not between U and S.


66/91

What is the position of S ?a. A.Between U and V

B.Second to the right of PC.To the immediate right of WD.Data inadequate.


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Which of the following is correct ?b. A.P is to the immediate right of Q

B.R is between U and VC.Q is to the immediate left of WD.U is between W and S


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

91. Five girls are sitting on a bench to be photographed. Seema is to the left of Rani andto the right of Bindu. Mary is to the right of Rani. Reeta is between Rani and Mary.

Who is second from the left in photograph ?a. A.Reeta B.Mary

C.Bindu D.Seema


67/91


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Seema is sitting second from the left in photograph.

Who is sitting immediate right to Reeta ?b. A.Bindu B.Rani

C.Mary D.Seema


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Mary is sitting immediate right to Reeta.

92. In an Exhibition seven cars of different companies - Cadillac, Ambassador, Fiat,Maruti, Mercedes, Bedford and Fargo are standing facing to east in the following order :

1. Cadillac is next to right of Fargo.2. Fargo is fourth to the right of Fiat.3. Maruti car is between Ambassador and Bedford.4. Fiat which is third to the left of Ambassador, is at one end.

Which one of the following is the correct position of Mercedes ?a. A.Next to the left of Cadillac

B.Next to the left of BedfordC.Between Bedford and FargoD.Fourth to the right of Maruti.Answer & Explanation

Answer:Option D


68/91

Explanation:

The correct position of Mercedes is fourth to the right of Maruti.

93. Six friends P, Q, R, S, T and U are sitting around the hexagonal table each at onecorner and are facing the centre of the hexagonal. P is second to the left of U. Q isneighbour of R and S. T is second to the left of S.

Who is the fourth person to the left of Q ?a. A.P B.U

C.R D.Data inadequate


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

P is the fourth person to the left of Q.

94. Each of these questions are based on the information given below:


69/91

1. A ,B, C, D and E are five men sitting in a line facing to south - while M, N, O, Pand Q are five ladies sitting in a second line parallel to the first line and are facingto North.

2. B who is just next to the left of D, is opposite to Q.3. C and N are diagonally opposite to each other.4. E is opposite to O who is just next right of M.5. P who is just to the left of Q, is opposite to D.6. M is at one end of the line.

Who is sitting third to the right of O ?a. A.Q B.N

C.M D.Data inadequate


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

95. Each of these questions are based on the information given below :

1. 8 persons E, F, G, H, I, J, K and L are seated around a square table - two on eachside.

2. There are 3 ladies who are not seated next to each other.3. J i between L and F.4. G is between I and F.5. H, a lady member is second to the left of J.6. F, a male member is seated opposite to E, a lady member.7. There is a lady member between F and I.

Who among the following is seated between E and H ?a.

A.F B.IC.K D.Cannot be determined


Answer:Option C


70/91

Explanation:

K is seated between E and H.

96. In a class there are seven students (including boys and girls) A, B, C, D, E, F and G.They sit on three benches I, II and III. Such that at least two students on each bench andat least one girl on each bench. C who is a girl student, does not sit with A, E and D. F theboy student sits with only B. A sits on the bench I with his best friends. G sits on thebench III. E is the brother of C.

How many girls are there out of these 7 students ?a. A.3 B.3 or 4

C.4 D.Data inadequate


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

The number of girls is either 3 or 4.

Direction sense test

There are four main directions -East, West,Northand Southas shown below:


71/91

There are four cardinal directions -North-East (N-E),North-West (N-W), South-East (S-E), and South-West (S-W)as shown below:

1. At the time of sunrise if a man stands facing the east, his shadow will be towardswest.

2. At the time of sunset the shadow of an object is always in the east.3. If a man stands facing the North, at the time of sunrise his shadow will be towards

his left and at the time of sunset it will be towards his right.4. At 12:00 noon, the rays of the sun are vertically downward hence there will be noshadow.

Main types of questions are given below:

Type 1:

Siva starting from his house, goes 5 km in the East, then he turns to his left and goes 4

km. Finally he turns to his left and goes 5 km. Now how far is he from his house and inwhat direction?

Solution:

From third position it is clear he is 4 km from his house and is in North direction.

Type 2:


72/91

Suresh starting from his house, goes 4 km in the East, then he turns to his right and goes3 km. What minimum distance will be covered by him to come back to his house?

Solution:

Type 3:

One morning after sunrise Juhi while going to school met Lalli at Boring road crossing.Lalli's shadow was exactly to the right of Juhi. If they were face to face, which directionwas Juhi facing?

Solution:In the morning sunrises in the east.

So in morning the shadow falls towards the west.

Now Lalli's shadow falls to the right of the Juhi. Hence Juhi is facing South.

Type 4:

Hema starting from her house walked 5 km to reach the crossing of Palace. In whichdirection she was going, a road opposite to this direction goes to Hospital. The road to the


73/91

right goes to station. If the road which goes to station is just opposite to the road whichIT-Park, then in which direction to Hema is the road which goes to IT-Park?

Solution:

From II it is clear that the road which goes to IT-Park is left to Hema.

Sundar runs 20 m towards East and turns to right and runs 10 m. Then he turns to theright and runs 9 m. Again he turns to right and runs 5 m. After this he turns to left andruns 12 m and finally he turns to right and 6 m. Now to which direction is Sundarfacing?

97.

A.East B.WestC.North D.South


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Therefore, it is clear that Sundar will face towards North.

Radha moves towards South-East a distance of 7 km, then she moves towards Westand travels a distance of 14 km. From here she moves towards North-West a distanceof 7 km and finally she moves a distance of 4 km towards east. How far is she nowfrom the starting point?

98.

A.3 km B.4 kmC.10 km D.11 km


74/91


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Four friends A, B, C and D live in a same locality. The house of B is in the east of A'shouse but in the north of C's house. The house of C is in the west of D's house. D'shouse is in which direction of A's house?

99.

A.South-East B.North-EastC.East D.Data is inadequate


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

Therefore, D's house is in the South-East direction of A.

A man walks 2 km towards North. Then he turns to East and walks 10 km. After thishe turns to North and walks 3 km. Again he turns towards East and walks 2 km. Howfar is he from the starting point?

100

A.10 km B.13 kmC.15 km D.None of these


Answer:Option B


75/91

Explanation:

One morning after sunrise, Suresh was standing facing a pole. The shadow of thepole fell exactly to his right. To which direction was he facing?

101.

A.East B.SouthC.West D.Data is inadequate


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

Sun rises in the east in the morning. Since the shadow of Suresh falls to his right. Sohe is facing South.

One day at 2 P.M. Manisha and Madhuri were talking to each other face to face. IfManisha's shadow was exactly to the left of Madhuri, which direction Manisha wasfacing?

102.

A.North B.SouthC.East D.None of theseAnswer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:


76/91

Manisha's shadow at 2 P.M. is exactly to the left of Madhuri. Then Madhuri shouldbe facing towards South-East.

Hence then Manisha must be facing towards North-east.

At 2 P.M. sun rays are oblique.

Hence shadow will also be oblique.

Village Q is to the North of the village P. The village R is in the East of Village Q.The village S is to the left of the village P. In which direction is the village S withrespect to village R?

103.

A.West B.South-WestC.South D.North-West


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

S is to the South-West of R.

104. Dev, Kumar, Nilesh, Ankur and Pintu are standing facing to the North in aplayground such as given below:

1. Kumar is at 40 m to the right of Ankur.2. Dev is are 60 m in the south of Kumar.3. Nilesh is at a distance of 25 m in the west of Ankur.4. Pintu is at a distance of 90 m in the North of Dev.

Which one is in the North-East of the person. Who is to the left of Kumar?a. A.Dev B.Nilesh


77/91

C.Ankur D.PintuAnswer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Ankur is in the left of Kumar. Hence Pintu is in North-East of Ankur.

105.Each of the following questions is based on the following information:

1. Six flats on a floor in two rows facing North and South are allotted to P, Q, R, S,T and U.

2. Q gets a North facing flat and is not next to S.3. S and U get diagonally opposite flats.4. R next to U, gets a south facing flat and T gets North facing flat.

Which of the following combination get south facing flats?a.

A.QTS B.UPTC.URP D.Data is inadequate


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

Hence URP flat combination get south facing flats.

106.Each of the following questions is based on the following information:


78/91

1. A # B means B is at 1 metre to the right of A.2. A $ B means B is at 1 metre to the North of A.3. A * B means B is at 1 metre to the left of A.4. A @ B means B is at 1 metre to the south of A.5. In each question first person from the left is facing North.

According to P # R $ A * U, in which direction is U with respect to P?a. A.East B.West

C.North D.South


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

According to P # R $ A * U

Hence U is in North direction with respect to P.

Blood relation test

The questions which are asked in this section depend uponRelation. You should have asound knowledge of the blood relation in order to solve the questions.

To remember easily the relations may be divided into two sides as given below:

1. Relations of Paternal side:

1. Father's fatherGrandfather2. Father's motherGrandmother3. Father's brotherUncle4. Father's sisterAunt5. Children of uncleCousin6. Wife of uncleAunt7. Children of auntCousin8. Husband of auntUncle

2. Relations of Maternal side:


79/91

1. Mother's fatherMaternal grandfather2. Mother's motherMaternal grandmother3. Mother's brother Maternal uncle4. Mother's sisterAunt5. Children of maternal uncleCousin6. Wife of maternal uncleMaternal aunt

Relations from one generation to next:

Differenct types of questions with explanation:

Type 1:

If A + B means A is the mother of B; A x B means A is the father of B; A $ B means A isthe brother of B and A @ B means A is the sister of B then which of the following meansP is the son of Q?

(A) Q + R @ P @ N (B) Q + R * P @ N

(C) Q x R $ P @ N (D) Q x R $ P $ N

Solution: (D)

Q x R = Q is the mother of R [-Q, R]

R $ P = R is the brother of P [+ R, P]

P $ N = P is the brother of N [+ P, N]


80/91

Therefore P is the son of Q.

Type 2:

A has 3 children. B is the brother of C and C is the sister of D, E who is the wife of A isthe mother of D. There is only one daughter of the husband of E. what is the relation

between D and B?

Solution: With the chart

Therefore, D is a boy because there is only one daughter of E.

Hence, B is the brother of D.

Type 3:

Pointing to a photograph, Rekha says to Lalli, "The girl in the photo is the seconddaughter of the wife of only son of the grandmother of my younger sister." How this girlof photograph is related to Rekha?

Solution:

First Method - By Generating Charts:


81/91

Second method:

1. Grandmother of younger sister of RekhaGrandmother of Rekha2. Wife of only son of grandmotherMother of Rekha3. Younger daughter of the motherYounger sister.

Note:While solving the question (+) can be used for male and (-) can be used for female.

107.

If A + B means A is the mother of B; A - B means A is the brother B; A % B meansA is the father of B and A x B means A is the sister of B, which of the following


82/91


83/91


84/91

A.Mother-in-law B.AuntC.Wife D.None of theseAnswer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Ashok is the only brother of Sudeep and Veena is the sister-in-law of Ashok. HenceVeena is the wife of Sudeep. Kalyani is the mother-in-law of Veena. Kalyani is themother of Ashok.

If P + Q means P is the brother of Q; P x Q means P is the father of Q and P - Qmeans P is the sister of Q, which of the following relations shows that I is the nieceof K?

114.

A.K + Y + Z - I B.K + Y x I - ZC.Z - I x Y + K D.K x Y + I - Z


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

K + YK is the brother of Y

Y x IY is the father of I

Hence,K is the uncle of I

and I - ZI is the sister of Z

Hence,I is the niece of K.

M is the father of N who is the son of V. In order to know the relation of M to P,which of the statement/statements is/are necessary?

1. P is the brother of V.2. The daughter of N is the granddaughter of V.

115.

A.Only (1) B.Only (2)C.Either (1) or (2) D.(1) and (2) both



85/91

Answer:Option A

Explanation:

M is the father of N and N is the son of V.

Hence, V is the mother of N.

From (1), P is the brother of V

Therefore, M is the brother-in-law of P because V is the wife of M.

From (2), the daughter of N, is the granddaughter of V. From this we do not get anyrelation of M to P.

Introducing a woman, Shashank said, "She is the mother of the only daughter of myson." How that woman is related to Shashank?

116.

A.Daughter B.Sister-in-law

C.Wife D.Daughter-in-lawAnswer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

The woman is the mother of Shashank's granddaughter. Hence, the woman is thedaughter-in-law of Shashank.

P is the mother of K; K is the sister of D; who is the father of J. How is P related toJ?

117.

A.Mother B.GrandmotherC.Aunt D.Data inadequate


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

P is the mother of K

K is the sister of D

D is the father of J.

Therefore, J is the nephew or niece of K and P is the grandmother of J.


86/91

1. B5D means B is the father of D.2. B9D means B is the sister of D.3. B4D means B is the brother of D.4. B3D means B is the wife of D.

Which of the following means F is the mother of K?

118.

A.F3M5K B.F5M3KC.F9M4N3K D.F3M5N3K


Answer:Option A

Explanation:

F3MF is the wife of M

M5KM is the father of K

Therefore, F is the mother of K.

Amit said - "This girl is the wife of the grandson of my mother". How is Amitrelated to the girl?

119.

A.Father B.GrandfatherC.Husband D.Father-in-lawAnswer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

The girl is the wife of grandson of Amit's mother i.e., the girl is the wife of son ofAmit. Hence, Amit is the father-in-law of the girl.

Artificial language

Here are some words translated from an artificial language.granamelkemeans big treeinimelkemeans little tree

melkehoonmeans tree house

Which word could mean "big house"?

120.

A.granahoon B.pinishurC.pinihoon D.melkegrana


Answer:Option A


87/91


88/91


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

Pleka means fruit; paki means cake; shillen means walk; treftmeans butter; andalanmeans cup. Therefore, alanpaki means cupcake.

Letter & symbol series

JAK, KBL, LCM, MDN, _____124. A.OEP B.NEO

C.MEN D.PFQ


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

This is an alternating series in alphabetical order. The middle letters follow the orderABCDE. The first and third letters are alphabetical beginning with J. The third letteris repeated as a first letter in each subsequent three-letter segment.

ELFA, GLHA, ILJA, _____, MLNA125. A.OLPA B.KLMA

C.LLMA D.KLLA


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

The second and forth letters in the series, L and A, are static. The first and thirdletters consist of an alphabetical order beginning with the letter E.

DEF, DEF2, DE2F2, _____, D2E2F3126.

A.DEF3 B.D3EF3C.D2E3F D.D2E2F2Answer & Explanation

Answer:Option D


89/91

Explanation:

In this series, the letters remain the same: DEF.

The subscript numbers follow this series:

111, 112, 122, 222, 223, 233, 333, ...

ZA5, Y4B, XC6, W3D, _____127. A.E7V B.V2E

C.VE5 D.VE7Answer & Explanation

Answer:Option D

Explanation:

There are three series to look for here. The first letters are alphabetical in reverse: Z,

Y, X, W, V. The second letters are in alphabetical order, beginning with A. Thenumber series is as follows: 5, 4, 6, 3, 7.

128.

A.1 B.2C.3 D.4


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

Look at each segment. In the first segment, the arrows are both pointing to the right.In the second segment, the first arrow is up and the second is down. The thirdsegment repeats the first segment. In the fourth segment, the arrows are up and thendown. Because this is an alternating series,the two arrows pointing right will berepeated, so option b is the only possible choice.

129.

A.1 B.2


90/91

C.3 D.4


Answer:Option B

Explanation:

Notice that in each segment, the figures are all the same shape, but the one in themiddle is larger than the two on either side. Also, notice that one of the figures isshaded and that this shading alternates first right and then left. To continue thispattern in the third segment, you will look for a square. Choice b is correct becausethis choice will put the large square between the two smaller squares, with theshading on the right.

130.

A.1 B.2C.3 D.4


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

In this series, the shaded part inside the circle gets larger and then smaller.

131.

A.1 B.2C.3 D.4


Answer:Option C

Explanation:

All four segments use the same figures: two squares, one circle, and one triangle. Inthe first segment, the squares are on the outside of the circle and triangle. In the


91/91

second segment, the squares are below the other two. In the third segment, thesquares on are the inside. In the fourth segment, the squares are above the triangleand circle.

132.


Answer:Option D

Explanation:

This is an alternating series. The first and third segments are repeated. The secondsegment is simply upside down.

2.Logical Reasoning

Documents